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2. Flow of Energy and Matter in Ecosystem
An ecosystem is an ecological community comprised of
biological, physical, and chemical components, considered as a unit. It
is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact
with each other in a specific environment.
The movement of energy and matter in an ecosystem is always in
one direction. It starts when the photosynthetic organisms get the
energy from the main source of energy in the ecosystem, which is the
Sun.
When the photosynthetic organisms like plants had acquire the
energy from the sun, they will process the energy together with the
water and carbon dioxide to make glucose, which is the food of the
plants.
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Because plants and other photosynthetic organisms make their own
food, they are called producers or autotrophs.
There are also organisms that make their own food with the use
of chemicals from the hydrothermal vents found in the ocean floor that
has no presence of sunlight.These organisms are called
chemosynthetic autotrophs.
Organisms that feed mainly on plants and other producers
because they cannot make their own food are called consumers or
heterotrophs.

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5. Tropic Level
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First tropic level – producers and other
autotrophs
Second tropic level – animals that feed on
plants (herbivores)
Third and fourth tropic level – secondary
or tertiary consumers ( carnivores and
omnivores)

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Scavengers are organisms that feed on dead organisms.
Animals such as vultures, ants, and crows belong to this kind.
Decomposers, on the other hand, are organisms that break down and
feed on dead organic material.
Remains of what had been broken down by the decomposers
will go back to the soil or water and the producers can use it again.
The role of the decomposers in the recycling of matter and energy is
important for the food chain and its member.

7. Productivity of an Ecosystem
1. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
2. Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
Factors influence the productivity of an ecosystem:
a. land ecosystem
b. Moisture also affects productivity
c. lights and nutrients for (ocean ecosystem)
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Factors that Affect the Stability of an Ecosystem (Biodiversity Loss):
1. Human-driven factors (anthropogenic) factors
2. Climate change
3. Global Warming
4. Natural Calamities
5. GPP(Gross Primary Productivity)
6. NPP(Net Primary Productivity)
Ecosystem Stability
1. Species diversity
2. Functional traits
3. Use of Resources