Basic Principles of Electricity

1. Basic Principles of Electricity
Jayson Magnaye-JericCantillana-Althea
Enriquez-Analyn Pilea-Ailyn Reformado- Jamaica
Alba-Kim Borromeo- ArvilVillanueva

2. A form of energy generated by
friction, induction or chemical
change having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.

3. A. Electron- Negative charge
B. Proton- Positive charge
C. Neutron- Not electrically charged

4. TWO TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
Static Electricity- Usually
caused by frictions
Current Electricity- Produced
by moving electrons

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS
ION
 a term applied to an atom or molecule that is
electrically charged, but not electrically
balanced.
IONS occur when the electrons in the atom is
loosened through friction by another atom.
Loss or gain of one or more electrons.

6. Alessandro Volta – Italian Scientist, discovered
the Flow of Electrons
VOLT OR VOLTAGE – electrical pressure that
causes the electrons to move through a
conductor (wire).
Voltage is the electromotive force.
High voltage = more force to flow
VOLTAGE

7. AMPERE
Andre M. Ampere
Standard unit use in measuring the
strength of an electric current.
The amount of current flow, sent by
one volt through the resistance of one
Ohm.

8. WATT
 James Watt – Scottish inventor
 Is the rate or measure of power used or consumed.
 It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere
consumed by lights, appliances, or motors.
 Commonly labelled on light bulbs or appliances, giving
us the idea of what kind of circuit would be installed.

9. CIRCUIT
Refers to the wire installations that
supply current to lights and
convenient outlets.

10. RESISTANCE
Friction or opposition to the flow of
current by the wires and transformers.
For direct current (DC electricity)
resistance is used for friction, and
Impedance for alternating current (AC
electricity).

11. CURRENT
The intensity of the flow of electrons in a
conductor.

12. POWER
The total measure of electrical energy
consumed in a circuit.

13. Conductors and Insulators

14. Conductors
Material with low resistance,
and thus it permits the flow of
current

15. Insulators
Material with high resistance;
hence, it does not permit the
flow of electric current

16. Sources of Electricity

17. Instrument to Measure Current
An ammeter is an instrument used for
measuring electric current.

18. Classification of Electric Current
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)

19. Direct Current
The flow of electron in a
conductor is in one direction
only.

20. Alternating Current
The flow of electron changes
alternately. At one moment it goes
positive, and then it goes negative, and
so on as cycle.

21. Ohm’s Law

22. George Simoun Ohm
 German physicist
 He discovered that voltage, current, and resistance in a
circuit have definite relationship with one another.

23. Ohm’s Law means two things:
 Current (I) is directly proportional to voltage (E)
 Current (I) is inversely proportional to resistance (R)

24. It can be expressed in the following formula:
Volts = Ampere x Ohm or E =I x R
 Where: E – Applied Voltage in volts
I – Electron Current in amperes
R – Circuit Resistance in ohms

25. The Electric Circuit

26. The electric circuit is the complete flow of
current through a conductor or path from
the source to the load and back to the
source.

27. Parts of an Electric Circuit:
 Source
 Load
 Control/Switch
 Path

28. Source
 Provides electrical power to the circuit.

29. Load
 An electric device, usually in appliance, lights, or any
equipment, connected to the circuits that consume power
or electricity.

30. Control/Switch
 An electrical device that turns the current ON and OFF

31. Circuit Connection

32. Series Circuit
 Loads are connected end to end along the path of current
in a single closed loop.

33. RULE 1:
When two or more resistors are connected in
series, the total resistance is the sum of ll the
resistance in the circuit.

34. RULE 2:
The total voltage in series circuit is the sum of
all individual voltage drops of the loads.

35. RULE 3:
The current flowing in a series circuit is the
same or constant.

36. RULE 4:
The total power in series circuit is the sum of
the individual power consumption of each in
the circuit.

37. Parallel Circuit
Loads are connected side by side across the
path of current.

38. RULE 1:
 The resistance in a parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of all the branches.

39. RULE 2:
 The voltage in parallel circuit is always equal to the
voltage drop in each load.

40. RULE 3:
 The current in parallel circuit is distributed in every
branch. The total current is the sum of the currents of each
branch

41. RULE 4:
 The total power in the circuit is the sum of all the power
consumed by each branch.

42. Complex Circuit
(Series-Parallel Combination)
It is used when it is necessary to provide the
various amounts of current and voltage at
different points of the circuit using only one
source of supply voltage.

43. R
Rt = --------
N

44. Conditions of a Short Circuit

45. Short Circuit – when uninsulted conductors
from line 1 and 2 of a circuit come into
contact with each other without passing any
load or when the resistance of the load
becomes unnecessarily low.

46. Open Circuit – when the flow of the current
is incomplete or when the circuit is swithed
OFF.

47. Closed Circuit – when there is a complete
flow in the circuit or when the circuit is
switched ON.

48. Grounded Circuit – when one uninsulated
conductor in a circuit touches metal part of
the appliance.

49. Overload Circuit – when the total current
flowing in the circuit is more than the
current capacity or ampacity or the branch
circuit.

50. Common or Standard Wiring
Specification

51. Wire Sizes/Cable
 For lightning fixtures and circuit - # 14 AWG
 Circuit for convenience outlets - # 12 AWG
 Cable for service entrance - # 8 AWG

52. Circuits Protection Device
 Fuses:
• 60 Amp to 100 Amp – Main Fuse
• 20 Amp – lightning circuit
• 30 Amp – convenience outlets

53.  Circuit Breakers:
• Amp – 100 Amp – Main breaker
 Branch Circuits:
• 15 Amp – for lightning fixtures
• 20 Amp – for convenience outlets
• 30 Amp – Heavy duty appliance