FIRE FIGHTING NOTES PART 01 BY ER. EZAZUL HAQUE SIDDIQUE pptx

Fire Fighting System
PART 01
BY- Er. Ezazul Haque Siddique

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION OF FIRE FIGHTING
 FIRE FIGHTING NETWORK COMPONENTS
 Manual Fire Fighting System
I. Standpipe System-Landing Valve(L.V) ,Fire Hose Cabinet(F.H.C).
II. Fire Hydrant(F.H).
III. Fire Department Connection(F.D.C).
IV. Portable Fire Extinguishers.
 Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.
 Pipe Accessories, Supports & Valves.
 Water Source & Pumping Station.

Fire & Fire Fighting
• Fire is a form of a chemical
reaction that involves the rapid
oxidation of combustible fuel
(material) with the subsequent
liberation of heat and light.
Firefighting is the act of
attempting to prevent the spread
of and extinguish significant
unwanted fires in buildings,
vehicles, woodlands, etc.

Types of fire:
• Fuel + oxygen (from the air)
= combustion products (mainly CO2 + H2O)+ heat energy
If there is not enough oxygen available during a chemical reaction,
incomplete combustion occurs, and products such as carbon (C) and
carbon monoxide (CO) as well as water and carbon dioxide are
produced. Less heat energy is released during incomplete combustion
than complete combustion.
In incomplete combustion, the burning flame is typically yellow or
orange and there is smoke.

Controlled (safe) fire.
 There is good control on the size, duration, temperature, smoke and fumes of fire.
 This is used in our daily life such as cooking, heating (by gas, coal or kerosene), car, Aeroplane and rocket engines.
 It requires the presence of air (oxygen), fuel and heat (ignition source). These components are termed the fire-triangle.
Uncontrolled (dangerous) fire.
 There is no control on the size, duration, temperature (1000 oC or more), smoke and fumes of fire.
 This type of fire occurs due to the accidental (or due to criminal act) spread of fire to catch combustible materials.
 In addition to oxygen, fuel and heat, this type of fire requires an uninhibited chain reaction.
 In an uninhibited chain reaction burning continues and may even accelerate.
 This chain reaction occurs due to the breakdown and recombination of the molecules that will add to the fuel of the fire
Effects of uncontrolled fire
 Human loss: burning from extreme heat; suffocation from smoke and fumes and death
 Structural damage: damage to labs, offices and buildings
 Material damage: damage to instruments, equipments, furniture and supplies
 Disruption of work
 Financial losses
Fire Safety Equipment’s and devices
 Smoke & heat detectors (usually in the ceiling)
 Fire and emergency alarms (switched on by emergency buttons or handles)
 Fire and emergency lights (red)
 Water sprinklers (usually in the ceiling)
 Fire extinguishers (various types according to class of fire) Water hydrants with attached hose
 Fire blanket (to wrap around the burned person or to cover devices on fire)
 Emergency exits signs and lights Fire and emergency exits
 Fire and emergency stairs and escapes Fire break area (for assembly of people)

GENERAL FIRE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
1. LEARN NOT TO BURN
2. Each lab (hospital) must hold compulsory fire drills (including lectures,
demonstrations and practice on fire and the use of firefighting equipment)
3. Each Industrial building or hospital MUST have the following fire alert and fighting
equipment;
 Smoke and heat detectors
 Fire alarm & emergency buttons (switches)
 Fire alarm sound system
 Water sprinklers
 Various types of fire-extinguishers
 Connected water hose reel
 Unobstructed fire & emergency exit
 Push bar type fire escape doors
 Fire blankets
 Emergency shower
4- Fire extinguishers must be always full and operational.
5- Fire extinguishers must be checked regularly
6- Fire extinguishers must be placed in unobstructed, easy to access and well signed
location
7- Do not obstruct corridors and exits with any furniture or equipment

Classification of FIRE
• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) categorizes fires by class.
• The relevant graphics and letter designations that accompany these classes are specified by NFPA 10,

CLASS A FIRES
Class A fires (designation symbol is a green triangle) involve ordinary combustible materials like paper, wood
and fabrics, rubber. Most of the times, this type of fire is effectively quenched by water or insulating by other
suitable chemical agent.
CLASS B FIRES
Class B fires (designation symbol is a red square) mostly involve flammable liquids (like gasoline, oils,
greases, tars, paints etc) and flammable gases. Dry chemicals and carbon dioxide are typically used to
extinguish these fires.
CLASS C FIRES
Class C fires (designation symbol is a blue circle) involve live electrical equipment like motors, generators and
other appliances. For safety reasons, non-conducting extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals or carbon
dioxide are usually used to put out these fire.
CLASS D FIRES
Class D fires (designation symbol is a yellow decagon) involve combustible metals such as magnesium,
sodium, lithium potassium etc. Sodium carbonate, graphite, bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and salt- based
chemicals extinguish these fires.
CLASS K FIRES
Class K fires are fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable, animal oils or
fats).

FIRE System Hazard (NFPA 13)
Classification of Occupancies: Occupancy classifications shall relate to sprinkler design,
installation, and water supply requirements only.

a-Light Hazard Occupancies.
• Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of
contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.
• Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
• -Churches
• -Clubs
• -Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with no combustibles beneath
• -Educational
• -Hospitals
• -Institutional
• -Libraries, except large stack rooms
• -Museums
• -Nursing or convalescent homes
• -Offices, including data processing

b- Ordinary Hazard Occupancies
Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).
• Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or
portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of
combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft
(2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.
• Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following:
• -Automobile parking and showrooms
• -Bakeries
• -Beverage manufacturing
• -Canneries
• -Dairy products manufacturing and processing
• -Electronic plants
• -Glass and glass products manufacturing
• -Laundries
• -Restaurant service areas
Ordinary Hazard (Group 2).
• Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to
high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with
moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.
• Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2) include
occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the
following:
• -Cereal mills
• -Chemical plants — ordinary
• -Confectionery products
• -Distilleries
• -Dry cleaners
• -Feed mills
• -Horse stables
• -Leather goods manufacturing

c-Extra Hazard Occupancies.
Extra Hazard (Group 1).
• Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions
of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are very
high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of
rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no
combustible or flammable liquids.
• Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies
• -Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409,
Standard on Aircraft Hangars)
• -Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
• -Die casting
• -Metal extruding
• -Plywood and particle board manufacturing
• -Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F
(38°C)]
• -Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling,
vulcanizing
• -Saw mills
Extra Hazard (Group 2).
• Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or
portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of
flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of
combustibles is extensive.
• Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2) include occupancies
• -Asphalt saturating
• -Flammable liquids spraying
• -Flow coating
• -Manufactured home or modular building assemblies
(where finished enclosure is present and has
combustible interiors)
• -Open oil quenching
• -Plastics processing
• -Solvent cleaning
• -Varnish and paint dipping

FIRE FIGHTING NETWORK
COMPONENTS

FIREFIGHTING NETWORK
COMPONENTS
• Firefighting Network Components:
Standpipe System (Manual Fire Fighting System)
Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.
Pipe Accessories, Supports & Valves.
Pumping Station & Water Source
Automatic Sprinkler System (Automatic Fire
Fighting System) – To be continued in Part 02

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
Firefighting systems are classified into two main systems:
• Automatic Firefighting systems:
• Manual Firefighting systems:
1. Standpipe System-Landing Valve(L.V)-Fire Hose Cabinet(F.H.C).
2. Fire Hydrant(F.H).
3. Fire Department Connection(F.D.C).
4. Portable Fire Extinguishers.

WHAT IS DOWN COMER
• FOR BUILDING ABOVE 15 M
HEIGHT BUT NOT
EXCEEDING 30 M HEIGHTS.
• An arrangement of firefighting within the
building by means of down-comer pipe
connected to terrace tank through terrace
pump, gate valve and non- return valve and
having mains not less than 100 internal dia
with landing valve on each floor. It is also
fitted with inlet connections at ground level
for charging with water by pumping from
fire department services and their air
release valve at roof level to release trapped
air inside.

LANDING VALVE(L.V)
• A Valve to control the water stream, located inside or
outside the building.

A firefighting landing valve is a core part of the hose
system that acts as a manual stop valve giving you
complete control over your firefighting system. By
rotating the landing valve handle anti-clockwise, you
can simply activate the water flux in the firefighting
system.
INPUT DIA 100 MM & OUTPUT DIA 63 MM

FIRE HOSE CABINET(F.H.C)
A fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carries water to
a fire to extinguish it.
HOSE REEL HOSE RACK

F.H.C COMPONENTS
• ◾ F.H.C COMPONENTS:
• 1.Cabinet(Wall Mounted-Recessed).
• 2.Landing Valve.
• 3.Hose Reel & Hose Pipe
• 4.Discharge Nozzle.
• 5.Fire Extinguisher(Optional).

FIRE HOSE RACK
•
•
•
•
• Linen hose on a rack & pulled like
curtain.
Diameter = 1 inch/1.5 inch
Pressure = 4.5 bar
100 GPM
Hose length = 15 meter or 30 meter
LANDING VALVE
A firefighting landing valve is a core part of the hose system
that acts as a manual stop valve giving you complete control
over your firefighting system. By rotating the landing valve
handle anti-clockwise, you can simply activate the water flux
in the firefighting system.
INPUT DIA 100 MM & OUTPUT DIA 63 MM
Fire Hydrant Valve
Fire Hydrant is also known as yard hydrant in many countries. Image
shown above for international style is not used in India. Instead of this
international style Hydrant, We use Stand post type fire hydrant in
India.
There are two types of
pressurized fire hydrants:-
Wet-barrel and dry-barrel.
[Controllable & non-
controllable]

Fire hose reels
Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' firefighting measure but
may be in some instances also be used by fire fighters.
When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach
the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose
reel valve, then open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in
the wound hose, then close the nozzle. This achieves two
principle objectives:
A depressurized hose and hose reel seal will last
longer than if permanently pressurized.
When the hose reel is next used, the operator will be
forced to turn
on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with
pressurized water supply, before being able to drag
the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists if the
operator reaches the fire and finds no water is
available because the hose reel valve is still closed.
Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit,
in an emergency it is possible to reach a safe place simply
by following the hose.

WHERE TO
PLACE L.V&
F.H.C?
• F.H.C should be located at the following places:
• ◾Exit stairs.
• ◾Entrance of buildings.
• ◾Garages entrances.
• ◾Wherever travel distance exceeded 36 meter from another L.V or F.H.C.

CLASS I SYSTEM
◾ Installed at every 45 meters(or 60 meter is building is
sprinklered throughout).

CLASS II SYSTEM &
LOCATION
Installed at every 40 meters for 1 ½ in. hose OR 36
meters for 1in. Hose.

TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
OF F.H.C
• ◾ The maximum pressure at
any point in the system at any
time shall not exceed 24.1 bar (350
psi).
• ◾For ( 2½-in.) Dia F.H.C
Maximum Residual Pressure
=12.1 Bar, Minimum Residual
Pressure =6.9 Bar & Design
Flow=250 gpm
• ◾For ( 1½-in.) Dia F.H.C
Maximum Residual Pressure
F.H.C=6.9 Bar, Minimum Residual
Pressure= 4.5 Bar & Design
Flow=100 gpm
Pressure
Limitation

TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
OF F.H.C
• ◾ Hydraulically designed
standpipe systems shall be
designed to provide the Water
flow rate required at a
minimum residual pressure of
100 psi (6.9 bar)at the outlet
of the hydraulically most
remote 65-mm (2½-in.) hose
connection.
• ◾ and 4.5 bar (65 psi) at the
outlet of the hydraulically
most remote 38-mm (1½-in.)
hose station.
Working
Pressure

TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
OF F.H.C
• ◾ Class I and Class III
standpipes shall size be at
least 100 mm (4 in.) in size.
• ◾ Standpipes that are part
of a combined system shall
be at least 150 mm (6 in.) in
size.
Pipe Size

System Components and Hardware
Valve use in FF
Gate valve , OS & Y valve ,check valve, strainers , landing valves, PRV valve, butterfly valve, alarm
check valve, test & drain valve [ ZCV- ZONE CONTROL VALVE],
Automatic air vent, pressure gauge, FIRE HOSE REEL.FDC (SIMESE’S CONNECTION)
Fire Brigade Inlet
Breeching Inlet is installed outside the building or any easily accessible area in
the building for fire brigade personnel to access the inlet. This inlet is used by the
fire brigade personnel to access water. It is normally dry but is used to pump
water by charging using many firefighting equipment.
Conventional, Gunmetal, stainless steel 2way, 3way & 4way TYPE.

Hydrant Types
• Hydrants manufactured in the United States can be divided into
two categories: wet barrel and dry barrel hydrants. These
categories are further divided. Hydrants that are designed with the
entire operating unit placed underground and covered with a lid at
ground level are called flush hydrants. The flush hydrant is not
very common in the United States. It is used on bridges and in
airports or other situations where it would be dangerous for the
hydrant to extend above the ground. The other category are those
hydrants designed to extend above the ground, commonly referred
to as post hydrants.

Wet Barrel Hydrant - A hydrant designed with the operating mechanism above the ground. The
hydrant sections are charged with water at all times.
Dry Barrel Hydrant - A hydrant designed with the operating mechanism located below the
ground(frost line). and with a drain valve that allows the barrel section to drain automatically.
These hydrants are also equipped with drain valves, which allow the entire portion of the
hydrant that extends above the main valve to be automatically drained when the hydrant is not
in use.
Flush Hydrant - A hydrant designed so that the outlet connections are below the ground line.
Post Hydrant - A wet or dry barrel hydrant that is designed to extend above the ground. The
outlet connections are commonly 24 inches above the ground line.
Main Valve - A part made of rubber, leather or similar resilient material that is forced against a
seat to form a watertight seal when the hydrant is closed.
Drain Valve - A valve located at or adjacent to the valve seat ring, which opens automatically
when the main valve is closed and allows water to drain from the barrel to the ground.
High Pressure Hydrant - A hydrant designed to operate at pressures above 150 psi.

According to NFPA 1142 Standard on Water Supplies for
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting:

DRY FIRE
HYDRANTS
“Dry hydrant is an arrangement of pipe permanently connected to a water source other
than a piped, pressurized water supply system that provides a ready means of water supply
for fire-fighting purposes and that utilizes the drafting (suction) capability of a fire
department pump”

WET FIRE HYDRANTS
[DRY BARREL & WET BARREL]

Connection to the Main:
The wet barrel hydrant is connected to the distribution system main through a tee
placed in the line. The line leading from the main to the hydrant is called the lateral line
and is normally 6 inches or larger. A valve is commonly located in the lateral between
the hydrant and the main. This valve allows the operator to shut off the water during
repair of the hydrant.
Wet Barrel Hydrant Description

Outlet Connections: The valves used to control the hydrant flow are located
in the top portion of the hydrant. The hydrant can be equipped with either
two hose outlet nozzles, which are commonly 2 1/2 inches, or two hose
outlet nozzles and one pumper outlet nozzle. The pumper outlet nozzle is
normally 4 inches or larger.
Main Valve
Valve Stem

Advantage & Disadvantage of
wet barrel hydrant
Advantage
• The primary advantage to
the wet barrel hydrant is the
ease at which a fire company
can connect a second hose
to the hydrant when the
hydrant is in use. This is
because each outlet nozzle is
independently valved.
Disadvantage
The major disadvantage is the
obvious freezing problem and
the fact that when these
hydrants are knocked over by a
vehicle, they leak water. This is
the type of hydrant that is
depicted in the movies,
showing water squirting into
the air after being struck by an
automobile.

Wet Barrel Hydrant
Components
ONE PIECE HYDRANT TWO PIECE HYDRANT

Top Section - The above ground portion of the hydrant.
Hydrant Head - The upper portion of the top section of a two-piece hydrant.
This portion contains outlet valves.
Hydrant Barrel - The lower portion of the top section of a two-piece hydrant.
This portion may contain outlet
valves.
Washer - A part made of resilient material that is forced against the valve seat to
form a watertight seal when the valve is closed.
Carrier - A part mounted onto the stem that supports the valve washer from the
pressure side.
Bury Section - The below-ground section of the hydrant. May be constructed of
one or two pieces. Lower Bury Ell - A part that connects the top section or riser
of a wet-barrel hydrant to the hydrant lead. Riser - A section of pipe used to
vertically extend the lower bury ell.

Connection to Main:
The dry barrel hydrant is connected to the distribution system main through a tee in the
main line. The line leading from the tee to the hydrant is called the lateral line and is
normally 6 inches in diameter or larger. A valve is commonly placed in the lateral line.
This valve allows the operator to shut off the water to the hydrant during hydrant repair.
The valve is commonly placed as close as possible to the main line. This gives the
greatest protection should a leak or break occur in the lateral.

General Operation:
There are three major styles of dry barrel hydrants, and in each case, the operating valve, called the main valve, is located in the
bottom section of the hydrant close to the inlet from the lateral. The main valve may operate either horizontally or vertically,
depending on the style of hydrant. A drain valve is located so that when the main valve is closed, the drain valve will open and
drain the interior portion of the hydrant.
The drain valve is closed during normal flow from the hydrant. This drain valve is automatically opened and closed when the
hydrant is opened and closed.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
 The major advantage that dry barrel hydrants have over wet
barrel hydrants is the reduction in the potential for freezing
during cold weather.
 Their other advantage is that they can be manufactured so
that when hit by traffic they break at a designed point,
reducing repair cost and when broken. Typically there is no
loss of water from a dry barrel hydrant broken by vehicle.
 The major disadvantage to dry barrel hydrants, is the
difficulty of connecting a second fire hose to the hydrant once
it has been opened. The hydrant must either be shut off to
make this connection or a manually installed valve must be
placed on the second discharge nozzle during the connection
of the first hose.

Common Types of Dry Barrel Hydrants
There are three common types of dry barrel hydrants:
1. compression hydrant,
2. Toggle hydrant,
3. Slide gate hydrant.
In each case, the main valve, is located in the bottom section of the hydrant close to the inlet from the lateral.
Compression Hydrants Toggle Hydrant Slide Gate
Hydrant

Compression Hydrant - A dry barrel hydrant with the main valve mounted horizontally
on a vertical shaft. The main valve is moved vertically to open and close the hydrant.
Toggle Hydrant - A dry barrel hydrant with the main valve mounted vertically on a
horizontal toggle device. The device is moved by rotating a vertical shaft. The valve is
moved horizontally to open and close the hydrant.
Slide Gate Hydrant - A dry barrel hydrant with a vertically mounted valve that is
shaped very much like a gate on a gate valve. The valve is moved vertically up and down
a threaded shaft to open and close the hydrant.
Operating Nut - A part that is internally threaded and engages with threads on the stem
so that when it is rotated, the stem is raised, lowered or otherwise moved to open and
close the main valve.
Special Types of Dry Barrel Hydrants
Frost Jacket Hydrant - A hydrant designed with a protective sheet extending from the
base to the ground line.
Traffic Model Hydrant - A hydrant designed and constructed so that if it is struck by a
vehicle, certain easily replaceable components will break and allow the upper portion
above ground line to become detached from the lower portion below the ground line.
Dry Top Hydrant - A compression-type hydrant in which the operating mechanism at
the top of the hydrant is sealed from the barrel so that water does not contact the
mechanism during hydrant use.
Flush hydrants: Flush hydrants are those hydrants that are designed with the entire
operating unit placed underground and covered with a lid at ground level. The flush
hydrant is not very common in the United States. It is used on bridges and in airports or
other situations were it would be dangerous for the hydrant to extend above the ground.
The lower section of a flush hydrant is identical to the lower section of a post hydrant.
Flush hydrants:

Auxiliary valve - The valve placed in the line leading between the hydrant and the main; the lateral line.
Lead Line - The line leading between the main and the hydrant. Also called the lateral, branch or
auxiliary line.
Inlet Connection - The connection to the lateral line; usually a 6-inch MJ, rubber ring push on, or flange
connection
Base - A part that provides a lateral connection to the water distribution system and directs the flow
vertically upward.

Main Valve Opening - The inside diameter of the main valve seat.
Lower Barrel - A part that extends from the base to the ground line, enclosing the operating mechanism, and
conducts water from the base to the upper portion of the hydrant.
Nozzle Section - A part that extends upward from the barrel and contains the outlet nozzles. It may be integral with
the upper barrel.
Upper Barrel - The part that extends from the lower barrel to the nozzle section, enclosing the operating mechanism.
It may be integral with the nozzle section.

Bonnet - A part that attaches to the top of the nozzle section and
encloses the support portions of the operating mechanism. It
may be integral with the nozzle section.
Drain Valve: The drain valve is also located in the base. On
compression hydrants, it is located just above and along side of
the main valve. The drain valve is connected through a channel to
one or more holes in the side of the base. The drain valve on most
compression hydrants consists of one or more flat pieces of
rubber-like material or leather that are slid over an opening to
close the drain. With toggle and slide gate hydrants, the drain
valve is in the bottom of the hydrant. The valve consists of a
leather or rubber- like material that is operated against a brass
valve seat. (Drain valves are not allowed on hydrants sold or
installed in the state of Maine.)
Bury - The nominal vertical distance between the
ground line and the bottom of the pipe connected to
the hydrant inlet, measured to the nearest six-inch
increment.

Technical Specifications of Fire
Hydrant
◾ MINIMUM WORKING PRESSURE= 6.9 Bar
◾ MINIMUM FLOW RATE= 250 gpm
◾ MINIMUM PIPE SIZE= 4” ( OR 6” IF PROVIDED WITH CAR FILLING PORT).
◾ DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 F.H= FOR LIGHT HAZARD 60M, FOR ORDINARY
HAZARD 45M, FOR HEAVY HAZARD 30M.
◾ MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM THE BUILDING BEING PROTECTED=25m.
◾ Hydrants shall be located not less than 40 ft (12.2 m) from the buildings to be
protected.

 Fire hydrants using public water supply systems should be painted chrome yellow, and their tops and caps
should indicate the available GPM. Below 500GPM should be red, 500-999 GPM should be orange, 1000-1499
GPM should be green, and 1500 GPM or more should be blue.
 For freezing area select DRY BARREL TYPE HYDRANT
 For normal temperature regions select WET BARREL TYPE HYDRANT.
 Every fire hydrant is isolated with separate underground gate valve.
 Distance bw hydrant and a Fire department connection shall be 30 m [100ft].
 For Underground Pipe Ductile iron pipe [up to 4”], Steel pipe [6” & larger] Fitting:- C.I [threaded (125-250
class)], M.I [threaded (150-300 class)] Steel [welded fittings], copper [for solder joints]
 MAX. HEIGHT FROM GRADE LEVEL = 36 INCH = 914MM
 MIN. HEIGHT FROM GRADE LEVEL = 18 INCH = 457 MM

Answer
• P = 0.433 psi/ft X 150 ft
• P = 65 psi at fire hydrant

HYDRANT #------------ LOCATION -----------------
1. Appearance clean and paint as needed
2. Remove outlet-nozzle caps
3. Check outlet nozzles for leaks:
Hose nozzle Yes, No Hose nozzle Yes, No
Pumper nozzle Yes, No
4. Clean and lube nozzle caps and outlet nozzle threads
5. Check outlet nozzle cap gasket condition - Replace if necessary
6. Open each hydrant valve fully - One at a time
7. Check for ease of operation:
Hose nozzle Yes, No Hose nozzle Yes, No P Pumper nozzle Yes, No
8. Clean each valve carrier and lubricate
9. Close each hydrant valve; count the number of turns: Hose nozzle -------------
Hose nozzle ------------------
Pumper nozzle -----------------
10.Replace nozzle caps
11.Check nozzle cap chains and/or cable for free action
12.Locate and exercise auxiliary valve
• Number of turns to close and open
13.Problems Identified:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Problems resolved:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Wet Barrel Inspection Checklist

HYDRANT # LOCATION
1. Appearance clean and paint as needed
2. Remove outlet-nozzle cap; check main valve leakage
3. Check for water and/or ice in lower barrel
4. Loosely replace nozzle cap
5. Lubricate operating nut; check oil reservoir
6. Open hydrant 2 to 3 turns; allow air to vent through cap
7. Check drain valve
8. Open the hydrant fully
9. Check for ease of operation & Leakage,
Ease of operation Yes, No Leakage Yes, No
10.Partially close the hydrant; allow drain valve to work
11.Close the hydrant completely
12.Flush barrel and lead; use deflector
13.Close hydrant; count turns. Number of turns ---------------
14.Remove all nozzle caps, clean and lube threads; replace damaged or lost gaskets
15.Check nozzle cap chains and/or cable for free action
16.Locate and exercise auxiliary valve
• Number of turns to close and open ----------------
17.Problems Identified:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
18. Problems resolved:
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-------------------------
Dry Barrel Inspection Checklist

Fire Hydrant Inspection Report
Location ----------------- Hydrant No.----- ------------- Type of Hydrant: Wet Barrel Dry Barrel
Stand pipe
Caps : Missing Replaced Greased
Chains: Missing Replaced Freed
Paint: OK Repainted
Dry Barrel Operating Nut: OK Greased Replaced
Nozzles: OK Lubricated Threads cleaned Replaced
Hose nozzle turns to open Operate OK Leakage
Hose nozzle turns to Close Operate OK Leakage
Pumper nozzle turns to open Operate OK Leakage
Flushed ------- Minutes---------- Nozzles open Pressures: Static ------psi Residual -------
- psi
Auxiliary valve: Located Turns to open Condition
Other Defects:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------
Inspected by Defects Corrected by
Date Date

Common Hydrant Problems
Hydrant Won’t Open Easily
Causes Cures
1.Lack of lubrication of the operating Lubricate as
needed nut, operating lock nut or stem threads
2. Bent operating stem Replace stem
3. Corroded threads on toggle hydrants Remove operating
assembly, clean and
lubricate the threads
4. The drain valve is stuck or damaged Remove and replace
5. Too many extensions in operating stem Disassemble and reduce the
number of sections in the
stem to 1 on standard
hydrants and 2 on traffic
models
6. Stuck packing or “O” rings in stuffing box Remove and replace

Leaking Main Valve
Causes Cures
1. Damaged by rocks or debris Remove and replace
2. Toggle hydrant - main valve not centered
in valve seat Adjust position of stem collar
Hydrant Will Not Drain
Causes Cures
1. High water table a. Plug drain valve openings and pump
barrel after each use
2. Plugged drain valve a. Pressurize hydrant with main valve only open 1 to 2 turns
b. Toggle hydrants— use a rod through the drain
hole. Use a 5/8" rod on Rensselaer, Corey and Pacific
States and 3/8" rod on Iowa
c. Dig down and clear the hole from the outside
d. Disassemble and use a tool as shown in the figure below
Hydrant drain hole punch (Gimmicks and Gadgets Opflow Feb. 1977)

Hydrant Will Not Shutdown After Use
Causes Cures
1. Bent or broken stem Remove and replace stem
2. Improper adjustment of drain valve on toggle hydrant Disassemble hydrant and adjust
the drain valve
3. Damaged main valve Remove and replace
Hydrant Vibrates During Shutdown
Causes Cures
Compression Hydrants
1. Main valve loose on stem Disassemble and tighten
nuts below lower valve
plate
2. Worn threads in operating nut or on stem Replace either the operating
nut or stem, which ever has
the worn threads
Toggle Hydrants
1. Loose pins on the operator arm Disassemble the hydrant
and remove and replace
the pins
2. The nature of some toggle hydrants Do not hesitate at shutdown.
(This does not cure the
vibration,
but it does reduce the amount of
time that the hydrant vibrates.)
These hydrants should be
marked to be used only during
an emergency.
No Water Flows From the Hydrant When it is Opened
Causes Cures
1. Auxiliary valve shut off Open auxiliary valve
2. Broken stem Remove and replace
3. Stripped threads on operating nut Remove and replace
4. Broken arm on toggle type hydrant May need to use a cutting
torch to remove the broken
arm Remove and replace
broken arm

3. FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION(F.D.C)
/SIAMESE CONNECTION
 The Fire Department Connection (FDC), also known as the Siamese
connection. Our free standing inlet Fire Department Connections
(FDCs) are complete units that are typically installed outside of a
building near a sidewalk. They are used by the fire department to
supply additional water to the building's fire protection system.
 A Fire Department Connection For Each Standpipe System Shall Be
Located Not More Than 30.5 M [100ft] From The Nearest Fire
Hydrant Connected To An Approved Water Supply.
 FDC Shall Be On The Street Side Of Building, Fully Visible, And
Permitted To Exceed 30.5 M [100ft] Subject To The Approval Of
The AHJ.

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF
FDC ?
• Most discussions of fire department connections focus on the inlet body, which contains all of the parts needed to connect a fire hose to
pipes supplying a fire sprinkler or standpipe system.
• However, a complete and NFPA-compliant fire department connection features three parts, two of which are placed out of view:
• The piping to the sprinkler system riser or main
• A check valve, which prevents water from flowing in the wrong direction
• The inlet body
The inlet body of a fire department connection consists of these parts:
• • Swivels, which connect fire hose to the FDC's inlets
• • The inlets, which facilitate water's entry into the FDC body
• • An outlet connecting the body to system piping
• • The body, which connects these components

What types of fire department
connection are used today?
• Fire department connections (FDCs) ensure that
certain fire sprinkler and standpipe systems can
quickly get the water they need in an emergency.
• Three kinds of FDCs serve today's fire protection
systems:
I. Exposed,
II.Freestanding,
III.Flush.

EXPOSED FDC
Exposed FDCs are
found on the outside
wall of a building.
The body, inlets, and
swivels remain
exposed for easy
access by firefighters.

FREESTANDING
FDC
Freestanding connections
act as exposed FDCs but
stand apart from the
building being supplied.
Freestanding FDCs connect
to the building's system
through a buried pipe,
creating a convenient point
of access for firefighters.

FLUSH FDC
Flush connections install flush
to the building's wall, leaving
only the inlet couplings or
swivels exposed. The body and
outlets sit behind the wall, fully
concealed by an identification
plate. Flush FDCs are
considered more aesthetically
appealing, especially when the
building requires three or more
inlets.

4. FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• ◾ Portables fire extinguishers should be distributed to cover a distance of 22
meter throughout the building.
• ◾ Available capacities of cylinders are:
1kg, 2kg, 6kg, 9kg, 12kg

Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' firefighting measure, generally undertaken by the
occupants of the building before the fire service arrives. It is important that occupants are familiar
with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.
Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is
applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include:
Extinguishing Agent Principle Use
Water wood and paper fires - not
electrical
Foam flammable liquid fires - not
electrical
Carbon dioxide electrical fires
Dry Chemical flammable liquids and electrical fires
Wet chemical fat fires - not electrical
Special Purpose various (e.g. metal fires)

Fire extinguisher types: How to
choose the right class?
• Choosing fire extinguisher types for the relevant class of fire could literally
be the difference between life and death.
• No single extinguisher can be used to tackle every fire, and because each
type of fire extinguisher has different classes of fire on which it is
effective, selection can be a minefield.
• The first step is to look at what materials are present in the area to be
protected from fire. These can be divided into six categories of fire
involving different substances:

Each of the different types of fire extinguishers is suitable for different fire classes. It is
important that you purchase the right fire extinguisher for your needs
Class of Fire Description
Class A Fires Generally includes combustible materials like paper, wood, fabric, coal, etc. They
are fires caused by flammable solids.
Class B Fires Fires in flammable liquids, combustible liquids, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-
based paints, solvents, lacquers, alcohols, and flammable gases.
Class C Fires Class C ƒ
fires are that involve energized electrical equipment.
Class D Fires These are fires caused by combustible metals and chemicals like potassium,
magnesium, and others.
Class K Fires Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or
animal oils and fats).
Selection of Portable Fire Extinguishers
1. Type of fire most likely to occur
2. Size of fire most likely to occur
3. Hazards in the area where the fire is most likely to occur
4. Energized electrical equipment in the vicinity of the fire
5. Ambient temperature conditions
The selection of ƒ
Fire extinguishers for a given situation shall be determined
by the applicable requirements of class of fire through location and the
following factors:

THE FIVE MAIN FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
TYPES WITH COLORS
ARE:
1. Blue – Dry Powder – standard or
specialist.
2. Black – Carbon Dioxide (‘CO2’).
3. Cream – Foam.
4. Red – Water (Spray and Mist)
5. Yellow – Wet Chemical

Fire extinguisher locations must be clearly identified. Extinguishers are
color coded according to the extinguishing agent.

 The foam has good wetting and penetrating properties on
Class A fuels, but is ineffective on water-soluble flammable
liquids such as alcohol.
 They are not useful on Class C or D fuels.
 They are not suitable on three-dimensional like fuel flowing
down from an elevated point or fuel being sprayed.
 They are most effective on static pools of flammable liquids.
 AFFF extinguishers have an air aspirating nozzle that aerates the
foam solution producing a better foam than a standard water
extinguisher nozzle.
 AFFF extinguishers store a specific amount of AFFF
concentrate mixed with water.
 Excellent for vapor suppression on small liquid fuel spills.
 When applying the foam, the stream should not be applied
directly on the fuel.
 The foam should be allowed to gently rain down on the fuel or
deflect off an object.
 The foam floats on the surface of fuel that are lighter than water.
 The vapor seal extinguishes fire and and prevents reignition.

CO2 TYPE EXTINGUISHER
CO2 extinguishers’ discharge is in the form of a gas, which gives it limited reach.
The discharge is accompanied by ice crystals or “snow” which turns into a gas shortly
after discharge.
The CO2 gas displaces the available oxygen.
There is no vapor suppression film, so reignition is a possibility.
They do not require freeze protection.
Wheeled units are mostly used in airports and industrial facilities.
The typical CO 2 wheeled unit has a 15 feet long hose which has to be deployed for
extinguishment.

• Halon is generic for halogenated hydrocarbon:
– A chemical compound that contains carbon plus one or more elements from the halogen
series (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).
• The two most common compounds used are:
– Halon 1211 (bromochlorodifluoromethane).
– Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane).
• Halon vapor is non-conductive and is effective on Class B and C fires.
• Halon was originally used to protect internal combustion engines, but is now used for sensitive
electronic equipment (computers).
• Halon agents are not effective on self- oxidizing fuels such as:
– Combustible metals.
– Organic peroxides.
– Metal hydrides.

•
DRY POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER
No single agent will control all combustible metal fires.
Some agents will work on several metals, while some will work only on one metal.
Portable extinguishers for Class D fires come in both wheeled and wheeled units.
Other agents can be applied with a shovel.
Class D agents should be applied gently over the burning material at sufficient
thickness to create a blanketing effect.
Several applications may be necessary to hot spot that develop.
After extinguishment, the metal should be allowed to cool before removal.

DRY CHEMICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER
There are two basic types of dry chemical extinguishers:
– B:C rated
– A:B:C: rated
Common agents for dry chemicals extinguishers
– Sodium bicarbonate
– Potassium bicarbonate
– Urea potassium bicarbonate
– Potassium chloride
– Monoammonium phosphate

 During manufacture, the agents are mixed with additives which prevent caking and maintain the agents in a free
flowing manner.
 Dry chemicals are non-toxic but the cloud could create a respiratory hazard.
 Some dry chemicals are compatible with foam, but other will degrade it.
 On Class A fires, the discharge should be directed at the burning material in order to cover it.
 When the flames have been knocked down, the dry chemical agent should be applied intermittently as needed on
hot spots.
 Dry chemical agents are corrosive on metals.
Dry Chemical Extinguishers
(Handheld Units)
 Stored pressure.
– Similar to stored-pressure water extinguisher.
– Stored at 200 psi in tank.
– Use CO2 or Nitrogen as the gas.
 Cartridge.
– A gas cartridge is attached to the extinguisher.
– The tank is not pressurized until the plunger is bumped.
– Use CO2, or in areas subject to freezing, dry nitrogen.
Dry Chemical Extinguishers
(Wheeled Units)
 Based on Class A, Class B, and Class C fires.
 Operates similar to the handheld cartridge type.
 The hose must be fully deployed before the pressurizing gas is introduced into the tank.
 Wait a few seconds before opening nozzle to allow the gas to fully pressurize the tank.

Caution: The top of the extinguisher should be pointed away from the
firefighter or other personnel when pressurizing the unit. Because of the
size of the nozzle, the firefighter should be prepared for a significant
nozzle reaction when it is opened.
What Is The Difference Between Dry Chemical And
Dry Powder ?
Dry chemicals are used on Class A, Class B, or Class C fires.
Dry powders are used on Class D fires.
◾ The most common portable fire extinguishers are co 2& dry chemical powder, the co
2 is placed near electrical rooms, while chemical powder is distributed to be within 22
meters away from any point from the building.
Yellow labeled fire extinguishers are wet chemical-based extinguishers designed for
Class K types of fires. It is important to note that Class K fires generally occur in professional
kitchens and other spaces where oil is being heated to high temperatures. Although this type of
fire extinguisher can be used for Class A type of fire, many businesses will mainly prefer water or
foam extinguishers for this purpose.

HOW TO USE A WATER FIRE
EXTINGUISHER?
Before attempting to fight a fire with a fire extinguisher it is important to check:
• That it is fully charged (Fig. 1).
• The safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2).
• Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety pin(Fig 3). This will
break the tamper seal.
The following four-step technique can be memorized more
easily with the acronym PASS:

How to Use a Foam Fire
Extinguisher:
• 1. Before attempting to fight a fire with a fire extinguisher it is important to check that it
is fully charged (Fig. 1) and the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2).
• 2. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety pin. This will
break the tamper seal.
• 3. Where to aim the fire extinguisher hose:
a. Flammable liquids: Aim the hose at a vertical surface near the fire, do not spray
directly at the fire as this could cause the fire to be pushed and spread to surrounding areas.
b. Foam extinguishers allow a build-up of foam across the surface of the fire causing it
to be smothered.
c. Solid combustibles: Aim the hose at the base of the fire, moving across the area of
the fire.
• 4. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher, as the fire starts to
diminish carefully move closer to it.
• 5. Ensure all the fire has been extinguished, the foam creates a blanket over the fire and
helps to prevent re- ignitions.

How to use a CO2 Fire
Extinguisher:
• 1. Before attempting to fight a fire with a fire extinguisher it is important to check that it is fully
charged (Fig. 1) and the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2).
• 2. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety pin (Fig 3). This will break
the tamper seal.
• 3. DO NOT hold the horn as it becomes extremely cold during use and can lead to severe frost burns.
• 4. Aiming the extinguisher:
a. Flammable liquids: Aim the horn at the base of the fire and move across the area.
b. Electrical equipment: Switch off the power (if safe to do so) and then direct the hose straight at the
fire.
• 5. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher. As the fire starts to diminish,
carefully move closer to it.
• 6. Ensure all the fire has been extinguished as re-ignition is possible when a CO2 extinguisher has
been used.

How to use a Wet Fire Chemical:
• 1. Before attempting to fight a fire with a fire extinguisher it is important to check that
it is fully charged (Fig. 1) and the safety pin is not bent (Fig. 2).
• 2. Turn off the heat source if it is safe to do so.
• 3. Ensure you remain a safe distance from the fire and remove the safety pin (Fig 3).
This will break the tamper seal.
• 4. Hold the lance at arm’s length, well above the fire with its nozzle at least 1 meter
away from the fire.
• 5. Squeeze the lever slowly to begin discharging the extinguisher.
• 6. Apply the fine spray in slow circular movements. This allows the wet chemical agent
to fall gently onto the surface of the fire and helps to prevent hot oils from splashing
onto the user.
• 7. Discharge the entire contents of the extinguisher to ensure that all of the fire has
been extinguished: the wet chemical formula helps to prevent re-ignition.

Fire Extinguisher Ratings
• A 1-A extinguisher requires 1 ¼ gallons
of water, and a 2-A requires 2 ½ gallons of
water or twice the capacity of a 1-A.
• Class A Extinguisher – Rated 1A
– 40 A.
• Class B Extinguisher – Rated 1B
– 640 B.
• Class C Extinguisher – Rated for
non- conductivity.
• Class D Extinguisher – Rated on
type of combustible metal.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER
PLACEMENT AND DESIGN
PROCEDURE
In accordance with NFPA 10-2010, Chapter-06

Placement of Extinguisher
• Portable fire extinguishers are only effective if they have
before the fire has a chance to intensify and spread.
• So, its important that the person fighting the fire be able to
access an extinguisher quickly. For that reason, extinguisher
installation requirement specify travel distances between an
extinguisher and every point within the area it protects.
• 1. Travel Distance : Distance that an individual must traverse
to get an extinguisher.
• 2. Coverage : Number of extinguishers needed to provide
adequate protection for an area based on its square footage.

General Guidelines for Fire
Extinguisher Installation

Planning Class A Extinguisher
Placement
• For Class A installations the travel distance must be
no more than 75 ft. one way from any point.
Wall mounted
Class A
extinguisher
75 ft. travel distance
Travel Distance must be
“the actual walking
distance from any point to
the nearest fire
extinguisher fulfilling
hazard requirements."

This table give following information
1. What is the smallest Class A extinguisher I can use at each hazard level or how big ?
2. What is the travel distance from any point to an extinguisher ?
3. What is maximum floor area an extinguisher can cover ? Or, How much coverage ?
Table 6.2.1.1 - fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A
Hazards
This refers to extinguisher numeric
rating of class A Fire
The Largest area that could be covered by an
extinguisher without violating the 75 ft. travel
distance rule is 11,250 sq ft
For Eg; 2-A rating has two Units of A, 4-A has 4 units of A and So on…

The 75 Ft. Rule can not be Broken.
If we apply that rule to theoretical open space Occupancy without hallway,
interior walls, furniture’s etc. ( Practically such space is never encountered)
The Largest area that could be covered by an extinguisher without violating the 75 ft.
travel distance rule is 11,250 sq ft.
Extinguisher
Right Angle Triangle -
2
Right Angle
Triangle -1
Right Angle Triangle -3 Right Angle Triangle -4
75 ft

How to Apply these Rules
• 1. Measure the area to be protected
• 2. Determine the area’s level of hazard
• 3. Determine the smallest extinguisher you can use
• 4. Compute the number of extinguisher you need.
• 5. Plot the extinguisher placement on floor plan.
• 6. Re-evaluate the distribution of extinguishers
• 7. Replot the extinguisher distribution of the floor
plan.

Example-01 – Using Maximum Protection Area Limit
The sample building is 150 ft. × 450 ft. (45.7m× 137.2 m), giving a floor area
of 67,500 ft2 (6271m2).
No. of FE = Floor Area / Max.
Area per FE
= 67,500/
= 6 --- 4A ( for LH Occupancy)
--- 10-A ( for OH Occupancy)
--- 20-A ( for EH Occupancy
This placement, along outside walls,
would not be acceptable because the
travel distance rule is clearly
violated(Voids)

Example-02 – Modifying No. of FE to Comply with TD In Example-1
The sample building is 150 ft. × 450 ft. (45.7m× 137.2 m), giving a floor area of 67,500 ft2 (6271m2).
No. of FE = Floor Area / Area per FE
= 67,500/
= 12 --- 2A (for LH occupancy)
--- 4-A ( for OH occupancy)
--- 6-A ( for EH occupancy)
Configuration Representing 12 Fire
Extinguishers Mounted on Building
Columns or Interior Walls, in Which
Requirements for Both Travel Distance
and Fire Extinguisher Distribution Are
Met.

Example-03 – With Minimum Rating Permitted as per NFPA 10,
Table 6.2.1.1
The sample building is 150 ft. × 450 ft. (45.7m× 137.2 m), giving a floor
area of 67,500 ft2 (6271m2).
No. of FE = Floor Area / Area per FE= 67,500/ = 12 --- 2A ( for LH)
No. of FE = Floor Area / Max. Area per FE = 67,500/ = 23 --- 2A( for OH )
No. of FE = Floor Area / Max. Area per FE = 67,500/ = 17 --- 4A ( for EH )

Example-04
A light-occupancy office building is to be protected by portable fire
extinguishers. The floor area is 11,100 ft2 (1031 m2) and of unusual design.
170 ft.
30 ft.
30 ft
30 ft
CALCULATION-

Min. rating of FE from table 6.2.1.1 is 2A & per unit of A protects 3000 Sq. ft. of area.
HAZARD-LIGHT HAZARD, FIRE CLASS - CLASS A
Therefore,
No. of FE = Floor Area / Area per FE = 11,100/2 x 3000 = 2 Nos. of FE with 2A Rating
All Possible obstruction needs to be considered for
Travel Distance-TD

FOR Compliant with 75 ft TD
170 ft.
30 ft.
30 ft.
30 ft.
Actual required nos = 4 (to comply with TD limit)
THEREFORE, ACTUAL REQUIRED NOS. OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER IS 4.

Planning Class B Extinguisher
Placement
Travel distances for portable fire
extinguishers shall not exceed 50 ft
(15.25 m).
Two or more fire extinguishers of lower rating shall not be
used to fulfill the protection requirements of Table 6.3.1.1
Exception No. 1: Up to three AFFF or FFFP
fire extinguishers of at least 21/2-gal (9.46-L)
capacity shall be permitted to be used to
fulfill extra (high) hazard requirements.
Exception No. 2: Two AFFF or FFFP fire
extinguishers of at least 11/2-gal (6-L)
capacity shall be permitted to be used to
fulfill ordinary (moderate) hazard
requirements.

Planning Class C Extinguisher
Placement
• Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where energized
electrical equipment can be encountered that would require a
nonconducting extinguishing medium.
• This requirement includes situations where fire either directly involves
or surrounds electrical equipment.
• Since the fire itself is a Class A or Class B hazard, the fire extinguishers
shall be sized and located on the basis of the anticipated Class A or
Class B hazard.

Planning Class D Extinguisher
Placement
• Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents with Class D ratings shall be
provided for fires involving combustible metals.
• Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be
located not more than 75 ft (23 m) of travel distance from the
Class D hazard.
• Portable fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) for Class D
hazards shall be provided in those work areas where combustible metal
powders, flakes, shavings, chips, or similarly sized products are
generated.
• Size determination shall be on the basis of the specific combustible
metal, its physical particle size, area to be covered, and
recommendations by the fire extinguisher manufacturer on data from
control tests conducted.

Planning Class K Extinguisher
Placement
• Fire extinguishers shall be provided for hazards where
there is a potential for fires involving combustible
cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).
Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 30 ft (9.15 m) from
the hazard to the extinguishers.

Extinguisher Inspection
• A fire extinguisher inspection is conducted to check the condition and it includes both
fire extinguisher maintenance and testing. An external safety professional or an
organization’s own safety officer conducts a monthly fire extinguisher inspection as part
of the overall fire safety strategy and it includes both fire extinguisher maintenance and
testing.
• Over 90% of fires in commercial properties are extinguished early on by members of
the public using a fire extinguisher.
• Performing a Monthly Fire Extinguisher Inspection
• 1. The very first thing we’re going to do is walk up to the extinguisher, and we’re
looking to make sure that it has
• a valid maintenance tag on it.
• 2. The second thing we’re going to do is make sure that the fire extinguisher is “in the
green,” and that it is charged and ready for use.

There are a couple of different extinguishers that require a little bit more attention. One of those is the cartridge-
operated extinguisher. This type of extinguisher doesn’t have a pressure gauge on it; instead, it has an indicator. We
want to make sure that the indicator is not up and charged, we want to make sure that it is actually depressed.
The other type of extinguisher is called a CO2 (carbon dioxide) extinguisher. This particular extinguisher is self-
expelling, it’s going to pressurize itself, so it doesn’t have a gauge. All we want to do is make sure that the extinguisher
is full. We can do this by weighing the extinguisher and making sure that the weight is the same as the weight that was
recorded on the tag.
3. We also want to make sure that the extinguisher is not blocked or obscured from visibility.
4. The next thing we want to do is make sure that the tamper seal is on the extinguisher, that it’s holding the pin in
firmly, and that it hasn’t been damaged.
5. The next thing we’re going to do is make sure that the nameplate is visible and facing outwards.
6. Next, we’re going to make sure that the extinguisher is full, and we’re going to check that by hefting it or
weighing it. Simply by lifting the extinguisher we can tell that it does have an agent inside of it.
7. Next, we’re looking for physical damage on that extinguisher to make sure that it wasn’t knocked off the wall by
a forklift or something else, with a damaged hose or anything.
8. Lastly, you’re going to take the annual maintenance tag that the service provider provided, and you’re going to
sign and date it.
So that’s it. That’s all there is to perform your own monthly fire extinguisher inspection.

Inspection Procedures
• Extinguisher in proper location and accessible.
• Inspect discharge and horn.
• Are Operation instructions legible?
• Check lock pins and tamper seals.
• Is it full of agent and fully pressurized?
• Date of previous inspection.
• Condition of hose and fittings.
If any of the above listed items are deficient, the extinguisher should be removed from service and repaired in accordance with
department policies. The extinguisher should be replaced with an extinguisher of equal or greater value.
Record Keeping
• The property owners or the building occupant should keep the following records on maintenance and inspections:
– Month
– Year
– Type of maintenance
– Date of last discharge
Types Of Damage To Extinguishers
• Leakage
• Corrosion
• Damaged cylinders
• Leaking hoses
• Leaking gaskets
• Nozzle damage
• Loose labels

Pipe Types& connecting of pipes.

PIPE USED IN FIRE
FIGHTING
• 1. Black Steel.
• 2. Galvanized Steel.
• 3. H.D.P.E High Density Polyethylene.
• 4. U.P.V.C (Poly Vinyl Chloride).

Galvanized Steel.
Black Steel.

ASTM A53 ERW steel pipe is a typical carbon steel pipe. It is largely used to convey fluids at low / medium pressures such as oil, gas, steam, water, air and
also for mechanical applications.
• Certificate: UL Listed/ FM Approved
• Standard:ASTM A53, Type E, Grade B
• Dimension: Sch10/ Sch40asASMEB36.10M
•Application: Fire main pipe, fire pump pipe, fire standpipe, fire sprinkler branch pipe
ASTM A53 specification also covers seamless steel pipe. The pipe is intended for pressure and mechanical applications and is also acceptable for ordinary
uses in oil, gas, steam, water and air lines. It is suitable for welding, bending and flanging.
Certificate: UL Listed
• Standard:ASTM A53, Type S, Grade B
• Dimension: Sch40/ Sch80asASMEB36.10M
•Application: Fire main pipe, fire pump pipe, fire standpipe, fire sprinkler branch pipe
ASTM A53/A135/A795 Welded steel pipe
• Specification: ASTMA53/A135/A795
• Dimension: ASME B36.10
• Outer Diameter: 1/2” to20”(DN15-DN500)
• Wall Thickness: SCH10, SCH30,SCH40
• Pipe End: Beveled, Plain, Threaded
• Surface: Black painting, Hot dip galvanized as ASTMA12
PIPES USED FOR FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM (Specification)

FIRE FIGHTING PIPE
ROUTING
• ◾ Routing of firefighting pipes would be:
• A. Aboveground
• B. Buried(under) underground

CONNECTION OF
FIREFIGHTING PIPES
◾ Firefighting Steel pipes are being connected by:
1. Threaded connections.
2. Welding connection.
3. Grooved coupling connection.(most expensive).
◾ Firefighting Plastic pipes are being connected by:
1. Welding.

THREADED CONNECTION
Steel pipe with wall thicknesses less than Schedule 30 [in sizes 8 in. (200 mm) and larger] or
Schedule 40 [in sizes less than 8 in. (200 mm)] shall only be permitted to be joined by threaded
fittings where the threaded assembly is investigated for suitability in automatic sprinkler
installations and listed for this service.

WELDING CONNECTION
Welding of any standpipe system piping is subject to strict quality control procedures.
Failure to adhere to the procedures outlined in
can result in an unacceptable system. An excellent system installation requires special
skills on the part of a qualified welder.

HDPE PIPES JOINT IN FIREFIGHTING
The Method of HDPE Fusion Welding
HDPE pipe is butt fused by applying heat to prepared pipe ends and then pushing the pipe
ends together with a pre-determined force to make a permanent butt fusion joint. It is a very
simple process utilizing a properly sized butt fusion machine for the pipe size to be joined.
The pipe is installed and clamped in the butt fusion machine with pipe supports on both
ends of the machine to support the pipes on the machine center line. The pipe ends are
then faced (machined) to mechanical stops to ensure clean, parallel pipe ends for the
heating process. The pipe ends are then aligned using the clamps on the fusion machine.
A temperature controlled heater is installed in the machine and the pipe ends are heated
according to the butt fusion standard ASTM International F2620. Once the heating criteria
is met, the heater is removed and the pipe ends are brought together at the pre-determined
force. This force is held on the joint for the time required by the standard. At this point, the
pipe can be removed from the machine and visually inspected before pulling down the
pipeline.
HDPE PIPE JOINT MACHINE
Butt Fusion Equipment - HDPE butt fusion machines are available from 1" to 65" polyethylene
pipe sizes. Socket Fusion Tools - Socket fusion tools & accessories, from 1/2" CTS to 4" IPS
pipe sizes, can be purchased as kits or individual components. Electro fusion Processors and
Accessories - Universal bar coded processors are available for joining HDPE pipe with electro
fusion fittings for close quarter connections and repair.
Smaller diameter HDPE pipes i.e. up to 75-mm will be joined using
the hot plate welding, while the pipes above 75-mm shall be joined
using a butt fusion machine and as recommended by butt welding
machine supplier.
Plastic piping offers numerous benefits for many firefighting applications.
They are corrosion-free, have excellent chemical resistance and have superior
abrasion-resistant qualities compared with less advanced materials.

GROOVED COUPLING
CONNECTION
Pipe, fittings, valves, and devices to be joined with grooved couplings shall
contain cut, rolled, or cast grooves that are dimensionally compatible with the
couplings.

Pipe Accessories, Supports &
Valves.

UNDERGROUND PIPE
SUPPORT
• ◾ Underground pipes should be supported wherever were placed
underground.
• ◾ Pipes should be supported along its full length.
• ◾ Elbows, Tees, and other fittings should be supported on thrust
blocks.
• ◾ Sleeves should be placed wherever required.

ABOVEGROUND PIPE
SUPPORT
◾ Firefighting pipes are preferred to be aboveground wherever possible. Pipe hanger and pipe clamp, known as pipe support, are
designed to transfer the load from a pipe to the supporting structures. The main functions of the pipe hanger and clamp are to
anchor, absorb shock, and support a specified load of pipeline.

MAX DISTANCE BETWEEN HANGERS
HANGER THREADED ROD SIZE

VALVES
• ◾Sectional Valves are used to separate specific parts of the firefighting network for
maintenance and repair times.
• ◾Approved self-indicating valves only should be used for sectional valves.
• ◾Valves should be automatically supervised. (Electrically/Mechanically).
• ◾Shall be of the type that doesn’t totally close in less than 5 seconds to prevent
water hammer occurrence.
• ◾Should be 12meters away from the building being protected.

1.All valves controlling connections to water supplies and standpipes shall be listed indicating
valves.
The indicating function of the valve will signify whether the valve is open or closed. This enables a quick
determination of the valve’s position under normal operating conditions or in an emergency.
If a valve is electronically supervised, refer to NFPA 72R, National Fire Alarm and Signaling CodeR, for
requirements.
1. A listed underground gate valve equipped with a listed indicator post shall be permitted.
An indicator post can be added to a nonrising stem underground gate valve, eliminating the need for a T-wrench and
making it easier to operate and identify the position of the valve. See Exhibit II.4.4 for an example of a nonrising
stem gate valve with an indicator post.
2.A listed water control valve assembly with a position indicator connected to a remote
supervisory station shall be permitted.
An example of a water control valve assembly with a position indicator connected to a remote supervisory station
might be an
OS&Y valve with tamper switch or a grooved butterfly valve with built-in tamper switch. See Exhibit II.4.5 and Exhibit
II.4.6.
4.5.1.3 A nonindicating valve, such as an underground gate valve with approved
roadway box complete with T-wrench, acceptable to authority having jurisdiction
(AHJ), shall be permitted.
4.5.2 Such valves shall not close in less than 5 seconds when operated at maximum
possible speed from the fully open position.

MECHANICALLY SUPERVISED OS & Y VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE

◾ Drain valve should be placed at the lowest point of the firefighting network to drain the water network for
washing& maintenance of the pipes.
DRAIN VALVE
AUTOMATIC AIR RELEASE VALVE
◾ Automatic Air Vent should be placed at the highest points of the network to vent the air exists
inside the pipes.

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
◾ Pressure Relief Valve is designed specifically to automatically relieve excess pressure in
fire protection piping systems.
◾ It maintains constant system pressure within very close limits as demands change.

FLUSHING OF FIRE
FIGTHING PIPE
◾ Firefighting pipes should be flushed against contaminations and waste solid materials.

◾ Firefighting pipes should be tested after installation at site to ensure
durability of the system.
◾ All pipes, fittings, valves and other accessories should be tested at 4 bar
above the working pressure for two hours.
TESTING OF PIPE

Pumping Station &
Water Source
NFPA 20

Standard for the Installation of
Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
& Water Tank
• 1. CODES& STANDARDS FOR FIREFIGHTING PUMPS.
• 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIREFIGHITNG PUMPS.
• 3. FIRE PUMPS ,PUMP ROOM & ACCESSORIES
• 4. WATER TANK DESIGN& COMPONENTS.

1. CODES& STANDARDS FOR
FIREFIGHTING PUMPS.
• ◾NFPA-20 (Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection).
• ◾ANSI: American National Standards Institute.
• ◾BS: British Standard.
• ◾DIN: German Institute for Standardization.
• ◾FM: Factory Mutual.
• ◾UL: Underwrites Laboratories.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIREFIGHITNG
PUMPS.
• Fire Pump Characteristics:
• ◾ Pumps are selected to supply the system demands (sprinkler+standpipes) on
the basis of three key points relative to their rated flow and rated pressure .
• ◾ Fire pumps are sized to exceed its duty point requirement.
• ◾ (NFPA 20 specifies that each horizontal fire pump must meet these
characteristics, and the approval laboratories ensure these points are met:
• ◾ Fire pumps shall be UL listed& FM Approved.

FIRE FIGHTING PUMP
TYPES
• Always used type of pumps for fire application is centrifugal vertical in- line or
horizontal in-line.
• A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric,
diesel or steam. The pump intake is either connected to the public underground water
supply piping, or a static water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). The pump provides
water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes. A
fire pump is tested and listed for its use specifically for fire service by a third-party
testing and listing agency, such as UL or FM Global.
 Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pumps shall be of the overhung impeller between bearings design. The
overhung impeller design shall be close coupled or separately coupled single- or two-stage
end suction-type [see Figures A-3-1.1(a) and (b)] or in-line-type [see Figures A-3-1.1(c), (d),
and (e)] pumps. The impeller between bearings design shall be separately coupled single-
stage or multistage axial (horizontal) split-case-type [see Figure A-3- 1.1(f)] or radial
(vertical) split-case-type [see Figure A-3-1.1(g)] pumps.
• {All figures are in the appendices}

TYPES OF FLOW
FLOW OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

END SUCTION
PUMP
Merits:
◾ Electric and diesel driven.
◾ Moderate required space.
Demerits:
◾ Available only up to 1500 gpm
◾ Low head.

Vertical in line
Pump
Merits
◾ Compact
◾ Cost effective
Demerits:
Available only up to 1500 gpm. Electric
driven only.

VERTICAL TURBINE
PUMP
◾ Used when the source of water is too below
ground level. (NEGATIVE SUCTION)
Merits:
◾ Electric and diesel driven.
◾ Wide range of capacities and heads.
Demerits
◾ Very costly.
◾ Very hard to maintain.

HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASE
• ◾ The Primary firefighting pump is preferred to be horizontal split
case type.
• ◾ Horizontal splitcace Pump Characteristics (Single- Multisuction):
• 1. High flow rate& head.
• 2. Electric/Diesel driven.
• 3. Hard to maintain.
• 4. Expensive.
• 5. Huge space.
◾ A continuous water and pumping station supply should always be
available and ready to fight fire, the following three pumps should be
connected to a suction header (from water tank), and discharged to a
discharge header (to firefighting network).

Pumping stations should include
• 1. Electrical firefighting pump.
• 2. Stand-by Diesel Firefighting Pump.(No
need IF an extra electric pump is connected to an
electric generator).
• 3. Jockey Pump.

Electric Fire Pump
 The heart of the fire
sprinkler system. It is the
main Pump.
 When the jockey pump
started and cannot make up
the release pressure and
system still have pressure
drop, the main fire pump
start work by a signal from
the sensing line to the
control panel which start
the pump.
Diesel Fire Pump
 Same purpose for the electric pump
 Installed in the site in case there is
no generator in the site to work as
STAND- BY in case there is no
power and there is a fire occurs.
Pressure Maintenance Pumps (Jockey
Pumps)
 A jockey pump is a small pump
connected to a fire sprinkler system to
maintain pressure in the sprinkler
pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-
sprinkler is activated, there will be a
pressure drop, which will be sensed
by the fire pumps automatic controller,
which will cause the fire pump to
start.
 Jockey pump is neither UL listed nor
FM
approved.
 Sprinkler system loss pressure over
time. When we have pressure drop,
the jockey pump start, pump don’t
know the difference between a drop in
pressure over minutes or month.
 Jockey pump shall have rated
capacities not less than any normal
leakage rate and shall have discharge
pressure sufficient to maintain
desired fire protection pressure.

EXAMPLE:- If the system pressure is 10 Bar;
◾ Jockey pump works on 9.5 Bar.
◾ Electric pump works on 9 Bar.
◾ Diesel pump works on 8 Bar.

FIRE PUMP ACCESSORIES
• 1. Suction Pipe.
• 2. Vortex plate
• 3. Buddle Flange.
• 4. OS&Y gate valve with
tamper switch.
• 5. Pressure Relief valve.
• 6. Automatic Air Release.
• 7. Check valve.
• 8. Flexible connection.
• 9. Pressure gauges.
• 10. Test Line.
• 11. Eccentric Reducer.
• 12. Control Panel.
• 13. Diesel Tank Muffler
• 14. Fuel Tank.
• 15. ATS.
• 16. Pipes.

Gate valve
check valve
It prevents back flow, and allows only flow in on direction, and is installed in pump discharge line
directly to prevent pumps from starting at a load or at the system pressure.
Suction header
Discharge header
Diesel pump
It’s a 100% stand-by pump, operates in case of power failure with the failure of pressure make up
process by the electric pump, or even with the present of power if failure of pressure make up
process.
Jockey pump
It’s the first pump to start in case of fire, It operates as a pressure maintenance pump so in case of a leakage in the system
pressure it will makes the system pressure as recommended, and A jockey pump should be sized to make up the allowable
leakage rate within 10 minutes or 1GPM (3.8 L/min), whichever is larger, and is used for this job instead-off starting the
electric pump to protect it from starting until a serious problem occurs.
Electric pumps
It’s the second pump to start in case of fire; it’s the 100% duty pump.
Pressure relief valve
A valve being set at a pressure higher than the system pressure or shut off pressure of the diesel
pump to protect the system from the very high pressure generated by the diesel pump in case of
sudden acceleration.
Alarm check valve
It’s consist of:
• Pressure switch (electric part) which gives a signal to fire alarm system in case of flow in
pipes.
• Mechanical alarm which done automatically by water flow in pipes.

Water flow meter
Diesel pump electric control panel and pressure sensing line
Jockey pump electric control panel and pressure sensing line
Electric pump electric control panel and pressure sensing line
Vortex plate
It’s installed in the tank in suction lines to prevent vortex in the tank water.
Electric pump casing relief valve
It’s reliefs the pressure on the pump to protect it from damage in case of
pump work and no exit for water in the system, and is being set at the shut
of head or higher than system pressure.
flexible connection
Automatic air vent
Tamper switch
It gives a signal when a gate valve closed.
Flow switch
It gives signal when a flow happened in a pipe.

PUDDLE FLANGE
• ◾ Puddle flange is used to
prevent water leakage from
suction or discharge ports at
the water tank or any line
connected between water
tank& pump room.(Ductile
Iron-HD.PE).
•

OS&Y GATE VALVE WITH
TAMPER SWITCH
• ◾
Installed at
the suction&
discharge
lines for each
pump to
isolate the
pump during
maintenance.

COMBINATION OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

CHECK VALVE
• ◾ Should be
installed at the
discharge line of
each pump, to
prevent backflow
from one pump
to another, or
from the system
when the pump
stops.

FLEXIBLE COUPLING
(STRAIN RELIEF)
• ◾ Should be Installed
at the suction line only,
but it’s preferred also to
be installed at the
discharge lines for
decreasing the effect of
vibrations on pumps
and avoid excessive
forces on pipes.

PRESSURE GAUGE
• Installed at
the suction
and
discharge
line of each
pump.

TEST LINE
• ◾For testing
pump, a OS& Y
gate valve is
installed at a test
line which is
connected to the
discharge line and
drain back into the
water tank.
• ◾Flow meter
should be installed
to measure pump
flow rate.

ECCENTRIC REDUCER
◾ Without the eccentric reducer, air pockets would be generated which may lead to
PUMP CAVITATION.

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER
SWITCH (ATS)
• ◾ ATS is the
controller used
to switch the
power
source(operate
the diesel
pump or the
generator for
the other
electric pump)

PUMP ROOM
• • Must be dedicated to fire pump and associated equipment.
• • No Storage allowed
• • Domestic Water Distribution equipment allowed.
• • Should have direct access to outside. When this is not
possible:
• • Access through an enclosed passageway to an enclosed
stairwell or exit.
• • Passageway must have fire resistance rating at least equal to
fire pump room.

Size of Pump House/Room
Pump House/Room shall be sized to fit all necessary equipment and
accommodate:
Clearance for installation and maintenance
Clearance for Electrical equipment
Orientation of pump to suction piping
Fire pump and automatic sprinkler system riser rooms shall be designed with
adequate space for all equipment necessary for the installation, as defined by the
manufacturer, with sufficient working room around the stationary equipment.
Clearances around equipment to elements of permanent construction, including
other installed equipment and appliances, shall be sufficient to allow inspection,
service, repair or replacement
Fire pump rooms shall be provided with a door(s) and unobstructed passageway
large enough to allow removal of the largest piece of equipment
Working clearances around controllers shall comply with NFPA 70, National
Electrical Code, Article 110

PUMP ROOM
ACCESSORIES
• 1. Main Alarm Check Valve.
• 2. Pump Base.
• 3. Pump Room Access.
• 4. Trench and floor drain.
• 5. Submersible Pump.
• 6. Exhaust Fan.
• 7. Overhead Crane.

Check full details in part 02 Notes

PUMP SUCTION LINE
 OS & Y VALVE (Outside Screw & Yoke
Valve) OR Rising stem valve
 Strainer (OPTIONAL)
 Eccentric reducer (FLAT SIDE UP)
 Flexible connection (OPTIONAL)
 Suction pressure gauge
PUMP DISCHARGE LINE
 Air release valve (only in horizontal split case pump)
 Discharge pressure gauge
 Casing pressure relief valve (automatic for Electric pump)
 Concentric reducer
 Check-valve or back flow preventer
 OS & Y valve with Tamper switch
 Main pressure relief valve (ONLY IN DIESEL ENGINE
PUMP)
 Flow meter
The requirement to place an elbow a minimum of 10 pipe
diameters from the suction flange applies only to
horizontal split-case fire pumps. In an in-line (vertical
shaft) fire pump, gravity already creates an axial load
imbalance so the imbalance from an elbow is of less
concern.
Does the requirement to place an elbow a minimum of 10
pipe diameters
from the suction flange apply to all firepump types?

Recommended type of a pump
according to tanks types

4. WATER TANK DESIGN
• The main sources of firefighting water is Water Tanks
(Under/Above Ground).

CALCULATION OF FIRE
WATER TANK CAPACITY
◾ After determination of pump capacity, according to occupancy hazard type the
amount of firefighting water tank shall be calculated.
◾ The fire pumps should operate for a specific minimum duration according to the type
and hazard of the occupancy.
◾ Fire water tank should be calculated according to the highest hazard at the project
being designed.
EXAMPLE:-
IF Calculated pump capacity=750 gpm.
Hazard Type= Ordinary Hazard. (60-90 minutes). Or 30 minutes(NFPA-14)
◾ Fire Water Tank Capacity=1125*60=67,500 gallons= 255m 3
Fire water tank should consist of (2 compartments) of 255m 3
water reserve for firefighting purposes.

◾ The calculated volume from previous example, is the WATER VOLUME, an extra volume
should be considered for AIR and float valve installation.
◾ The required volume for air and float valve installation would be about 50-60 cm above water
level.
◾ An extra volume should be considered for the last 15cm of water at the tank(The suction pipe
should be at a minimum of (15cm) above the bottom of tank to avoid the suction of
contaminations).
TANK VOLUME

WATER TANK ACCESSORIES
• 1. Tank Access Door(manhole).
• 2. Suction Line.
• 3. Tank Filling Connection.
• 4. Vent Line.
• 5. Tank Overflow Line.
• 6. Tank Drainage.
• 7. Tank Baffles.

1. Tank Access Door(manhole).
◾ Each tank should be provided with access door for inspection and maintenances
purposes.
◾ Minimum access door dimensions is 80cmx80cm.
◾ Stainless steel or galvanized stair steps should be provided for each tank if the
depth exceeded 120cm.

2. Suction Line.
◾ Pump suction pipe should be installed about 30 cm. from the tank bottom level and a bended pipe ended with anti
–vortex plate should be connected to reach 15cm. Above tank bottom level..

3. Tank Filling Connection.
◾ Each tank should be provided by a make-up line to re-fill the tank when water level becomes low.
◾ Float valve is used to control tank water level.
◾ Filling pipe should be installed 25cm above water level.
◾ Filling pipe should be submerged through water to circulate the water and avoid pipe from rust.

4. Vent Line.
◾ Vent connection equalizes the pressure inside tank during suction and filling of water, it also allows water vapor to escape.
◾ During tank filling, the air originally occupied inside the tank ventilates through vent opening.
◾ Vent should be bended as shown to avoid any contaminations from entering the tank.
◾ Two vent connections at least should be connected to the tank.

5. Tank Overflow Line.
◾ If the float valve was down, the over flow line would drain the
overflowed water out of the tank.
◾ Overflow line should be installed about 10 cm. above designed water level.
◾ Overflow pipe to be below filling line level to avoid filling line
contamination.
◾ Size of overflow pipe to be 1 .5 of filling pipe size.
◾ Overflow connection is preferred to be separated from pump room drainage to avoid
water overflow at pump room .

6. Tank Drainage.
◾ At lowest tank point, drain point should be provided to drain water inside tank during
maintenance.
◾ Slopes for tank ground level should be done towards the drain point(0.5%).

7. Tank Baffles.
◾ Baffles increase the water path inside passing from inlet pipe to the other
side of tank, this helps water to circulate well inside tank and thereby clean any
contaminations.

MAINTENANCE
 Maintenance means any corrective or preventive care which keeps the machine up for smooth and desired function or any act to maintain
the health of machine is maintenance.
• Preventive maintenance.
• Corrective maintenance
• Break down maintenance
 Shutdown maintenance, seasonal or over hauling Preventive maintenance:- It’s a daily routine work for every technician in
field, in this first we take a preventive maintenance checklist from maintenance department and fill up this according
parameters after that submit to maintenance department. This process in the term of Fire system is called PPM (Planned
preventive maintenance). In to this cover some planned
Daily routine planned, Weakley routine planned, Monthly routine planned, Quarterly routine planned, half yearly routine planned, Yearly routine
planned.
 According to this planned we analyze all of the seasonal maintenance.
• Corrective Maintenance.
If we found any fault or change in the parameters. We take corrective action against the fault and after that completely diagnose it.
• Breakdown Maintenance:-
• Electrical issue
• Mechanical issue.

Daily Check
-Checks to ensure signal to monitoring station are functioning
-Check battery and voltage conditions
-Rectify and record any faults
Monthly Tests
-Simulate fire and fault conditions on all zones
-Check that power supply, indicator, alarm outputs etc. are operating correctly
-Rectify and record any fault.
Yearly Tests
-All monthly tests
-Test 20 percent of all detectors over as many zones as possible such that all detectors will be
check over a 5 year period
-Test interlocking circuits to ancillary equipment
-Check and cleaning of dirty detectors
-Rectify and record any faults
Regular Testing and Inspection

Hand-over Document Sheet
At the time of hand over, the contractor shall provide the client with the following documentation:
1. Copy of detailed report
2. Component and equipment list
3. Product description sheets
4. System design specification
5. System design drawing(s)
6. System schematic diagram(s)
7. System operating and service manuals
8. Certificate of commissioning
9. System users handbook, containing log book, routine
maintenance instructions and schedules
. Copy of detailed report
Provide details of the project, including:
a) High level capital outlay
b) Technology proposed
c) Product lines proposed
• The front cover can include any information that you feel is necessary, such as the Contractor and the date prepared.
• Summary
• Introduction
• Body
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendations

Component and equipment list
It’s includes the list of the component and equipment used in the system with its specifications and makes. And its
working
Product description sheets
In the most basic form, product descriptions are supposed to highlight key product features and the benefits to the
customer. Product descriptions should provide the bedrock of content
System design specification
The system design specification is a document that presents the complete design for the new information system,
along with detailed costs, staffing, and scheduling for completing. The system design specification is the baseline
against which the operational system will be measured. Unlike the system requirements document, which is written
for users to understand, the system design specification is oriented toward the programmers who will use it to
create the necessary programs. Some Sections of the system requirements document are repeated in the system
design specification, such as process descriptions, data dictionary entries, and data flow diagrams.
System design drawing(s)
It is the final drawing of the system which is called as built drawing this is the drawing in which the system is made.
This is used by the client to understand the work.
System schematic diagram
Making diagrams is easy with the proper templates and symbols:
I. Start with a collection of symbols appropriate for your diagram.
II. Draw circuits represented by lines.
III. Drag and drop symbols to the circuits and connect them.
IV. Use line hops if any lines need to cross.
V. Add layers to show complexity

System operating and service manuals
The building owner's manual, or operation and maintenance manual (O&M manual), contains the
information required for the operation, maintenance, decommissioning and demolition of a building.
The building owner's manual is prepared by the contractor or the sub- contractor with additional information
from the designers (in particular, the services engineer) and suppliers. It is a requirement that is generally defined
in the preliminaries section of the tender documentation where its contents will be described, although there may
be additional requirements regarding mechanical and electrical services in the mechanical and electrical
specification.
Certificate of commissioning
A Commissioning Completion Certification is a verification activity after all required functions of components and
units or plants are successfully completed in according to the design specification and Requirements.

. System users handbook, containing log book, routine maintenance instructions and schedules
In handover we also provide the system user hand book so that client can easily understand the system this use to
know the system which and what type of system is that. It also contain log book to check the preventive
maintenance and services according to the system. It also contain the instructions and schedules for maintenance.
So these are all the documents and certificates we have to give for at the time of handover with proper signature of
the client.

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