Let Them Eat Eggs Robyn ALDERS
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Presentation at 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015 Session Food Security and Food Safety
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Let Them Eat Eggs Robyn ALDERS
- 1. Let them eat eggs: Promoting the vital contribution of eggs to food and nutrition security in resource-poor settings Julia de Bruyn1, Brigitte Bagnol1,2,3, Vincent Guyonnet4, Ombeline McGregor1, Olaf Thieme5 & Robyn Alders1,2 1The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2 International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Australia 3 University of Witswatesrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 4 International Egg Foundation 5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- 3. Global nutritional challenges FAO, 2014 National Food and Nutrition Council of Zambia, 2012
- 4. A focus on sub-Saharan Africa • Sub-Saharan Africa identified as region with highest prevalence of undernutrition • 23.2% population chronically undernourished Prevalence has decreased, but not enough to meet Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target Due to population growth, overall numbers of undernourished people (as expressed in the World Food Summit target) have increased FAO, IFAD and WFP, 2015
- 5. Dietary iron Haem iron Non-haem iron Enhanced uptake Nutritional contributions of animal-source foods Protein of high biological value Variety of micronutrients in bioavailable forms Enhanced uptake of less bioavailable micronutrients High nutrient density • Essential amino acid profile is well matched to body’s requirements • Contrast to cereals, typically largest contribution to protein intake (eg. maize – limiting in lysine and tryptophan) • Benefits for young children and those with reduced dietary intake • Small amounts can significantly increase nutritional adequacy of diets based on staple crops • Haem iron, pre-formed vitamin A • Efficient for addressing multiple micronutrient deficiencies• Non-haem iron (plant-source foods) • Significant given inhibitory effect of oxalates and phytates in diet
- 6. Nutritional contributions of eggs Yolk + energy ++ protein ++ choline ++ riboflavin + pantothenic acid + vitamin B6 ++ vitamin B12 + folate + phosphorus ++ selenium + zinc Germinal disk Air cell Chalaza Shell Shell membrane White / albumen ++ protein + potassium ++ selenium For infants 7-12 months old: + 20-50% recommended daily allowance (RDA), ++ >50% RDA (Source: Iannotti et
- 7. Households keeping chickens Households not keeping chickens consumption of poultry products within households sale of poultry products through markets access to poultry products through local markets consumption of poultry products within households household income from sale of poultry products dietary diversity, through purchase of nutrient-rich foods Nutritional contributions of village poultry Benefits for nutritional ly- vulnerable
- 8. Using an integrated approach Village environment Household environment Village market Regional market National market Feed VILLAGE POULTRY SYSTEMS Chickens Eggs Eggs Chickens Chickens Labour Eggs Chickens Housing Housing Eggs Feed Feed, other inputs Strong poultry producer organisations and a national vision for poultry sector1 Community-based Newcastle disease vaccination using thermotolerant vaccine 2 Appropriate options for egg storage3
- 9. Strengthening the poultry sector at a national level 1 • National workshop in Harare, Zimbabwe in December 2014 • Gather key actors of the poultry sector to build a common vision • Identify challenges, opportunities and priorities for developing sustainable poultry producer organisations at national, provincial and district levels FAO,
- 10. A vision which includes nutrition security1 A vibrant, competitive and inclusive poultry sector, meeting consumer demand for affordable, safe, quality poultry products in local markets and for export, contributing to food and nutrition security. • Continued government support of smallholder producers • Organised farmer associations which include smallholder representatives • Active private sector and public extension services as a source of information • Branding to encourage demand for local products • Ministry of Health to lead education campaign to promote egg
- 11. Strengthening food and nutrition security through family poultry and crop integration in Tanzania and Zambia 2 Research Aim: To reduce childhood undernutrition by analysing and testing opportunities to enhance the key role that women play in improving poultry and crop integration and efficiency to strengthen household nutrition. de Bruyn, 2015 Alders, 2014
- 12. Collecting household-level dietary data Train communi ty assistant s (CAs) Train househo ld member s Develop researc h tool Complet e visual diaries (VDs) Data entry Verificatio n against alternative data Exclusio n of invalid VDs Assess validity of complete d VDs Analysis of results CAs completing VDs directly or in collaboration with households Pre-test Training manual A novel method of collecting data about diets of target groups, intended for communities with low levels of literacy Can we collect meaningful data using this tool? 2 de Bruyn, 2015
- 13. Baseline consumption patterns – Eggs Breastfeeding women Children under 2 years Mean Standard deviation (SD) Sample size (n) Mean Standard deviation (SD) Sample size (n) Sanza 0.23 0.82 53 0.33 1.03 51 Ntope 0.67 1.67 48 0.63 1.60 51 Chicheho 0.31 1.29 49 0.47 1.61 49 Ikasi 0.69 1.45 52 0.75 1.45 51 Average number of meals containing eggs over one month consumed by target household-members in Sanza ward (Visual diary, August 2014) 2 Baseline data reflects reality: • Egg consumption low, especially where Newcastle disease is endemic • Cultural influences in certain places reduce egg consumption by women and children • Egg production low during the hot, dry season
- 14. Conservation of eggs in village settings • Temperatures above 20°C encourage embryonic growth and bacterial proliferation • Refrigeration is rarely available in resource-poor environments • Need affordable, accessible storage options to allow continuous supply of eggs to markets and for household consumption through the year 3 de Bruyn, 2014
- 15. Experimental design Eggs coated in sunflower oil Eggs coated in solution of sodium silicate Uncoated eggs (control group) Three experimental groups Controlled environment (approximately 27°C and 70% humidity) Sampling of 9 eggs/week from each group over a 12 week period Assessments of internal egg quality, based on three indicators Egg weight As eggs age, water diffuses out through pores in eggshell resulting in weight loss Albumen pH Loss of carbon dioxide through pores in eggshell results in increasing pH with time Haugh unit Changes in pH affect protein structure, resulting in a decreasing height of egg profile 3 McGregor et al 2015
- 16. Internal egg quality results Egg weight Albumen pH Haugh unit CONCLUSIONS Coating eggs in sunflower oil significantly reduces the rate of deterioration of internal egg quality, and presents an affordable and accessible way to prolong egg storage in village settings. 3
- 17. Added value from a One Health approach? Social anthropologist Gender specialist Post harvest specialist Veterinarians Animal nutritionist Medical doctors Public health nutritionist Clinical dieticians Laboratory & cold chain speciali Veterinary ecologist Veterinary public health epidemiologist Biostatistician Nutritional epidemiologist Chemical engineer One Health economist Complex problems require complex solutions! Food and nutrition security
- 18. Share your egg-themed photos and comments on Instagram, Twitter or Facebook this Friday, using the hashtag #worldeggday201 5
- 19. Alders, R., Aongola, A., Bagnol, B., de Bruyn, J., Kimboka, S., Kock, R., Li, M., Maulaga, W., McConchie, R., Mor, S., Msami, H., Mulenga, F., Mwala, M., Mwale, S., Rushton, J., Simpson, J., Victor, R., Yongolo, C. and Young, M. 2014. Using a One Health approach to promote food and nutrition security in Tanzania and Zambia. Planet@Risk 2(3):187-190. de Bruyn, J. 2015. Village poultry & Human nutrition Assessing the impact of a livestock intervention on diets and health outcomes for people. Strengthening food and nutrition security through family poultry and crop integration in Tanzania and Zambia, Project Coordinating Committee Meeting, 28-29 November, Lusaka. ACIAR Project FSC/2012/023. de Bruyn, J., Wong, J., Bagnol, B., Pengelly, B. and Alders, R. 2015. Family poultry and food and nutrition security. CAB Reviews 10(13):1-9. de Bruyn, J., Alders, R., Bagnol, B., Darnton-Hill, I., Kock, R., Li, M., Lumbwe, H., Maulaga, W., Rushton, J., and Wong, J. 2015. Taking a nutrition-sensitive approach to improving village poultry value-chain efficiency in sub-Saharan Africa. World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress. Cape Town, 7-11 September 2015, e-Booklet (oral presentation) p. 115. FAO. 2014. Report on the National Workshop on Strengthening Poultry Producers Through Organized Action in Zimbabwe. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Egg Foundation, Harare, 3-5 December 2014. McGregor, O., Alders, R., Groves, P. and Shi, J. 2015. Enhancing food and nutrition security in resource poor settings through improved long term storage of eggs under village conditions. World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress. Cape Town, 7-11 September 2015, e-Booklet (oral presentation) p. 116. Bibliography
- 20. Thank you. Questions? Dr Julia de Bruyn julia.debruyn@sydney.edu. au A/Prof Robyn Alders robyn.alders@sydney.edu. au
Editor's Notes
- Undernutrition remains a pervasive issue of the current century, with profound implications for growth and development, incidence of acute and chronic diseases, economic productivity and survival. The spectrum of nutrition-related disorders includes wasting, stunting and micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting, or chronic restriction of physical and mental development, has lifelong and potentially intergenerational repercussions. There is a need to focus on balanced and adequate diets for women of reproductive age, to allow healthy growth in utero and during breastfeeding, and ensure that safe and nutritious complementary foods are introduced to infants at an appropriate time.
- Considerable progress has been made in tackling undernutrition at a global level, however it is recognised that significant variation exists across different geographic areas. Levels of undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa are the highest of any region, with an estimated 23.2% of the population affected. The prevalence of undernourished people in Africa has decreased, but because of significant population growth the overall number of people affected has increased dramatically.
- The nutritional contributions of animal source foods as sources of high-quality protein and bioavailable micronutrients are well-documented. The “quality” of a protein reflects how well its profile of amino acids matches the body’s requirements. In the majority of cases in resource-poor environments, dietary protein comes largely from plant-based foods – which are generally limiting in one or more amino acids. ASFs also offer a broad range of micronutrients in forms which can be readily taken up and used by the body (eg. haem iron and pre-formed vitamin A). In the case of iron, the haem form also enhances the uptake of non-haem iron found in legumes, wholegrain cereals and green leafy vegetables. This effect is particularly significant given the presence of inhibitory compounds (such as oxalates and phytates) in the diet, which reduce the availability of micronutrients. The benefits of ASFs are particularly relevant for young children, and there is great scope to improve the nutritional adequacy of diets through the inclusion of small amounts of foods of animal origin.
- Eggs are recognised to be amongst the most affordable source of many nutrients, including those important for healthy foetal development in utero and continued growth in the post-natal period. The yolk generally contains the greater proportion of nutrients, including choline (an essential precursor of phospholipids), vitamin A, B-vitamins, folate, and minerals such as zinc, selenium, iron and iodine. Observational studies and focus group discussions conducted in Tanzania suggest it is common for egg yolk to be offered to infants before egg white, due to its soft texture.
- Village poultry, kept in small numbers by a majority of households in developing countries, offer a low-cost, low-input opportunity for people in resource-poor settings to access ASFs. Positive nutritional outcomes are possible both within poultry-keeping households, and to members of the wider community. For people keeping chickens, potential outcomes include more frequent home consumption and sale through markets. Income from sale, often one of the few income sources controlled by women, may contribute to more diverse and nutritious diets through the purchase of other nutrient-rich foods. Greater availability of poultry products through local markets may also allow (income permitting) more regular consumption by people not keeping chickens. As an additional dimension, we seek to ensure that these benefits are felt in particular by “nutritionally-vulnerable” members of the community – including women of reproductive age, infants and young children.
- Village poultry management systems can vary in complexity and input requirements (from birds which are entirely reliant on environmental feed sources and roost in trees overnight, to semi-intensive systems with feed and other inputs provided from within the household or from markets). This presentation provides a brief overview of three aspects of work we’re involved in: (1) a meeting held in Zimbabwe last year seeking to strengthen the country’s poultry sector, (2) a integrated nutrition project seeking to impact diets through a community-based chicken vaccination program, and (3) a small research project conducted at the University of Sydney, comparing the efficacy of egg storage techniques suitable for use in village conditions.
- Following on from previous capacity-building activities in South Africa and Zambia, the FAO and IEF held a three-day national meeting in Zimbabwe in December 2014. This provided an opportunity for small- and large-scale poultry producers, producer organisations, feed manufacturers and other input suppliers, consumer groups and the Department of Veterinary and Livestock Services to come together to build a national vision for the poultry sector.
- Inputs from a number of thematic groups were used to generate a vision for the Zimbabwean poultry sector, which importantly includes reference to the sector’s contribution to food and nutrition security. Amongst elements of an action plan for the coming 10 years were references to the importance of government support of smallholder farmers, their inclusion in producer associations, and reliable access to extension services. In many cases, slower-growing indigenous-breed “village chickens” are favoured by consumers over commercial breeds, and receive a premium price in markets. It was agreed that branding of locally-produced poultry products and a nutrition education campaign to promote egg consumption would help to further build consumer demand.
- A second element of our work to improve household food security is through a multidisciplinary research project in Tanzania and Zambia. Our integrated approach involves community-based ND vaccination programs (the most significant disease facing small-scale poultry-producers) and various interventions to improve access to nutritious crops. It is hoped that this work will contribute to sustainable improvements in diet quality and in the nutritional status of women and children in remote, rural communities.
- Our longitudinal study follows households with infants over a five-year period. The “visual diary” is one particular research tool being employed in an effort to gain seasonal, household-level dietary data. In addition to dietary diversity assessments conducted twice-yearly, this pictorial chart is completed as a tally over the course of a month, three times a year, to indicate meals containing chicken or egg consumed by our groups of interest (breastfeeding women, pregnant women and young children). There has been considerable work in developing, refining, applying and validating this tool, and our efforts to gather meaningful data are ongoing.