2. EARLY TOURISM
Man has traveled since the earliest times although the term
tourism was used only in early 19th century.
Tourism can be trace its ancestry in the Old Testament. Noah
with his Ark must have been the first large-scale operator even
though his passengers were mostly animals.
Early tourism has two forms: travel for business (trading) and
religious.
Thoughout history, merchants have traveled extensively in
order to trade with other nations or tribes.
The invention of money, writing and wheel by the Sumerians
facilitated travel and exchange of goods.
Both the Greeks and Romans were well-known traders and as
their respective empires increased, travel became necessary.
3. At this time, there was also travel for private purposes.
Olympic Games held in 776 B.C. and travel for enjoyment and
to visit friends and relatives.
The Roman traveler was largely aided by improvement in
communications, first class roads and inns. By employing
relays of horses, distances of 100 miles or more could be
covered in one day.
In between distances of six miles wew mutations or stables
where horses could be changed. They are the equivalent of
the present gasoline stations.
Travel for religious reasons took the form of pilgrimages to
places of worship.
Beginning in 1388, English pilgrims were required to obtain
and carry permits, the forerunner of the modern passport.
4. TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
During the medieval period, travel declined.
Travel derived from the word travail, became
burdensome, dangerous and demanding during this time.
After the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century,
roads were not maintained and they became unsafe.
Thieves inflicted harm on those who dared to travel.
No one during this time traveled for pleasure. Crusaders
and pilgrims were the only ones who traveled.
5. TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE
AND ELIZABETHAN ERAS
With the Renaissance, a few renowned universities
developed so that travel for education was introduced
largely by the British.
Travel for education became popular in the 16th century.
Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions in court
were encouraged to travel to the continent to widen their
education.
In time, it became recognized that the education of a
gentleman should be completed by a “Grand Tour” of the
cultural centers of the continent which lasted for 3 years.
The term was used as early as 1670. While apparently
educational, the appeal became social.
6. Pleasure-seeking young men of leisure traveled
predominantly through France and Italy to enjoy the
cultures and social life of Europe, with Venice, Florence
and Paris as the key attractions.
As young men soght intellectual improvement in the
continent, the sick sought remedy for their illness in
“spas” or medical baths.
The term “spa” is derived from the Walloon word “espa”
meaning fountain.
Travelers immersed themselves in the healing waters.
Soon, entertainment was added and dozens of watering
places became resort hotels.
7. TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Industrial revolution brought about major changes in the scale
and type of tourism development.
It brought about not only technological changes but also
essential social changes that made travel desirable as: a
recreational activity.
The increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing
urbanization gave more people to motivation and opportunity
to go on holiday.
The emerging middle class combined higher incomes and
growing education into annual holidays. To escape from their
responsibilitird and the crowded city environment, they
traveled to the countryside pr seashore fo their holidays.
This led to the creation of working class resorts near major
industrial centers.
8. MODERN TOURISM
• TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Introduction of the railway and the development of steam
power had a great effect on the growth of tourism.
The railroads created not only more business by providing
reliable and chead transportation but also more competition as
various private companoes invested heavily in hotels, resorts,
and entertainment facilities.
The use of steam power provided the increased mobility
needed by the tourism business. Steamers on the major rivers
provided reliable and inexpensive transportation that led to
the popular daytrip cruises and the growth of coastal resorts
near large industrial towns.
9. As tourism become organized in the later yearsof the 19th
century, the organization of travel became an established
institution.
Travel agencies emerged.
The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook.
His first excursion train trip was between Leicester and
Loughborough in 1841 with 570 passengers at a round trip
fare of one shilling.
The sucess of this venture encouraged him to arrange similar
excursions using chartered trains.
In 1866, he introduced “circular notes” which were accepted
by banks, hotels, shops and restaurants. These were in effect
the first travelers' checks.
10.
11. As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and
guide books became popular.
The most popular of these was Baedecker, fit published in
1893, which became the leading guide for European
countries at the end of the century.
12. • TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
World War 1 brought about many changes which influenced
the volume of tourism. Early post-war prosperity, coupled with
large-scale migration boosted the demand for international
travel.
New forms of mass communication stimulated curiorsity about
other countries. Posters and the press, the cinema, radio and
television widened knowledge and interest in travel.
After World War 1, forms of travel began ro change. The
railways as a means of travel declined with the introoduction of
the motor car. Motorized public road transport and improved
road conditions led to the popularity of seaside tours.
13. World War 2 also led to increased interest in travel. The war
had introduced combatants not only to new countries but to
new contenents, generating new friendships and an interest in
different cultures.
Another outcome of the war was the progress in aircraft
technology. Air travel had become more comfortable, safer,
faster and cheaper in comparison with other forms of
transport.
After the post-war recovery years, there was an increase in
private car ownership. Travelers switched to the use of private
cars and this change affected both coach and rail services.
The post-war economic recovery provided an increase in
discretionary income and leisure time which many people
converted into increased recreation and travel.
14. Governments have created more vacation time by
incorporating isolated public holidays into the familiar long
“weekends” throughout the year.
As business and trade prospere in the developed countries,
business travel also flourished, leading to the demand not
onlu for individual travel but also for conference and incentive
travel on a world-wide scale.
Governments of many nations are encouraging the growth of
both domestic and international tourism as a means of job
creation, economic diversification and source of foreign
exchange.
Beyond its economic significance, there is a growing
realization of the role of international travel in promoting
world peace and prosperity.
15. ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Tourism in the Philippines began when the original inhabitants
of the country roamed around in search for food. Inter-tribe
travel occurred although the mode of travel was crude.
Tourism appeared in the Philippines when the country was
discovered by Ferdinand Magellan and when galleons or
wooden boats sailed between Mexico and the Philippines
during galleon trade.
The introduction of more comfortable and faster means of
transportation gave the early impetus for tourism in the
Philippines.
Travellers from different countries were provided inland tours
by entrepreneurs with their unregistered private care and
coaches called “colorum”.
16. There were no tour operators nor travel agencies which
formally existed. Steamship offices endorsed tourists to
private car and coach operators (colorum) who rented their
vehicles directly to tourists.
There were only a few tourist attractions and destinations in
the Philippines. Such as Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna Lake, Tagaytay
and Taal Volcano, Mt. Mayon, Legaspi, Baguio and Banaue.
In 1947, a more orderly tourism activity started. Steamships
and airlines began to service the Philippines from other
countries thus giving impetus to tourism.
17. In 1952, the first tourism association in the Philippines was
organized.
This was Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA) which
was organized to put all together all existing travel
establishments serving both domestic and international
travellers.
Later, the government organized the Board of Travel and
Tourism Industry (BTTI) to regulate, supervise and control the
tourist industry and to subsidize the PTTA as its promotional
arm.
The country has undergone economic, social, political crises
stating in the 1960s up to the 70s which hindered the
development and promotion of tourism.
18. In 1972, after the decleration of martial law when toursim in
the Philippines prospered. This was due to favoravle conditions
such as safety of tourists, better services and sanitation
facilities, more financial support from the government and the
vigorous cooperation of the private sector.
A temporary “tourist boom” existed in the Philippines in the
early 70s.
Tourism in the Philippines today is the result of the continuous
development and promotion of tourism from 1950 to the
present.
19. FACTORS THAT FAVOR THE GROWTH OF
TOURISM
1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the
population.
2. Growth in the numver of retired persons who have the
desire and the energy to travel.
3. Increase in discretionary time - shorter work weeks and
longer vacations.
4. Greater mobility of the population.
5. Growth in the number of “singles”.
6. Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank
loans.
7. Higher educational levels.
20. 8. The growth in cities.
9. Simplification of travel through the package tour.
10. Growth of multinational business.
11. Modern transportation technology.
12. Shift in values.
13. Advances in communication.
14. Smaller families and changing roles.
Editor's Notes
Traven ans exploration are basic to human nature. We travel to school, work, our home. There are many reasons why we travel and it can be traced in the Old Terstament.
Noah...
-- there are numerous references to caravans and traders in the Old Testament.
Crusades - The Crusades were a series of wars in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries fought between Christians from Europe and Muslims in the region around the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Pilgrimage - a trip, often a long one, made to a holy place for religious reasons
Railroads..
-- thus, tourism was transformed from a small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass market, that is, travel by a large number of individuals.
Loughborough - luff-buh-ruh
Leicester - les-ter
Shilling - a former British coin and monetary unit
At the beginning of the 20th century, pleasure travel continued to expand, encouraged by the increasing wealth, curiosity and outgoing attitudes of the people as well as the increasing ease of such movement.
Combatant - a person or nation engaged in fighting during a war.
Another...
-- improvement in air transport not only encouraged greater transcontinental travel but were instrumental in the growth of intercontinental travel in the 1960s and 1970s.
After...
--the private car provided flexible transportation which freed people from the schedules and fixed route of public transport. it encouraged the growth of excursions and short-stay holidays. Resorts near major centers of population benefited considerably. road improvements brought more distant resorts closer to the major cities.
discretionary - available for use at the discretion of the user.
crude - in a natural or raw state
Colorum - illegal tour handling and the illegal use of private vehicles for public use.
There...
--the drivers of these vehicles served as tour guides even without any formal training in tour guiding.
Attractions..
--as time pass by, many tourist attractions and destinations are discovered. Like Boracay, Siargao, Palawan and many more to be discovered and develop into an attraction or destination.
Impetus - boost, encourage
PTTA...
--The PTTA was funded by the government to promote the country's tourism industry.
BTTA...
--in the late 1950's, more hotels and restaurants and entertainment facilities were established.
1960 to 70...
--under the leadership of Marcos (earthquakes, battle of mendiola (police vs 2000demonstrators outside malacanang)
--accommodations were inadequate and airline companies were not given much incentive to promote the Philippines
as a visitor destination.
In general, more money means more travel.
life expectancy is increasing. there are fewer deaths now than before.
the work week has decreased from 50 to 60 hours to less than 40 hours.
people become more accustomed to travel in desire to escape from the stess and pressure of modern life.
people living alone have more free time than couple; they want to socialize through travel.
“travel now, pay later” stimulates travel.
millions of students attend college and universities, they tend to become more interested in foreign cultures.
The industrial revolution brought about the migration of people from the rural areas to the urban centers resulting in the growth of urbanization.
Tour packages-everything planned, arranged and included in one piece are more important to the older traveler,the new traveler and the less sophisticated traveler.
worldwide business interests increase both the need and habit of travel.
Technological advances in transportation have made long-distance travel faster, less expensive and more comfortable.
several people place more value on experience rather than material possession.
television and movies enlarge the travel perspective.
american and european birthrates have declined giving the adults more free time to get away from family responsibilities. sexual equality and shifts in house hold roles encourage more travel.