BA Senior Essay

1. 1
SHEMPPO ISSO
1. ERISO
1.1 XINAATIYA GUYE ESUWA
Alame bollan de7iya gadetan dumma dumma wogati pantta bonchcho wogaa naagidi
bochchetteyssi erettidaba.Wogi issi dere oonatethas tuussi.Woginne asa na7ishaakettenna. Wogi
de7ikko asi de7ees, asa na7i de7iyasoonwogi de7ees.Woga poley asa na7a, poliseykka asa na7a
gidiya gisho woginne asa na7i issi santtimes nam77u shaye guussi.
Scupin, S. (2003) paatida mela woga guussay walakettidaba gididi issi deretethas de7iya era,
ammaanuwa, meeziya, amuwa, hiillanne h.h.m bessiyaba gis. Ha qofa xeelliya wode wogi issi
deretetha giddon kanchche beettiyabanne go7ettiyaba giddonnashin oona gida deretetha
giddonikka meezettishe gam77idaba guussi.
Balaynne, G. (2005) xaafida maxaafiyan wogaba qonccisishe woga guussay asa na7a taarike
yuusara wolla issippe yidaba gis. Ha qofay qonccisiya mela asa na7inne wogihachchi awa wulon
medhettidaba giddonnashin adussa laythas wolira oykkettidi gam77idaba guussi.
Tokashe, T. (2008) wogaba qonccisishe wogi issi deretthas de7iya ammanuwa, duussa hiillanne
era bessiyanne asa na7ara issippe qashettidaba gis. Ha qofa xeelliyaade issi deres de7iya
issipetetha,polotika qaaxoynne ikkonoome dichchay de7iyaba gidikkonne wogi duussa
hanota,muussa ushsha hanota,ma7o woga,eko-gelo woganne h.h.m qonccisitheta phoolidi
bessiya wolqqay keehidi dhoqqa guussi.Ha dumma dumma bertte wogatappe issoy eko- gelo
woga gidishin,hayssikka asa duussa gaathan asa na7i yelidi,soyzidi de7anaw, nubaa giya shalo
pulttisanawnne issippetetha dichchanaw baaso gideyssi qoncce.
Taadala, D. (2003) paatishe eko-gelo wogay hachchi nu kessidaba giddonashin mayza ma77eppe
oykkettidi yidaba gis. Ha qofay qonccisiya mela ha wogay ha7i yeleta kanchchen polettiyaba
giddonnashin beni wodeppe meezettiyaba.

2. 2
Eko-gelo wogay gadeppe gaden,heerappe heeran dummatanaw dandda7iyaba gidikkoka asaa
gaathan issipetethan polettiya wogatan moodettees (Martta,2004).
Eko- gelo wogay polettiya gadetappe issoy Goofa gidishin, Goofa deren unddenna wogati
de7oosona. Hayssatikka: muussa woga,ma7o woga, yeeho woga,yetha woganne h.h.m wogati
de7oosona. Ha wogati bonchchettiya hanotay wogaa mela dummattees. Goofa deren unddenna
woradati,qabaletinne gutati de7oosona. Ha pilggethay Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan
Ankko Golmma,kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko- gelo woga xomooso
gididi ha wogay deretethara de7iya liccetha,eko-gelo qommotanne deretethas immiya go77a
bolla oosettees.
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso
Eko- geloy woga qommotappe issuwa gididi dere asa baaso udidi polettiyaba (Naxaaneta,
2008).Ha qofa xeelliyaade eko-gelos pulttoy dere asa dere assay baynnaba gidikko he wogay
de7anaw dandda7enna guussi.
Balaynne, G. (2005) xaafida maxaafen paatishe eko- gelo woga polo hanotay heerappe heeran
dummatikkoka awankka attonnaba gis.Ha qofay qonccisiya mela ha wogay ubba deretetha
giddon de7oppe attin issi mala giddenna qassi wodeppe woden attees gaanawkka
dandda7ettenna.
Worqqa, A. (2003) oothida Amaaratho doona pilggethan eko-gelo wogay yeletappe yeletakko
laattishe yidabaappe attin hachchi medhettidaba gidenna gashe pa pilggethan qonccisasu.
Taadali, T. (2003) Wolaytatho doonan oothida pilggethan asa na7i shemppora de7idi susay
duuxonnadanne kochchay dhayonnada beni sisa wodeppe oykkidi issi addey issi maccara
poliyaba gishe pa pilggethan qonccisis. Giddoppe attin, ha pilggethay polettey Goofa zoonnen
Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Galmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan oosettiya
gisho koyro oosettida pilggethappe dummattees.
ፍቃደ አዘዘ (1991) eko-gelo wogay fokiloore shaahotappe issuwa gididi dumma dumma hanotan asa
na7i poliya meezetanne wozana ammanota ubba pa gaathan shiishi oykkiya deretetha meeze
gishe pa qofa wothis. Ha qofa xeelliya wode eko-gelo wogay dumma dumma hanotan
poletteyssa bessees.

3. 3
Koyro pilggethati qoncciso oge kaallidaba gidishin pilgganchiya walaka pilggetha oge
go7etasu.Hessa gisho pilggetha buussa ogey dummattees. Gujjidikka, koyro pilgganchati eko-
gelo yuussanne asa na7ara de7iya gahetetha bolla wuda wothidaba gidishin,ha pilggethay Gezze
Goofa woradan Ankko Galmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko-
gelo qommota, eko- gelo wogay deretetha giddon medhiya issipetethanne deretethas immiya
go77a xomoosanas gidiya gisho koyro pilggethara daro gahetethi baawa.Pilgganchiya ha bolla
oothanaada denthethida gaasoy, adussa laythas go7ettishe gam77ida eko- elo wogay ha7i yeletan
daro bonchchettishe beettenna.Gujjidikka, eko-gelo wogay wogi de7iya ogeninne mayza
ma77etappe yida ogiyappe perzzidi polettishe beettees.Haray qassi erettida eko- gelo qommoti
awussateekko ha77i yeletay shaakki eronna hanotaynne woga sinthe-guye maara naagonna
hanotay beettees. Ha metoti medhettanaw dandda7ida gaasoy ammano,woga,tekinooloojje
dichchanne ha7i yeletati kase woga eronna gaaso gidanaw dandda7ees giya guussan pilgganchiya
ha kaaran oosettis.
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppoba
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppoba
Ha pilggethas kumetha qoppobay:
Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan polettiya eko- gelo woga xomooso.
1.3.2. Sima Qoppoba
Ha pilggethaa sima qoppobati:
1. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan aappun qommo eko-gelo wogati de7iyakko shaakki xomoosanaassa.
2. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan eko-gelo wogay deretethas immiya go7a yiggi xeello.
3. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hootto Sooqiso
qabaletan eko-gelo wogay deretetha giddon medhdhiya issipetetha pilggi xeellanaassa.
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshota
1. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan aapun qommo eko-gelo wogati de7oonaa ?
2. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hootto Sooqiso
qabaletan eko-gelo wogay deretethas ay ay go7a immii ?

4. 4
3. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan eko-gelo wogay deretetha gaathan medhiya issipetethay ay aazii ?
1.5. Pilggetha Zawa
Goofa zooney dugehaa dere asa killileta giddon beettiya 17 zoonetappe issuwa gidishin, ha
zooney pa giddon 7 woradatanne 2 ayso katama shiishi oykkees. Ha pilggethay Goofa zoonen
de7iya woradata ubba bolla oosettiyakko keehidi lo77oshin, pilgganchchiya paas de7iya
miishenne wode qanthatethappe denddidayssan ha pilggetha xunthada Gezze Goofa woradan
de7iya AnkkoGolmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan pilggetha polasu.
1.6. Pilggetha Go77a
Ha pilggethay suure ogen pa maara naagidi oosoy polettiya wode dumma dumma kifileti
go7ettoosona. Worada woga ayso xaafo keethay koyro dethan go77ettana.Xaafo keethay Gezze
Goofa woradan de7iya eko-gelo wogay deriya gaathan medhiya issipetethanne aappun qommo
eko- gelo wogay de7iyakko pilggethappe beettiya demuwan deriyas erisanaada qaada
medhdhees.Hessa guussaykka, xaafettida bila-xuufe markkandotethan kaalliya yeletas
aadhdhanaadan injje gidees guussi. Hara baggara qassi, buroo diccishe doonatas baaso gididi
maaddees. Wuresetha, kaarara gahettiya pilggetha ooso oothiya pilgganchchatas markkanddo
pultto gididi maaddees.
1.7. Pilggethaa OosoTeqeta
Ha pilggetha oosoy kaara dooroppe wurssetha gaso de7iya oosotan dumma dumma injjetonna
hanotati medhdhettidosona. Pilggetha ooson dhube (teqe) gididabati;
 Xomppe dhayo. Oosettida ooso darisanawnne xaafettidayssa kesanaw keehidi waythis.
 Imettida wode xunthatetha.
 Wogaba keehidi qonccisiya xuufeti Goofatho doonan de7onayssi,
 Markkanddo shiishanaw biya buussan miishe pultto dhayoynne markkanddo immiya asata
demmanaw wode qanthatethay shiiqidi pilggetha oosos dhube gididosona.

5. 5
SHEMPPO NAM77A
2. GAKETETHI DE7IYA XUUFETA ZAARETHO
2.1. Eko-Gelo Aybatetha
Asa na7i shemppora de7iyabaatappe issuwa.Shemppoy de7iyaabata kanddoppe issoy
yeletethi.Asa na7i shemppora de7idi susay duuxxonaadanne kochchay dhayonnaada beni
wodeppe oykkidi gelishe, ekkishenne yelishe ha77i gaso biitta bolla tirppidi de7is (Taadale,
2003).
Balaynne, G. (2005) wothishe eko-gelo guussay yelettida laythappe barey ekos gidin gelos
gakkida nam77u dumma dumma mattumata giddon polettiya hanota gishe pa qofa wothis. Ha
qofa xeelliyaade ekos gidin gelos barey asa na7as baaso. Hachchi yelettida na7i gelanawnne
ekanaw dandda7enna guussi.
Asa na7i de7iya duussan dumma dumma dethata aadhethi attonnaba koyroyssi pinetha detha
gidishin, nam77antho dethay walakettiya detha, wuresetha dethay alamiya aggidi moyzettiya
detha geetettidi eretteess.Hayssappe danddidayssan, yeleta qamma, dichcha, eko-gelonne hayqoy
pa wodiya naagidi yuussi attonnaba.Hayssata giddoppe eko-gelo nu xeelliyade kawo eqotan,
gade woganinne ammano wogan poletteyssata geetettidi heedzan shaakettoosona (Martta, 2004).
2.2.Eko-gelo qommota
Balaynne, G. (2005) xaafida maxaafen paattishe Goofaheeran dumma dumma qommo eko-gelo
wogay de7eyssa qonccsisis.Hayssatikka: Sooasa dosatethan poletteyssa,guyera
gelobonqqe(dafa), na7iya na7antta soo bada geliya gelo(utetha gelo), sooasa, na7anne na7ee
dosatethan poleyssa,na7iya laazanthera cimettada geleyssa.

6. 6
2.2.1. Soo Asa DosetethanPolettiya Eko-Gelo
Ha eko- gelo wogay na7aara na7eera eronna ogen soo asay pantta dosan poliya eko-gelo woga
(Balaynne,2005).
2.2.2. Guyera Gelo
Aawu aaya eronna ogen na7aara na7eera wolira siiqettidappe labi zaarana mela laazanthi
yeddoosona.He laazanthay giyan, yaaganoninne dumma dumma bessatan shoobbees(Taadale,
2003).
2.2.3. Bonqqe
Na7ay daro siiqida na7iya soora gidin qassi guyera oychchin ixxikko na7ay pa laggetara pana
giigisidi bonqqees oge aadhdhees.
2.2.4. Na7iya Na7antha soo bada uttada geliya gelo
Ha eko- gelo wogan na7iya na7anttasoon dumma dumma gaasotan bada utta naagada geliya gelo
guussi. Mallas: na7ees gelo wodey aadhdhikko, na7a kochchay lo77o giddikko, oyshshettida
na7iya harara haasayettikkonne h.h.m metoti de7ikko polettiya eko-gelo woga guussi.
2.2.5. Soo Asa Na7anne Na7ee DosetethanPolettiya Eko-Gelo.
Ha eko-gelo wogan gakkida pantha na7ay daro dosida na7ees aawa aayi baggara heedzu cima
soo yeddidi ekiya eko-gelo woga.
2.2.6. Na7iya Laazanthara cimettada geleyssa
Hayssieko-gelo qommottappe issuwa gididi laazantha baggara polettiya eko-gelo woga.Hayssa
guussay, laazanthiya na7a mala, na7as miishe, kandduwanne h.h.melabay de7eyssa na7ees
odawusu.Hessappe guye giyan na7aa haaaora malawusu.Na7iya be7idappe guye na7ay
lo7ayaaba gidikko eenotetha qonccisanaw si7i gawusu. Hessappe guye ,na7ees koshshiyaba
guyera kunthisawusu. Hessappe guye wogay poletteesinne na7antha soo guyeppe cimi bees. Ha
hanotan eko- gelo wogay polettees.

7. 7
SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3. PILGGETHAOOSO HANOTANNE HIILLA
3.1.Pilggetha Hiilla
Pilgganchchiya doorida kaara bolla qonccenne suure gidida demo demmanaw xomooso
pilggetha hiilla go7ettasu. Ha pilggetha hiillay paydonninne qaalan paatettiya pilggethas
injjeteyssappe denddidayssan,pilgganchchiya ha hiilla doorasu. Xomooso pilggetha hiillay issi
pilggethan oosettiya meto maxi kessanaw maadddiya hiilla(Kothari,2004).
3.2.Bessinddo Dooro Hanotanne bessinddo Darotetha
Pilgganchchiya qabaletan de7iya kumetha qooday 6221 gidiya asatappe gina qaada immonna
bessinddo dooro ogetappe qoppoba wudayon 60 bessinddota doorada ekkasu. Ha bessinddo
dooro ogey doorettiday pilgganchchiya pa qoppoba zawa gathanaw injjettanaadanne de7iya
kumetha asatappe wogaa shaakidi eriya ciire gidida bessinddota demmanaw go7ettasu.
3.3.Markkanddo shiisho miisheta
Markkanddoy koyro pulttoppenne nam77antho pulttoppe shiiqana.Koyro pultto markkanddoy
pilggethaas doorettida bessinddotappe gidishin, nam77antho pultto markkanddoy dumma
dumma ogen ekko- gelo woga qonccisiya xuufetapppe ekettis.
Pilgganchchiya pa qoppoba zawa gathanawnne pilggetha oyshatas zaaro demmisanaw
dandda7iya markkanddo shiisho miisheta go7ettasu. Hessatikka: xuufe oysho, qaala oysha,wuda
cuga tobbanne xaafettida miisheta yaran yaran shaakida xeelon markkanddo shiishasu.
3.3.1. Xuufe oysho
Ha markkanddo shiisho miishey zaaranchchati pantta gaathan de7iya qofa wallotethan
zaaranaadanne de7iya woga paattidi xaafanaada qaada medhdhiya gisho pilgganchiya go7ettasu.
Gujjidikka, pilggetha oysha isso bolla uttida oyshas zaaro demmisanaw dandda7isiya gisho,
guusaykka aappun qommo eko-gelo wogati de7iyakko eranaw koyida gisho pilgganchchiya ha
markkanddo shiisho miishe go7ettethan markkanddo demmasu. Xuufe oyshay doorettida
bessinddotas shiiqiyaaba gidishin, tammu dooyanne gorddaoyshatiwalakan shiiqidosona.

8. 8
3.3.2. Qaala oysha
Ha markkanddo shiisho miishey zaaranchhatara som77o gahetethan polettis. Oyshati suure
giddonna medhon (semi- structured) ogen oyddu ciire gidida asatas ichchashu oyshati shiiqis. Ha
markkanddo shiisho miishey tillanne suure gidida markkanddo demmanawnne pilggetha oysha
nam77ainne heedzas zaaro demmanaw ha oge go7ettasu.
3.3.3. Wuda cuga tobba
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogey doorettiday pilggetha oysha nam77a bolla eko- gelo wogay
deretethas immiya go7i de77ii? giya oyshas zaaro demmanaw go7ettana. Cuga tobbay oyddu
cugatan polettiyaba gidishin issi issi cugan 7 asata kumethan 28 asata oykkana. Pilgganchchiya
cugati tobbiya wode yuuyya xeelloninne giigisida tillayiya worqqata go7etethan markkanddo
shiishasu.
3.3.4. Xaafettida miisheta shiikki xeello
Woganne turiizime xaafo keethan xaafetti uttida dokkimentteta xeelon markkanddo shiishasu.
3.4.Pilggetha ooso maara
Issi pilgganchchi pa qoppoba zawa gathanaw he oosos de7iya sinthi-guye maara eranaw
besses.Hessa gisho koyron metoy de7iya bessa ero, kaara dooro, meto eso, meto qoncciso,
kumetha qoppobanne h.h.m koyro shemppon de7eyssa erana besseses.Kaallidi gaketethi de7iya
zaaretho xuufeta xomooso,pilggetha xaana7o hilla, bessinddo dooro hanota, markkanddo shiisho
miishetanneh.h.m sinthe-guye maara naagon polasu.
3.5.Markkanddo Paatetha Hiilla
Pilgganchchiya dumma dumma ogen shiiqida markkanddota paydoninne qaalan paattasu. Ha
ogiyan xuufen shiiqida markkanddoti paydon paatettiya wode qaala oyshonne wuda cuga
tobbanshiiqidayssati qaalan paatettis.

9. 9
3.6.Pilggetha Ammanetethanne Suuretethi
Ha pilggetha kaaras pilgganchchiya markkanddo shiishanaw go7ettida markkanddo shiisho
miisheti metuwa maxi kessanaw, qoppoba zawa gathanaw pilggetha hiillara gahetethi
de7eyssappe denddidayssan, amanetethan go7ettasu. Gujjinkka, doorettida markkanddoti
pilggetha kaara bolla suurenne qoncce gidida markkanddo immanaw dandda7ees guussan
doorada go7ettasu.Markkanddo shiisho miisheta suuretethinne amanetethi tillayoy issi pilggetha
oosos geeshatethi naagisanaw dandda7ees (ያለው, 1998).
3.7.Pilggetha Ooso Shiiqo Kanddota
Pilgganchchiya markkanddo shiishiya wode lo77o kanddo ma7ida asa gidana koshshees.Abis
gikko pilggethas tillatethi, geeshshatethi, suuretethinne ammanetethi de7ana mela
pilgganchchappe naagettiya ooso kanddoti de7oosona.Xinaatiya polanaw koshshiya markkanddo
shiishiya wode lo77o ma77o mayanaw besses, qoppoba suure hanotan qoncciso abbe de7o, qofa
pulttiso wolqqinne markkanddo pulttota ufaysishe, kaassishenne walloyishen wursethan galata
imon shaakettiya hanotan polana beesses.Pilgganchchay ha qommon qonccida ooso siraata
naagidi polanaw halchcho wothis.Hara baggara qassi, markkanddo immida asa xuura gidin
zooraadde astamaare xuura naaganaw bessesppe attin hara asa xuura kare kessanaw koshshenna.

10. 10
SHEMPPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHI, BIRSHSHETHINNE DEMOTA
Ha pilggetha shemppo kaaray Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne
Hooto soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko-gelo woga xomoosos dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho
ogen shiiqida markkanddotaa paatetha oykkis. Markkanddoti shiiqiday xuufe oyshon, qaala
oyshoninne wudattida cuga tobbana.
4.1 Markkanddo Paatethinne Birshshethi
Zara 1: Bessindota buzo markkanddo
P.M Oysho Zaaro Bessinddo daroteth
Qooda %
1
Mattumatetha Adde 35 58.33
Macca 25 41.67
Kumetha 60 100
2
Bare 15-20 10 16.67
21-30 15 25
31-40 20 33.33
40 ppe bolla 15 25
Kumetha 60 100
3
Eko-gelo hanota Gelas/ekkas 40 66.67
Gelabikke/ekkabikke 20 33.33
Kumetha 60 100
Qommon zara 1noysha 1 bolla qonccida mala kumethan ekettida bessinddotappe 35(58.33%)
adde gidishin 25(4.67%) macca gideyssa shiiqida markkanddoy qonccisees.
Pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkandduwaa xeelliya wode de7iya kumetha zaaranchatappe addeta
qooday maccatayssappe guuthara dareyssa pilgganchchiya pa pilggethaan xeellasu.

11. 11
Qommon zara 1n oysha 2 bolla shiiqida oysha xeelliya wode 10(16.67%) ,15-20 bare giddon,
15(25%), 21-30 bare giddon, 20(33.33%) 31-40 bare giddoninne 15(25%) 40 ppe bolla baren
de7eyssa pilgganchiya shiiqida markkanddoppe shaakkanaw dandda7asu.
Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala doorettida bessinddotappe daro kushey 31-40 gaso de7iya de7o
laythan de7eyssata gidishin hessikka pilggetha kaara bolla lo77o gidida markkanddo immanaw
dandda7iya zaaranchati kushettidayssa bessees.
Qommon zara 1n oysha 3 bolla shiiqida oysha xeelliya wode doorettida bessinddotappe
40(66.67%) soyzidaba gidishin 20(33.33%) soyzonnnaba gideyssa markkandduwaappe
shaakkanaw dandda7ettis.
Heysikka bessey shiiqida kumetha bessinddotappe daro baggay soyzidaba gideyssanne
pilggethay oosettey eko-gelo bolla gideyssas tillanne suure markkanddo immanaw dandda7iya
bessinddoti kushettidayssa qonccisees.

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4.1.1Bessinddotappe Shiiqida Gordda Xuufe Oysho Markkanddota
Zara 2: Eko-gelo bolla shiiqida markkanddo paatetha
p.m Oysho Zaaro Bessinddo
darotetha
Qooda %
1
Eko-gelo wogay issi deres immiya go77i de7ii? Ee 53 88.33
Akkay 7 11.67
Kumetha 60 100
2
Goofa heeran geeyidi erettida eko-gelo qommoti
aapunee?
Nam77a 4 6.67
Heedza 6 10
Oydda 5 8.33
Ichchasha 35 58.33
Erettenna 10 16.67
Kumetha 60 100
3
Daro wode hintte gaden eko-gelo wogay awssa
ogen polettii?
Gade wogan 22 36.67
Ammano siraatan 35 58.33
kawo eqotan 3 5
Kumetha 60 100
4
Beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogasinne ha77i
wode polettiya eko-gelo wogas dummatethi de7ii?
Ee 47 78.33
Akkay 13 21.67
Kumetha 60 100
5 Goofa dere asa eko-gelo wogan macho ekos
be7ettiyaabati de7ii?
Ee 42 70
Akkay 18 30
Kumetha 60 100
6
Eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha duussara
gahettii?
Ee 49 81.67
Akkay 11 18.33
Kumetha 60 100
Qommo zara 2n oysha isso bolla shiiqida oyshaas eko-gelo wogay issi deres go7ees gidayssati
53(88.33%) gidishin akkay go7enna gidayssati 7(11.67%). Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala
eko-gelo wogay deretethas gita go77a imeyssa bolla daro asaas lo77o gidida eratethi
de7eyssanne eko-gelo wogay deretetha duusara gahettidayssa bessiyaaba gidishin ha qofay qaala
oyshankka phooldi benttanaw dandda7is. Pilgganchchiya ha markkandduwaappe akeekanaw

13. 13
dandda7idayssi eko-gelo wogay dalgga deriyaas immiya go77i deyssanne asay eko-geloppe
go7eetiyaabay de7eyssa akeekanaw dandda7asu.
Qommo zara 2n oysha nam77a bolla shiiqida oyshaan Goofa heeran geeyidi erettida eko-gelo
wogati nam77a gidayssati 4(6.67%), heedza gidayssati 6(10%), oydda gidayssati 5(8.33%),
ichchasha gidayssati 35(58.33%) nne erettenna 10(16.67%). Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala
Goofa heeran geeyidi erettida eko-gelo ichchasha giya asata qooday haratayssappe dareyssa
bessees. Pilgganchchiya ha markkandduwaappe akeekanaw dandda7iday Goofa heeran
unddenna eko-gelo wogati de7ikokka geeyidi erettida eko-gelo wogay paydon ichchasha
gideyssa shiiqida markkandduwaappe xeellanaw dandda7asu.
Qommo zara 2n oysha heedza bolla shiiqida oyshaan daro wode eko-gelo wogay gade wogan
polettees gidayssati 22(36.67%), ammano siraatan polettees gidayssati 35(58.33%) nne kawo
eqotan polettees gidayssati 3(5%). Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mela eko-gelo wogay daro wode
polettey ammano siraatan gideyssanne aadhdhi aadhdhi gade wogan poletteyssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkandduwaappe xeellanaw dandda7iday pilggethay oosettiya
woradatan eko-gelo wogay ammano siraatan poletteyssanne asay ammaniya ammano siraata
naagon wogi de7iya ogera geleyssanne geletteyssa akeekanaw dandda7su.Hessikka bessey maari
de7iya eko-gelo wogi poletteyssa bessees.
Qommo zara 2n oysha oydda bolla shiiqida oyshaan beni wode eko-gelo wogasinne ha77i wode
polettiya eko-gelo wogas dummatethi ee de7ees gidayssati 47(78.33%) nne akkay baawa
gidayssati 13(21.67%). Zaaranchchatappe daro kushey beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogasinne
ha77i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogas dummatethi de7eyssa qonccisidosona. Pilgganchchiya ha
shiiqida oysha zaaroppe akeekanaw dandda7iday polettishe de7iya eko-gelo wogay koyro
aadhdhida woden poletteysinne ha77i wode poletteyssi dummateyssa xeellanaw dandda7asu.
Hessikka besseyssa mela eko-gelo wogay wodeppe woden dummatishe yidayssanne poletetha
hanotaykka wodiya aazidayssanne wontta de7iya wogay attishe yidayssa bessee.
Qommo zara 2n oysha ichchasha bolla shiiqida oyshaan Goofa heeran macho ekkanaw koyroti
be7ettiyaabati ee de7ees gidayssati 42(70%) nne akkay be7ettiyaabay baawa gidayssati 18(30%).
Ha shiiqida oysha bolla daro kushey eko-gelos koyrootidi be7ettiyaabay de7ees giya asaa qooday
paydon dareyssa bessees. Pilgganchchiya ha markkandduwaappe xeellanaw dandda7iday issi

14. 14
asimacho ekkanaw koyiyaaba gidikko koyrottidi giigisanawnne kunthanaw koshshiyaabay
de7eyssanne woga gididayssa xeellanaw dandda7asu. Hesikka bessey macho oychiya attumay
oychanappe koyro koshshiyaabata giigisoninne paw de7iya wolqqa yiggi xeellanada maaddeyssa
bessees.
Qommo zara 2n oysha usuppuna bolla shiiqida oyshaan eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha
duussara ee gahettees gidayssati 49(81.67%) nne eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha duussara
akkay gahettenna gidayssati 11(18.33%). Ha markkanddoy besseyssa mala eko-gelo wogay asa
na7a issipetetha duusssara gahetethi de7eyssa daro zaaranchchati qonccisidayssa bessees.
Pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkandduwaappe akeekanaw dandda7iday eko-gelo wogay deretetha
duussara oykkettidayssanne asa issipetetha duussara gahetethi de7eyssa akeekanaw
dandda7su.Hesikka bessey Gezze Goofa woradan polettiya eko-gelo wogay woli de7iya
deretetha duussara oykkettidayssanne deretetha gaathan siiqotethi de7ana mela maaddeyssa
bessees.
4.1.2. Bessinddotappe Shiiqida Dooya Xuufe Oysho Markkanddota Paatetha
Zaaranchchatas shiiqida walaka xuufe oyshappe dooya oyshas zaaranchchati immida zaaro
paatetha oykkida kifile.
Eo-gelo wogay issi deres immiya go77ay asa na7a susa (kochay) dhayonna mala, issi gades
de7iya wogaa qonccisanaw, yeletay darana mala, meddatas aawatethinne aayotetha maati
si7ettana mala, issipetetha duussa meeze demmanaada h.h.m go77ata immees. Gujjidikka, eko-
gelo wogay issi derey paas de7iya woga naagana melanne hahstethan derethaara sigetethan
oothiya oosota oothanaada kehidi maaddees.Hara baggara koyro de7iya bizza duussappe duuxidi
issinippe nam77a gidon gaathan de7iya qofata qonccisana mela yame demisiya gisho eko-gelo
wogay gade dichas, issipetetha duussas, ikonoomes immiya go77ay eehidi gita yaagishe dumma
dumma zaaranchati pantta zaaro immidosona.
Eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha duussara de7iya gahetetha bolla pantta gaatha xaafidi
qonccisishe daroti gahetethi de7eyssa wothidosona. De7iya gahetetha eko-gelo wogay maara
naagidi polettiya wode yaaganon kushettey ase gidiya gisho deretetha issipetethara loythidi
gahettees. Nam77u mishirata soo asay wolira issino gidon ufayssan gidin kayon gakkiya
metotan wolli hashetethan koshshiya kale immana mela udon issipetetha minthees. Hara baggara

15. 15
nam77u meddata kochchati de7iya bessa ubban woli iitan gidin lo77on gahetethan sigettida
de7ana mela qaada medhees yaagishe pantta gaathan de7iya qofata wothidosona.
Beni wode eko-gelo wogasinne ha77i wode eko-gelos de7iya dummatetha dumma dumma ogen
qonccisidosona. Beni wode na7aas gidin na7ees dosiya ase dooridi gelana/ekkana qaaday baawa;
ubbabay polettey yela asa maatana. Beni wode na7aa baggara gidina na7ee baggara xeelettiya
dumma dummabati de7oosona. Na7aa baggara na7aa gobatethay, ekkidi ayssanaw dandda7iya
abbey de7eyssi (goyidi, laasi zal77idi ayssanayssi h.h.m), na7aas de7iya shaloy,yela asaas de7iya
kushe shicatethay, kochchay h.h.m loythi xeelettoosona. Na7ee baggara na7iya wontto ba7ada
gidin gaaca muzanaw dandda7ay, suqqada mayzanaw dandda7ay, yela asa bonchchanaw
dandda7ay, wontto yeeho balen benttanaw dandda7ay, deretethaara siga de7anaw dandda7ay,
guye kochchay ay aazii h.h.m beni wode loythidi xeelettoosona. Gidoppe attin, ha77i wode hessa
melabati wudatethan xeelettenna.Gita bessa oykkey naa7anne na7ee dosatetha.Na7aaranne
na7eera woli siiqettiyaaba (dosettiyaaba) gidikko woli zoretethan yela asa oyshon maara naagidi
polettees.
Kumethan shiiqida qofati besseyssa mela eko-gelo wogay derethas immiya unddenna go77ati
de7eyssa, deretetha giddon issipetethi medheyssanne eko-gelos beni wode dumma dummabati
na7ee baggara gidin na7aa baggara xeelettiyaaba gididi ashoy mashay yela asa kushen
de7eyssanne ha77i wode eko-gelo wogan ashoy mashay nam77u meddata kushen de7eyssappe
denddidayssan beni wode eko-gelo wogaynne ha77i wode eko-gelo wogay keehidi dummateyssa
ha oyshaan akeekanaw dandda7ettis.
4.1.3 Qaala Oyshata Paatetha
Ha markkanddo shiisho miishey zaaranchhatara som77o gahetethan polettis. Oyshati suure
giddonna medhon (semi- structured) ogen oyddu ciire gidida asatas shiiqidaba gidishin
zaaranchchati A, B, C nne D gididi sunthettidosona.
Oysha 1: Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan aapun qommo eko-gelo wogati de7oonaa?
Qommon qaala oysha isso (Q1) bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchchati zaarishe;
Zaaranchcha A, B nne C woli aaziya qofa immida gidihsin Goofa heeran de7iya
eko-gelo qommoti paydon daro gidikone nu ereyssati usuppuna; hessatikk: gixxidi

16. 16
eko, dafidi eko, utetha gelo, guyera gelo, soora oyshettada gelonne laata gelo
geetettoosona yaagishe pantta zaaro immidosona. Zaaranchcha D oyshettida
oyshas zaaro immishe Goofa heeran eko-gelo qommoti geeyidi erettonnaba
gidikonne ta de7iya ta dethan ereyssati ichchasha; hessatikka: soora gelo, gixxidi
eko, dafi eko, utetha gelonne guyera gelo geetettoosona yaagishe zaaris.
Oysha 2: Eko-geloy issi derertethas immiya go7ii de7ii?
Qommon qaala oysha nam77a (Q2) bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchchati zaarishe:
Zaaranchcha A zaarishe eko-gelo wogay issi asas gidin deretethas immiya
go77ay keehidi dhoqqa; deretethay issipetetha duussan wolli hashettanaada
minthethees. Zaaranchcha B zaarishe eko-gelo wogay susi(kochchi) darana
mela maaddees; deretetha giddon lo77o gidida dabbotethi de7ana mela
maaddees. Zaaranchcha C nne D woli aaziya zaaro immida gidishin, eko-gelo
wogay deretetha gaathan wolli hashetethi de7ana mela kanchche gidonashin
de7iya duussan asa na7i laame bessana melanne issuwaas issuwas aawatethi
si7ettana mela maaddees yaagishe pantta zaaro immidosona.
Oysha 3: Beni wode de7iya eko-gelo wogay ay aazii?
Qommon qaala oysha heedza (Q3) bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchchati zaarishe:
Zaaranchcha A nne B woli aaziya qofa immidosona. Pantta qofa wothishe: beni
wode ko-gelo wogay wogaas keehidi lo777o gidikokka ekettiya naytas immiya
qaaday keehidi ziqqa. Ha77i wode na7ay gidin na7iya dosida asi doorada gelana
qaaday keehidi gita yaagussan pantta qofa wothidosona. Zaaranchcha C shiiqida
oyshaas zaarshe: beni wode eko-gelo wogay daro baggay woosa keethan
bonchchettees, maara naagida ogen polettiya hanotay de7ikokka na7aanne na7ee
guye hanotay keehidi xeelettees. Zaaranchcha D zaarishe beni wode eko-gelo wogay
doomethappe wurssetha gaso biya buussan daro daaburssati de7oosona. Beni wode
yela asay doorida(koyida) na7aa/na7iw ekkanaada minthethoosona. Yaagano wode
de7iya daaburssay guutha geetettiyaaba gidenna.Kushen gaaccidi yaagano quma
giigisoosona yaagishe pa gaatha qofa wothidosona.

17. 17
Oysha 4: Ha7i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogay aazii?
Qommon qaala oysha oydda (Q4) bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchchati zaarishe:
Qaala oysha oydda bolla shiiqida oyshaas A, C nne D daro mistiyaanne aaziya
zaaro immidosona. Ha7i wode eko-gelo wogay polettey nam77u nayta
dosetethana; na7iya na7aa dosikonne na7ay na7iw dosikko woli dosetethan
poloosona.Yela asati gidikokka nayta dosetetha bolla katidi zore koshshiyaaba
gidikko zore immidi koshshiyaaba kunthidi ekettenaada
minthethoosona.Gujjidikka, eko-gelo wogay polettey ammano siraatana yaagishe
pantta zaaro immidosona. Zaaranchcha B pa qofa wothishe ha7i wode polettiya
eko-gelo wogay beniysappe dummattees; beni nayta dosetethan gidenna; ha7i
wodeyssi nayta dosetethan polettees. Ha7i wode dafi ekoy attis.
Oysha 5: Bni wode polettiya ek-gelo wogappenne ha7i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogappe
deretethas keehidi go77ey awssee?
Qommon qaala oysha ichchasha (Q5) bolla shiiqida oyshaas zaaranchchati zaarishe:
Zaaranchcha A nne C woli aaziya zaaro immidosona. Zaaro wothishe;
nam77atikka go7iyaaba gidikokka ha7i wodeyssi keehidi go7ees.Gaasoykka,
nayta maatay naagettees, ikonoome bolla gathiya naaqoy guutha hessappe
denddidayssan ha7i wode eko-gelo wogay keehidi go7ees yaagishe zaaridosona.
Zaaranchcha B nne D zaarishe ha7i wode eko-gel wogan asa hashetethaynne
issipetethay kehidi phooli benttees; beni wodeysan asaa hashetethay ziqqa. Hara
baggara, ha7i wode eko-gelo wogan yaagano goobethanaw dumma dumma
wodiya miisheta go7etethan wontto yeliya naytas aathiya hanotay de7ees.
Hessappe denddidayssan ha7i wode eko-gelo wogay keehidi go7ees.
Qommon shiiqida qaala oysha kuuyi xeellishin eko-gelo wogay issi gades immiya go7i
de7eyssanne beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogaynne ha77i wodeyssi dummateyssa akeekanaw
dandda7ettis. Eko-gelo wogay deretethaa gaathan issipetethi de7ana melanne issoy issuwara aqo
peeshshan woli sigetethan de7ana mela keehidi maaddeyssa, asa na7a susay duuxidi ogen
attonaada kochcha dalggisanaw immiya go77i de7eyssa shiiqida zaaruwaappe akeekanaw

18. 18
dandda7ettis. Gujjidikka, eko-gelo wogay beni wode polettiya eko gelo wogay ikonome bolla
gidin nayta kaha bolla gathiya naaqoy de7eyssa xeellanaw dandda7ettis. Beni wode
na7ees/na7aas maati baynnayssanne dosonna ase geliya hanotay de7ees, hara baggara beni guye
xeellidi ekettiya hanotay de7eyssanne ha7i wodeyssi hessa melabatas daro besse immonayssppe
denddidayssan nam77ay dummateyssa akeekanaw dandda7ettis.
4.1.4. Wudattida Cuga Tobba Oyshota Paatetha
Ha markkanddo shiisho ogen pilggnchchiya oyddu cugatan gidishin issi issi cugan laapun asata
moodethaninne tobbana kaara giigison markkanddo shiishanaw dandda7asu. Cuga tobbas
shiiqida oyshoti paydon nam77a gidishin nam77u oyshota bolla dumma dumma qofata
denthidosona.
C 1: Gezze Goofa woradan eko-gelo poletetha wogay ay aazii?
Qommon shiiqida tobba kaara bolla moodettida cugati dumma dumma qofata denthidi
tobbidosona.
Cuga isson moodettidayssati pantta qofa wothishe Gezze Goofa woradan eko-gelo wogay
koyroppe wurssetha gaso pana dandda7ida woganne maara naagidi polettiyaaba.Koyro nam77u
dumma dumma mattumatethi de7eyssati woli sigettanaw bessees. Nam77u nayti sigettidappe
guye na7aa aaway na7ee yela asakko cima yeddees; cimati simerettidi aawa eenotetha
demmidappe guye kumanaw koshshiyabata kunthidappe guye yaagano wode qaraya oykkees.
Dumma dumma bessan de7iya dabboynne laggey shiiqidason eko-gelo wogay polettees.
Attida heedzu cugati pantta tobban kuuyishe eko-gelo wogay bonchchetethay polettiya ogiya
mala dummatees.Ammano siraatan polettiyaaba gidikko ammano keetha woga mela
dummatanaw dandda7ees.Dere asa wogan polettiyaaba gidikko koyrottidi kochchanne dumma
dumma hanotata shaakki eridi cima yeddidi, qaraya oykkidape guye accidi, buca shulisidi
polettees.Hessikka haney de7iya de7uwaaninne shaluwa bolla zemppidi polettees.Gujjidikka,
gixxidi ekkiya wode yela asay diggiyaaba gidikko dafidi ekkiya hanotay kase aadhdhida wodetan
de7ees; gidoppe attin, ha77i wode ha hanotay attishe bis.

19. 19
C 2: Gezze Goofa woradan daro wode go7ettiya eko-gelo wogay awssee?
Nam77antho dethan tobbas shiiqida oysha bolla cugati ubbay wothida qofay woli aaziyaabanne
misatiyaaba. Cugati wothishe dumma dumma eko-gelo wogati de7iyaab gidikokka loythidi
deretetha gaatha aawa aaya erin, dabboy laggey si7in poletteyssi sinthara geleyssa. Ha eko-gelo
wogay adussa wodes deretethaara oykettidi polettishe gam77idabanne ha7ikka gidin polettishe
de7iya eko-gelo woga yaagusan cugati tobbidayssa akeekanaw dandda7ettis.
4.2 Pilggetha Demota
Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya heedzu qabalatan: Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto
Soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko- gelo woga xomooso bolla wudayiyaaba gidishin dumma dumma
ogetan markkanddo shiishoninne paatethan beettida demoti ha kifiliyan uttidoosona.
♣ Gezze Goofa woradan Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan
polettiya eko- gelo wogati paydon daro gidikonne geeyidi erettidayssati ichchasha.
♣ Eko-gelo wogay gade woga naagidi polettiyaaba gidikko deretethas gidin gade dichas
immiya go77ay dhoqqa.
♣ Beni wode polettiya eko-geloy gelettiya naytas immiya qaaday keehidi ziqqa; ubbabay
polettey yela asata dooroninne entta dosetethan polettees.
♣ Eko-geloy asa na7a kochchi dhayonna mela immiya go77ay keehidi gita. Asa na7i pa zeretha
dalggisanaada, dabbotetha mithanaada, lagge dabbo medhdhanaw keehidi maaddees.
♣ Eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha duussara gahettidabanne issipetetha minthiya gita shalo.
♣ Issipetetha duussan yeehon yethan gidin wuden dagon polettiya issipetetha duussa
minthethees. Guussaykka, soyzidayssati deretethappe kare keyanaw dandda7enna deretethay
poliya issipetetha ooso polota kushettanaada denthethees.
♣ Beni wode eko-gelo wogan darobati xeelettidi polettees. Hessatikka, kochcha, shalo, wolqqa,
kanddo h.h.m xeelettiyaaba gidishin nayti dosettiyaaba gidikokka yela asati hanenna giikko
eko-geloy polettenna.
♣ Ha77i wode polettiya eko geloy nayta dosetethaninne sigetethan gideyssappe denddidayssan
beni wode ko-gelo wogappe dummatees.

20. 20
SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
5. KUUSHSHAANNE OGE BESOTA
Ha shemppoy pilggethaas dumma dumma kifiletappe beettida markkanddota paatethanne
birshshethappe demmida kuushsha qofatanne sinthas oosettanaw bessiya polota oge besota
shiishidi oykkis.
5.1. KUUSHSHA
Ha pilggetha oosoy Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya heedzu qabalatan: Ankko Golmma, Kencho
Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko- gelo woga xomooso bolla oosettis.
Pilgganchchiya ha kaara bolla oothanaada denthethida gaasoti daro gidikonne bertte gididayssi
eko-gelo wogay deretetha duussara de7iya gahetethaa, beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogasinne
ha77i wode polettiya eko-gelos de7iya dummatethanne geeyidi erettida eko-gelo qommoti
aapunee geyssa shaakkana giya guussn ha kaara bolla oothanaw denddsu. Gujjidikka, ha
pilggetha oosoy issi gade suntha xeegisiyabatappe issoy deretethas de7iya wogata; ha wogati
dumma dumma ogetan qonccanaw dandda7oosona. Eko-geloy de7ya wogatappe issuwa gidishin
Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya heedzu qabalatan: Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto
Soqiso qabaletan polettiya eko- gelo woga xomoosana giya guussan oosettida pilggetha ooso.
Ha pilggetha oosoy de7iya woradata ubba bolla oosettiyaakko immiya go7as zawi baawashin
de7iya shalo guuthatethappenne wode qanthatethappe denddidayssan qonccida qabaletan xalaala
oosettis. Maaran uttiyaaba gidikko dumma dumma kifiletas immiya go77ay dhoqqa.Dicciya
yeletay eko-gelo wogay ay aaziyaakonne waani polettiyaako era demmanaada maaddiya
pilggetha ooso.
Pilgganchchiya ha pilggetha kaaras injjetanaw dandda7ees giya qofan xomooso pilggetha medho
go7ettasu.Pilgganchchiya heedzu qabaletan de7iya kumetha asa qooday 6221 gidishin gina
qaada immonna bessinddo dooro ogetappe qoppoba wudayon 60 bessinddota xuufe oyshas
go7etethan, 4 ciire gidida asata qaala oyshos go7etethaninne oyddu cugata wudattida cuga tobbas
go7etethan markkanddo shiishanaw dandda7asu. Markkanddota shiishos walaka xuufe oyshota,
suure gidonna medhoy de7iya qaala oyshotanne wudattida cuga tobbata go7etethan
shiishasu.Shiiqida markkanddota zara giddo xeetu kushen woson paydo paatetha hiilla

21. 21
go7ettidaba gidishin qaala oyshotanne wudattida cuga tobban benttida markkanddota qaalan
paattasu.
Kumethan, pilgganchchiya shiiqida markkanddota paatethanne birshshetha xeelliya wode Gezze
Goofa Woradan de7iya heedzu qabalatan: Ankko Golmma, Kencho Gozddonne Hootto Soqiso
qabaletan geeyidi erettida eko-gelo qommoti ichchasha gideyssa, eko-gelo wogay deretetha
issipetethara gahetteyssanne deretethas immiya go77i de7eyssa demmanaw dandda7asu.
Gujjidikka, beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogaynne ha77i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogay
guuthara dummateyssa xeellanaw dandda7asu.
5.2. OGE BESOTA
Issi gade wogi diccanawnne maara naagidi polettanaw besseyssi qoncce.Woga dichanawnne
dhayssanaw dandda7ey wogaa go7ettiya asata.Hessa gisho issi gade haratappe
dummayiyaabatappe issoy gadiyas de7iya woganne gadey go7ettiya doona.Eko-gelo wogay issi
deretetha woga naagidi poletteyssi gade dichas immiya go77ay keehidi gita.Wogati maaraninne
wogan polettonna attiyaaba gidikko dicciya yelettaykka maara naagonna woga laatees
guussi.Hessa gisho ha pilggetha denddo ooson pilgganchchiya dumma dumma kifileti eko-gelo
woga bolla koshshiya naagetethinne oosoti oosettiyaaba gidikko sinthas minnanaw dandda7ees
giya ogeta ha kifilen wothasu.
 Bayratiya asati: aawati, gade cimati, ciire gidida asati yiya yeletas de7iya woga shaakki
eranaada koshshiya zorenne timirtte immiyaaba gidikko wogay maaran yeletappe yeletakko
aadhdhanaw dandda7ees.
 Yela asati nayti dosetethaninne siiqotethan eko-gelo woga polanaada zoroninne koshshiya
timirtte imon minthethanaw bessees.
 Woga kaaliya kawo eqotati wogay hara kare wogatara bu7ettonna mela dicciya yalagatas
dumma dumma miidiyaatan gidin attamettiya xuufetan qonccison tamarssiyaakko lo77o.
Gujan, wogay dumma dumma miishetan duuqettidi uttana mela loythidi oothiyaakko lo77o.
 Dicciya yalagati gade woga dichchanaw ushachcha kushen oykethaninne bayrata oyshon
shaakkidi eranaw baaxettanaw bessees.

22. 22
MARKKA MAXAAFE
Balaynne, G. (2005). Goofa Dere Asaa Taarikenne Woga (1ro yuusho attamo). Rela attamo
keetha: Addisaaba.
Kothari, C. (2004). Methods and Techniques of Research (2nded). New age international
publisher: New York.
Martta, A. (2004). Wolayta Deren Bolo Sosore Qabalen Polettiya Eko-Gelo Qommota Xomooso.
Koyro digire.Wolayta yunbberestte, Wolayta.
Naxaaneta, T. (2008).Sidaama Dere Eko-Gelo Woga Polo Hanota Xomooso. Awaasa
yunbbersite, Awaasa.
Scupin, S. (2003).Definition of Culture.New York: Teachers College Press.
Tadaala, D.nne Wondimmageyne, F. (2003).Goofatho doona 10tho kifile tamaare maxaafe.
Tadaala, T. (2003).Eko-Geloy Immiya Go77a Yiggi Xeelo.Koyro digire. Wolayta yunbbersite,
Wolayta
Tokashe, T. (2008).Dawro Dere Eko Gelo Woga Xomooso. 2tho digire. Arbba Mincce
yunbbersite, Arbba Mincce.
Worqqa, A. (2003). Asa Na7a Eko-Gelo Yuussa Xomooso.Bahir Dare yunbbersite, Bahir Daare.
Yaalew,I. (2009).Pilggetha baaso kaalodatanne polo(2ntho yuusho attamo). Bahir Daare
yunbersite. Zal7e attamo keethi.
Paqqada,A.(2004).Bila oda kaaloda (4thoyuusho attamo).Addisaba yuunbersite :Artisitike attamo
keetha.
Guja Qoncciso I-Xuufe Oysha

23. 23
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSITE DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASAA
ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJE GOOFATHO DOONANNE BILA-XUUFE
TIMIRTTE KIFILE
Bonchcho Zaaranchchatoo!
Ha oyshuwa huuphe qoppobay Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya qabaletan: Ankko
Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hooto Soqison polettiya eko-gelo woga
xomoososinne sinthas hananaw bessiya (koshshiya) oge mallanas gidiya gisho
tumanne suure zaaro imon hintte qofa qonccisanaada bonchchoraoychchays.
Pilgganchiya hintte immiya zaaruwa xuura naagida ogen ha pilggetha oosos
xalaala go7ettanassa.
Qofiso: Ha oyshotas zaaro immiya wode:
 Suntha xaafoy koshshenna
 Issi oyshos issi zaaro doorite
 Hintte doorida zaaruwa sinthan de7iya saaxiniya giddon (X) malaata woson
hintte zaaro tillayite.
 Paccebessan hintte gaathan de7iya (hinttew si7ettiya) qofa xalaala kunthite.
Hintteimmiyasuurezaaros keehada galatays!
I. Buzo de7o taarike
1. Mattumatetha: Adde Macca
2. Bare: 15-20 21-30 31-40 40 ppe bolla
3. Eko-gelo hanota: Gelas/ekkas Gelabikke/ekkabikke

24. 24
II. Paatetha oyshota
1. Eko-gelo wogay issi deres immiya go77i de7ii? Ee Akkay
2. Oysha 1s ne zaaroy “Ee” gidikko ay ay go77a immiyakko paatta
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Eko-gelo wogay asa na7a issipetetha duussara gahettii? Ee Akkay
4. Oysha 3s ne zaaroy “Ee” gidikko ay ay ogen gehettiyaakko paatta
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. Goofa heeran geeyidi erettida eko-gelo qommoti aapunee?
2 3 4 5 Erettenna
6. Daro wode hintte gaden eko-gelo wogay awssa ogen polettii? Gade wogan
Ammano siraatan kawo eqotan (Maazagazha)
7. Beni wode polettiya eko-gelo wogasinne ha77i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogas
dummatethi
de7ii? Ee Akkay
8. Oysha 7s ne zaaroy “Ee” gidikko dummatethay aybee?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Goofa dere asa eko-gelo wogan macho ekos be7ettiyaabati de7ii? Ee Akkay
10. Oysha 9s ne zaaroy “Ee” gidikko be7ettiyaabati ayba aybeekko paatta.
Guja Qoncciso II-qaala Oysha

25. 25
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSITE DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASAA
ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJE GOOFATHO DOONANNE BILA-XUUFE
TIMIRTTE KIFILE
Bonchcho Zaaranchchatoo!
Ha oyshuwa huuphe qoppobay Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya qabaletan: Ankko
Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hooto Soqison polettiya eko-gelo woga
xomoososinne sinthas hananaw bessiya (koshshiya) oge mallanas gidiya gisho
tumanne suure zaaro imon hintte qofa qonccisanaada bonchchoraoychchays.
Pilgganchiya hintte immiya zaaruwa xuura naagida ogen ha pilggetha oosos
xalaala go7ettanassa.
Qaala oysho
1. Goofa zoonen Gezze Goofa woradan aapun qommo eko-gelo wogati de7oonaa?
2. Eko-geloy issi derertethas immiya go7ii de7ii?
3. Beni wode de7iya eko-gelo wogay ay aazii?
4. Ha7i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogay aazii?
5. Bni wode polettiya ek-gelo wogappenne ha7i wode polettiya eko-gelo wogappe
deretethas keehidi go77ey awssee?
Guja Qoncciso III-Wuda Cuga Tobba

26. 26
ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBERSSITE DERETETHA SAYNSSENNE ASAA
ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJE GOOFATHO DOONANNE BILA-XUUFE
TIMIRTTE KIFILE
Bonchcho Tobbanchchato!
Ha oyshuwa huuphe qoppobay Gezze Goofa woradan de7iya qabaletan: Ankko
Golmma, Kencho Goziddonne Hooto Soqison polettiya eko-gelo woga
xomoososinne sinthas hananaw bessiya (koshshiya) oge mallanas gidiya gisho
tumanne suure zaaro imon hintte qofa qonccisanaada bonchchoraoychchays.
Pilgganchiya hintte immiya zaaruwa xuura naagida ogen ha pilggetha oosos
xalaala go7ettanassa.
Wudattida cuga tobbas giigida oysha
1. Gezze Goofa woradan eko-gelo poletetha wogay ay aazii?
2. Gezze Goofa woradan daro wode go7ettiya eko-gelo wogay awssee?