Building Construction 1 : Experience construction; a building construction report

EXPERIENCING
CONSTRUCTION
A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REPORT
GROUP MEMBERS
1) NEO ON E
2) LIM JING KAI
3) OOI JUN YANG
4) CHRISTAL WONG CHING LING
5) LIN SHAN EN
6) NURUL RIHANA BT KK
SIHABUTHEEN
0326727
0326756
0326501
0326715
0331085
0326468
TUTOR
DR. SUJATAVANI GUNASAGARAN

CONTENT
2
SITE INTRODUCTION 3-6
1.0 PRELIMINARY WORKS (CHRISTAL, JING KAI & AAREN) 7-17
2.0 FOUNDATION (SHAN EN & RIHANA) 18-26
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE (SHAN EN & RIHANA) 27-37
4.0 WALLS (AAREN & JING KAI) 38-43
5.0 STAIRS (CHRISTAL & JUNYANG) 44-49
REFERENCES 50-54

SITE INTRODUCTION
ADDRESS:
LOT 97321 (GM 20734), JALAN PAYA BARAT,
MUKIM KAPAR, DAERAH KLANG, KLANG
BANDAR DIRAJA, NEGERI SELANGOR DAHRUL
EHSAN.
ADDRESS:
NO. 2, (PT 73996), JALAN BESTARI 2 / KU 7,
TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KAPAR BESTARI,
SUNGAI KAPAR INDAH, 42200 KAPAR,
MUKIM KAPAR, DAERAH KLANG, SELANGOR
DARUL EHSAN.
ADDRESS :
NO 2, JALAN ECOHILL 1, SETIA ECOHILL,
43500 SEMENYIH, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA.
SITE A: AN INDUSTRIAL QUARTER CONSISTING
OF A SINGLE-STOREY WAREHOUSE USED TO
STORE ANIMAL HEALTH AND FOOD PRODUCT
AND A THREE-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING
SITE B: A RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA
CONSISTING OF 37 SINGLE-STOREY TERRACED
HOUSES, 6 SINGLE-STOREY SEMI-DETACHED
HOUSES, AN ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION AND A
MECHANICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
STAGE OBSERVED:
1.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK
2.0 BUILDING FOUNDATION
(BASED ON WAREHOUSE)
OWNER: RHONE MA MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.
STAGE OBSERVED:
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
(BASED ON SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE)
OWNER: ARMADA BAYU SDN. BHD.
SITE C: A RESIDENTIAL HOUSING AREA
CONSISTING OF 80 DOUBLE STOREY TERRACED
HOUSES, 8 DOUBLE STOREY CORNER HOUSE.
STAGE OBSERVED:
4.0 WALL
(BASED ON DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE)
5.0 STAIRS
(BASED ON DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE)
DEVELOPER: SP SETIA
KEY PLAN
3
KEY PLAN KEY PLAN

SITE INTRODUCTION@ SITE A: PT 73996, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KAPAR BESTARI
LOCATION PLAN
SITE PLAN
GROUP PHOTO WITH ARCHITECT: AR LIN, THE ENGINEER: IR
ARTHUR AND THE SITE MANAGER: MR LIM
SITE A, LOCATED IN AN INDUSTRIAL AREA WITH A TOTAL BUILT UP AREA OF
5225.82 SQUARE METER, CONSISTS OF A SINGLE-STOREY WAREHOUSE
BUILDING, A 3-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING AND A TNB SUB-STATION. IN THIS SITE
WE OBSERVED THE EARLY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION, WHICH INCLUDES THE
PRELIMINARY WORKS AND FOUNDATION.
THE FOUNDATION PROCESS WE OBSERVED ARE BASED ON OF THE
SINGLE-STOREY WAREHOUSE AND TNB SUBSTATION, WHICH USED PILES OF
DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS DUE TO DIFFERENT BUILDING REQUIREMENTS AND
LOADS .
4
+

SITE INTRODUCTION @ SITE B: LOT97321, MUKIM KAPAR, KLANG
LOCATION PLAN
SITE PLAN
SITE B IS A LOW RISE AND AFFORDABLE
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT IN A MALAY RESERVE
AREA IN KLANG WHICH CONSISTS OF BOTH
SINGLE-STOREY TERRACE HOUSE AND SINGLE
STOREY SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE. IN THIS SITE
WE OBSERVED THE CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE (FLOOR BEAMS, FLOOR
SLAB, COLUMNS AND ROOF BEAMS) BASED
ON THE SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN AND ROOF PLAN OF
SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE WHICH CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE IS OBSERVED
5

SITE INTRODUCTION @ SITE C: 3/3H, GLORIS TERRACE HOUSE, SEMENYIH BY SP SETIA ECOHILL
SITE C IS LOCATED IN ECOHILL ONE SEMINYIH,
THE HOUSE CONSTRUCTED HERE AT THE
GLORIS AREA ARE DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE
HOUSES, DESIGNED BY DCA ARCHITECTS. IT IS
BEING DEVELOPED BY A TOWNSHIP
DEVELOPER, SP SETIA.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS AND STAIRS
ARE BEING OBSERVED AND SURVEYED HERE
BASED ON THE CORNER HOUSE.
HIGHLIGHTED PART SHOWS THE STAIRS IN GROUND FLOOR PLAN
AND 1ST FLOOR PLAN OF THE CORNER DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE.
PICTURESITE PLAN
6
SECTION ELEVATION

1.0 PRELIMINARY WORKS
A SERIES OF PREPARATION WORK THAT ARE TO BE CARRIED OUT BEFORE CONSTRUCTION,
INCLUDING EARTHWORK, SETTING OUT, AND FACILITIES SETUP.
7

DESK STUDY
COLLECTING INFORMATIONS OF SITE, SITE PLAN, LOCAL AUTHORITY
LAND SURVEY
SURVEY OF ITS SITE AND BOUNDARIES, LEVELS, TYPOGRAPHY.
GROUND CONDITION
GEOLOGY, SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS AND GROUNDWATER
SOIL INVESTIGATION
SUCH AS SURFACE SURVEYS, TRIAL PITS, BOREHOLES, SOUNDINGS
CLIMATE
RELATED TO RAINFALL, STORMS, WINDS, HUMIDITY CONDITIONS.
ACCORDING TO BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE BS 5930:1991,
THE OBJECTIVES OF SITE INVESTIGATION AS FOLLOWS:
I. TO ASSESS THE GENERAL SUITABILITY OF THE SITE AND THE
ENVIRONS FOR THE PROPOSED WORKS INCLUDING IMPLICATIONS OF
PREVIOUS USE OR CONTAMINATION.
II. TO ENABLE AND ADEQUATE ECONOMIC DESIGN TO BE PREPARED,
INCLUDING THE DESIGN OF TEMPORARY WORKS.
III. TO PLAN THE BEST METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION ; TO FORESEE AND
PROVIDE AGAINST DIFFICULTIES AND DELAYS THAT MAY ARISE DURING
CONSTRUCTION DUE TO GROUND AND OTHER LOCAL CONDITIONS.
IV. TO DETERMINE THE CHANGES THAT MAY ARISE IN THE GROUND
AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. EITHER NATURALLY OR AS RESULT
OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORKS.
V. WHERE ALTERNATIVES EXIST, TO ADVISE ON THE RELATIVE
SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT SITES, OR DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SAME
SITE
(CHUDLEY & GREENO, 2016)
SITE INVESTIGATION
8
@ SITE A: PT 73996, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KAPAR BESTARI

1) THE WORKS INVOLVED CLEARS THE SITE WITH ANY
OBSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS PLANTS, GRASS, ANY TYPE OF ROCKS,
HAZARDOUS WASTES OR ANY OLD BUILDINGS.
2) THE DISPOSAL OF WASTES.
ON- SITE THERE IS A BIN WHERE THE DISPOSED WASTES ARE
THROWN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WILL LATER BE
TRANSPORTED OFF-SITE TO EITHER BE RECYCLED OR TO BE
DISPOSED OF.
3) WASTE MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY FOR ANY
CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS TO KNOW HOW TO GET RID OF THE
WASTES PROPERLY AND LESSEN OR PREVENT ANY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SINCE THERE ARE A LOT OF DEBRIS
OR BIG OBJECTS TO WHICH MAY BE DANGEROUS.
SITE CLEARANCE AND EXCAVATION
PHOTO 1.1:
FOGGING MOSQUITOES
AND LARVICIDING IN
PROGRESS ON SITE
BULLDOZER IS USED TO PUSH THE
BRANCHES AND STONES OF THE
SURROUNDINGS, TO THE COLLECTING
POINT AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE.
ARM OF EXCAVATOR IS USED TO PUSH
DOWN LARGE TREES , SO TREES WILL BE
CHOPPED INTO SMALLER PIECES LATER.
TOP 300MM SOIL SHOULD BE REMOVED
AS IT CONTAINS LIVING PLANTS,
GROUND COVERS AND BUSHES. IT IS
UNSUITABLE FOR PILING OF
FOUNDATIONS AS IT WILL DISRUPT THE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS..
THE DUG UP SOIL CAN BE REUSED FOR
ANOTHER PURPOSE AT OTHER SITES OR
IT CAN BE USED FOR FILLING UP FOR
CUT-AND-FILL AT SITE.
PROCESS
DRAWING 1.1
DRAWING 1.2
DRAWING 1.3
DRAWING 1.4
9

SETTING OUT
PHOTO 1.3 & PHOTO 1.4:
SITE HOARDING
PHOTO 1.2:
BOUNDARY PEG SETTING
UP
SITE HOARDING
BOUNDARY LINE IS SET OUT
DURING THE SITE ANALYSIS
PROCESS TO UNDERSTAND THE
SURROUNDINGS.
TRAFFIC FLOW, CLIMATE,
EXISTING SURROUNDINGS ETC
WERE STUDIED CAREFULLY.
SETTING OUT OF BOUNDARY
LINES INCLUDES PROPER
MEASUREMENTS AND RIGHT
ANGLES OF EACH CORNERS.
HOARDINGS ARE THEN SET UP.
DRAWING 1.5
DRAWING 1.6
10

TEMPORARY WORKS SETUP
BEFORE ANY WORK IS DONE FOR PERMANENT STRUCTURES, TEMPORARY WORKS ARE
ALWAYS THE FIRST STEP IN STARTING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS. TEMPORARY WORKS
PREPARES THE SITE AND PROVIDES SUPPORTS FOR THE WORKERS TO HAVE A CONSISTENT
AND CONTINUOUS OPERATION WITHOUT ANY FURTHER HINDRANCES. TEMPORARY
WORKS THAT ARE DONE OR SEEN ON THE SITE GIVEN ARE:
PHOTO 1.5: TEMPORARY GUARDHOUSE PHOTO 1.6: TEMPORARY WORKERS’ QUARTER
PHOTO 1.7: TEMPORARY WATER STORAGE PHOTO 1.8: SITE OFFICE CABIN
DIAGRAM 1.1:
SITE PLAN SHOWING THE LOCATION OF FACILITIES AND TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES
11

PROJECT SIGNAGE SCAFFOLDING
PHOTO 1.9:
INSTALLATION OF PROJECT SIGNAGE ON
SITE
THIS SIGNAGE IS PLACED AT THE
ENTRANCE OF THE SITE, GIVING
INFORMATION ABOUT THE
MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY, NAME OF
PROJECT, DEVELOPER, ARCHITECT,
C&S ENGINEER, M&E ENGINEER,
THE SUPPLIER, CONTRACTOR AND
REFERRAL NUMBER.
SCAFFOLD IS A TEMPORARY
SUPPORT SYSTEM PROVIDED
FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND
MAINTENANCE PURPOSE. IT
CONSISTS OF SUPPORT AND A
WORKING PLATFORM FOR
WORKERS AND MATERIALS
PHOTO 1.10:
SCAFFOLDING ON SITE
DIAGRAM 1.2 & DIAGRAM 1.3. :
EXAMPLES ON DETAILS OF SCAFFOLDING
12

SITE LAYOUT
DIAGRAM 1.4: LAYOUT OF THE SITE
13

SITE SAFETY: CONSTRUCTION SITE ATTIRE
BEFORE ENTERING THE CONSTRUCTION SITE, WE ARE
RESPONSIBLE TO WEAR PROPER ATTIRE AS VISITORS OR
WORKERS OF SITE, THIS INCLUDES SAFETY HELMET,
VESTS AND COVERED SHOES.
SAFETY HELMETS
WILL PROTECT THE USER'S HEAD
AGAINST: IMPACT FROM OBJECTS
FALLING FROM ABOVE, BY RESISTING
AND DEFLECTING BLOWS TO THE
HEAD.
SAFETY VESTS
ARE DESIGNED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
KEEPING THE WEARER CLEARLY IN
VIEW, THEY MAKE USE OF COLORS
THAT CAN ALWAYS BE SEEN AND
GLOWS IN THE DARK.
SAFETY BOOTS
AKA, STEEL-TOE BOOT IS A DURABLE
BOOT THAT HAS A PROTECTIVE
REINFORCEMENT IN THE TOE WHICH
PROTECTS THE FOOT FROM FALLING
OBJECTS OR COMPRESSION. USUALLY
COMBINED WITH A MID SOLE PLATE
TO PROTECT AGAINST PUNCTURES
FROM BELOW.
DIAGRAM 1.5:
EVERY WORKER SHOULD WEAR THEIR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
PHOTO 1.6 , 1.7 & 1.8
CONSTRUCTION SITE ATTIRE
14

SIGNBOARDS SITE SECURITY: SITE WELFARE AND HEALTH REQUIREMENT
1) AS AN IMPORTANT SAFETY
COMMUNICATING TOOLS, THEY
HELP TO INDICATE VARIOUS
HAZARDS THAT PRESENT IN PLANT
SITE OR WORKPLACE.
2) THEY WARN WORKERS TO ALWAYS
KEEP WATCHING OUT FOR THOSE
HAZARDS BY GIVING REQUIRED
INFORMATION AND SAFETY
INSTRUCTIONS.
3) SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS DO
NOT ONLY INFORM THE PRESENCE
OF HAZARDS, BUT ALSO HELP
CREATE WORKERS’ SAFETY
AWARENESS.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY OR FIRE,
EVERYONE IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
MUST STOP THEIR ACTIVITIES AND MEET
AT THIS OPEN AREA.
ASSEMBLY POINT
PHOTO 1.11:
SITE MANAGER EXPLAINING THE
FIRE EXITS AND SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS BEFORE WE ENTER
THE CONSTRUCTION SITE
DIAGRAM 1.11:
EXAMPLE OF A FORM TO FILL UP BY THE SITE
MANAGER, CONCERNING THE SITE’S SAFETY
AND PRECAUTIONS. OTHER THAN THAT, THE
SITE MANAGER AND CONSTRUCTION TEAM
IN CHARGE NEEDS TO KNOW WHERE ARE
THE CLOSEST CLINICS AND POLICE STATIONS
FROM SITE.
DIAGRAM 1.9
DIAGRAM 1.10
15

PLANT AND MACHINERIES
EXCAVATOR
1. EXCAVATORS ARE HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT CONSISTING OF A BOOM, STICK,
BUCKET AND CAB ON A ROTATING PLATFORM KNOWN AS THE "HOUSE". THE HOUSE SITS
ATOP AN UNDERCARRIAGE WITH TRACKS AND WHEELS. A CABLE-OPERATED EXCAVATOR
USES WINCHES AND STEEL ROPES TO ACCOMPLISH THE MOVEMENTS.
2. THEY ARE A NATURAL PROGRESSION FROM THE STEAM SHOVELS AND OFTEN MISTAKENLY
CALLED POWER SHOVELS. ALL MOVEMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF A HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
ARE ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE USE OF HYDRAULIC FLUID WITH HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
AND HYDRAULIC MOTOR.
BULLDOZER
1. CLEARANCE OF SHRUBS AND SMALL TREES.
2. SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS UP TO 300MM DEEP ON LEVEL GROUND OR SIDEHILL CUTTING.
3. CLEARANCE OF TREES BY USING RAISED MOULD BLADE AS A PUSHER ARM.
4. ACTING AS A TOWING TRACTOR.
SCRAPPER
1. CONSISTS OF A SCRAPER BOWL WHICH IS LOWERED TO CUT AND COLLECT SOIL WHERE SITE
STRIPPING AND LEVELING OPERATIONS ARE REQUIRED INVOLVING LARGE VOLUME OF EARTH.
2. TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY, SCRAPERS SHOULD OPERATE DOWNHILL IF POSSIBLE,
HAVE SMOOTH HAUL ROADS, HARD SURFACES BROKEN UP BEFORE SCRAPPING AND BE
ASSISTED OVER THE LAST FEW METRES BY A PUSHING VEHICLE (SUCH AS A BULLDOZER).
EARTH MOVING/ EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
DRAWING 1.7
16
DRAWINGS 1.8
DRAWINGS 1.9

STANDARD DUMP TRUCK
1. A STANDARD DUMP TRUCK IS A TRUCK CHASSIS WITH A DUMP BODY MOUNTED TO THE
FRAME.
2. THE BED IS RAISED BY A VERTICAL HYDRAULIC RAM, MOUNTED UNDER THE FRONT OF THE
BODY, OR A HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC RAM AND LEVER ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN THE
FRAME RAILS, AND THE BACK OF THE BED IS HINGED AT THE BACK OF THE TRUCK.
CONCRETE MIXER
1. A DEVICE THAT HOMOGENEOUSLY COMBINE CEMENT, AGGREGATE AND WATER TO
FORM CEMENT.
2. IT IS OFTEN USED FOR SMALLER VOLUME WORK SO IT CAN BE EASILY MADE AT
CONSTRUCTION SITE.
HYDRAULIC PILE DRIVER
1. A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO DRIVE PILES INTO SOIL TO PROVIDE FOUNDATION
SUPPORT FOR BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE.
2. THE PILE IS CONSTANTLY HAMMERED DOWN UNTIL IT REACH A SUITABLE DEPTH.
TRANSPORTING VEHICLES
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
DRAWING 1.10
DRAWIN 1.11
17
DRAWING 1.12
1.0 PRELIMINARY WORKS @ SITE A: PT 73996, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KAPAR BESTARI

2.0 FOUNDATIONTHE PART OF BUILDING STRUCTURE WHICH IS UNDERGROUND AND TRANSFERS ITS GRAVITY
LOAD TO THE EARTH.
18

TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF
FOUNDATION
SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
DEEP
FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION
(ISOLATED FOOTINGS)
STRIP
FOUNDATION
RAFT
FOUNDATION
PILING
CAISSON
FOUNDATION
DIAGRAM 2.1: SHOWING TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
PILING
A PILE IS A LONG CYLINDER OF A STRONG MATERIAL SUCH AS
CONCRETE THAT IS PUSHED TO THE GROUND SO THAT STRUCTURES
CAN BE SUPPORTED ON TOP OF IT
USED WHEN:
1. THERE IS A LAYER OF WEAK SOIL AT THE SURFACE WHICH
CANNOT SUPPORT THE WEIGHT OF BUILDING. THE LOADS HAVE
TO BYPASS THIS LAYER TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE LAYER OF
STRONGER SOIL OR ROCK BENEATH THE WEAK LAYER.
2. A BUILDING HAS A VERY HEAVY, CONCENTRATED LOADS, SUCH
AS IN HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE
(PILE FOUNDATIONS | TYPES OF PILES | CASSIONS, N.D.)
2.0 FOUNDATION @ SITE A: PT 73996, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KAPAR BESTARI
300MM
PILE LENGTH = 12000MM (12M)
PITCH X = 900MM PITCH Z = 900MMPITCH Y
LIFTING HOOK = 2400MM LIFTING HOOK = 2400MM
45MM 45MM
JOINT
PLATE
DRAWING 2.1: EXTENSION PILE AND ITS DIMENSION
DRAWING 2.2:
CROSS SECTION OF 300MM X 300MM PILE
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
STIRRUP
CONCRETE
ANCHORAGE BARS
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
16MM DIAMETER MILD
STEEL BAR x 75MM LONG
ANCHORAGE BARS
CONCRETE
MILD STEEL JOINT PLATE
20MM DIAMETER CLOSE
END MILD STEEL TUBE x
100MM LONG
DRAWING 2.3:
PILE JOINT - WELDING
19

PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE FRICTION PILES ARE USED AND
CONSTRUCTED BY DISPLACEMENT METHOD.
DRAWING 2.5:
MATERIAL ANALYSIS OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
CONCRETE FOR COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH (CONSISTS
PORTLAND CEMENT, 20MM
AGGREGATES & SUPER
PLASTICIZER AS ADMIXTURES
LIFTING HOOK ATTACHED AT
0.2 TIMES OF PILE LENGTH
FROM EACH END TO ENSURE
MINIMUM LIFTING STRESS
MAIN
REINFORCEMENT
STIRRUP
STEEL FOR
TENSILE
STRENGTH
2.0 FOUNDATION
REASON FOR THE USE OF FRICTION PILES
AS THIS SITE IS LOCATED NEAR COASTAL AREA, ITS SOIL CONSISTS OF
SOFT MARINE CLAY, WHICH HAS A HIGH POTENTIAL TO SWELL UP
UPON WETTING AND SHRINK UPON DRYING, LEADING TO ITS LOW
BEARING STRENGTH. CONSTRUCTION IN MARINE CLAY THUS
PRESENTS A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CHALLENGE. FRICTION
PILES TRANSFERS THE LOAD OF THE BUILDING TO THE SOIL ACROSS
THE FULL HEIGHT OF THE PILE BY FRICTION. END-BEARING PILES
NEED TO REST ON A LAYER OF ESPECIALLY STRONG SOIL OR ROCK,
THUS NOT SUITABLE TO USE IN THIS PARTICULAR SITE.
DISPLACEMENT METHOD
PILES ARE DRIVEN ONTO THE GROUND BY A PILE-DRIVING MACHINE
(THREE PILE- DRIVING MACHINE ARE USED IN THIS SITE) UNTIL A
DEPTH OF 36 M.
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (PILES)
PHOTO 2.2:
PILES ARE PLACED ON UNYIELDING GROUND
AND STACKED WITH TIMBER IN BETWEEN TO
AVOID DAMAGE.
PILES USED:
1. 150MM X 150MM RC PILES
(AT TNB SUB-STATION)
(3-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING)
(WAREHOUSE)
LOAD
PILE CAP
WEAK SOIL
(IN THIS CASE:
MARINE CLAY)
DRAWING 2.6:
FICTION PILE SHOWING HOW
FORCES ARE TRANSFERRED TO
THE SOIL BY THE ENTIRE SURFACE
OF PILE
36M
DRAWING 2.7:
PILE DRIVEN INTO GROUND
DISPLACING THE SUBSOIL
THROUGH WHICH IT PASSED
DRAWING 2.4: TWO TYPE OF PILE SHOES USED
(LEFT: FLAT SHOE FOR EXTENSION PILE
RIGHT: MILD STEEL ROCK SHOE FOR INITIAL PILE)
3-STOREY OFFICE
BUILDING
WAREHOUSE
TNB SUB-STATION
DIAGRAM 2.2:
SITE PLAN SHOWING THE THREE MAIN BUILDINGS
WHICH USED PILES OF DIFFERENT CROSS SECTION
DIMENSIONS
PHOTO 2.1: UNLOADING OF PLIES
20

ABOVE THE PILES ARE PILE CAPS WHICH IS THE PART THAT
NEEDS EXCAVATION. THESE ARE THICK CONCRETE MAT
(CASTED IN-SITU) RESTING ON REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE.
THEY SERVE AS COVERS FOR THE PILES, AND CONTRIBUTE TO
THE STABILITY OF THE FOUNDATION BY TRANSMITTING THE
LOAD FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE TO THE PILES.
THE PLACEMENT AND NUMBER OF PILES DEPENDS ON THE
SHAPE OF THE BUILDING AND HOW THE LOAD CAN BE EVENLY
DISTRIBUTED TO THEM. THE POSITION, SHAPE AND SIZE OF
THE PILE CAPS ALSO DEPENDS ON HOW IT CAN SUPPORT THE
WHOLE BUILDING AND INTO PILES TRANSMITTING TO THE
SOIL. THE DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION ARE DETERMINED BY
THE ENGINEERS CONSIDERING THE BUILDING FACTORS AND
SOIL FACTORS.
1. LAND SURVEYOR SET OUT PILING POINTS
2. PILING
2.0 FOUNDATION
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (PILE CAPS & METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
PHOTO 2.3:
PILING POINTS
PHOTO 2.4:
USING PILING MACHINE, PILE ARE RELEASED
FROM THE HIGHEST POINT AND DRIVEN
BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL.
PHOTO 2.5:
FOR 300MM X 300MM RC PILES, THE
MAXIMUM LENGTH IS ONLY 12M,
THEREFORE TO DRIVE THE PILE 36M BELOW
GROUND, JOINT WELDING IS REQUIRED TO
CONNECT THE INITIAL PILE AND EXTENSION
PILES. BITUMEN, WHICH ACTS AS
WATERPROOF PAINT TO PREVENT RUST IS
THEN APPLIED AT THE JOINT.
PHOTO 2.6:
PILING FOR WAREHOUSE- 36M DEEP
21

2.0 FOUNDATION
3. EXCAVATE TO THE DESIRED DEPTH AND AREA
4. PILE-CROPPING
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
PHOTO 2.7:
AN EXCAVATOR IS USED TO DIG UP, SCOOP UP
AND TRANSPORT THE EXCAVATED SOIL. (LIFT PIT
AT 3-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING)
PHOTO 2.8:
EXCAVATED DEPTH IS FROM THE TOPSOIL DEPTH
PLUS COMMON STUMP HEIGHT UNTIL THE
BOTTOM OF THE PILE CAP. THEN IT WILL BE
READY FOR PILE CUTTING.
(PILE CAP P5 AT WAREHOUSE)
PHOTO 2.9:
PILES CUTTED AND READY TO BE REMOVED TO
ALLOW CONSTRUCTION OF IN-SITU CONCRETE
CAP.
(LIFT PIT AT 3-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING)
PHOTO 2.10:
TOP OF PILES REMOVED LEAVING PROTRUDED
REINFORCING BAR, FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE CAP.
(TNB SUB-STATION)
5. FORMWORK
6. BLINDING
50 MM LEAN CONCRETE IS LAID TO PREPARE A CLEAN AND FIRM BASE FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE LAYER OF THE CAP. BLINDING LAYER IS TO FILL UP ANY WEAK POCKETS
ENCOUNTERED DURING EXCAVATION AND GIVE A LEVELLED SURFACE WHERE THE
REINFORCEMENT WILL LAY ON ONCE IT SETS.
5. PLACEMENT OF SPACER BLOCK
PRE-CAST CONCRETE SPACER BLOCKS ARE PLACED BEFORE PUTTING IN REINFORCEMENT TO
PROVIDE ADEQUATE CONCRETE COVER FOR THE REBARS TO HELP MAINTAIN THEIR PROPER
POSITION AND PREVENTING THEM FROM CORROSION.
PHOTO 2.11:
FORMWORK IS ASSEMBLED AROUND THE
PERIMETER AND SECURED ACCORDING TO
THE SHAPE, LENGTH AND WIDTH OF PILE
CAP. HEIGHT OF FORMWORK FOLLOWS THE
PILE CAP DEPTH. THIS IS TO RETAIN
CONCRETE UNTIL IT HAS DEVELOPED
ENOUGH STRENGTH TO STAY IN POSITION
WITHOUT SUPPORT.
(TNB SUB-STATION)
22

8. LAYING, BENDING AND TYING OF REINFORCEMENT BARS
2.0 FOUNDATION
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
PHOTO 2.12:
STEEL BAR FOR LIFT PIT AND PILE CAP P5
PHOTO 2.13 & 2.14:
WITHIN THE FORMWORK, TO ADD TENSILE
STRENGTH (CONCRETE ITSELF HAS HIGH
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW TENSILE
STRENGTH), THE REBARS ARE LAID, BENT
TIED AND FORMED INTO A BASKET-LIKE
SHAPE ACCORDING THE PILE CAP SHAPE AND
DIMENSION. PILE CAP AT TNB SUB-STATION
READY FOR CONCRETING.
PHOTO 2.15:
WATERSTOP INSTALLATION AT LIFT PIT
AFTER PLACEMENT OF REBAR
9. POURING OF CONCRETE
10. DISMANTLING OF FORMWORK
PHOTO 2.16:
CONCRETE IS MIXED AND TRANSPORTED BY THE
CONCRETE MIXING TRUCK THEN POURED INTO
THE FORMWORK. VIBRATOR IS USED TO ENSURE
IT HAS FILLED ALL THE EDGES AND CORNERS OF
THE FORMWORK AS WELL AS TO ENSURE THAT
THERE ARE NO AIR BUBBLES TRAPPED.
(TNB SUB-STATION)
PHOTO 2.17:
PILE CAP FOR TNB SUB- STATION DONE
23

2.0 FOUNDATION
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (PILE CAP PLAN & DIMENSIONS)
DIAGRAM 2.3:
ZOOM IN TO PILE CAP PLAN OF
WAREHOUSE (NOT TO SCALE)
SHOWING THE USE OF
DIFFERENT SIZE OF PILE CAPS AT
DIFFERENT LOCATION FOR EVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD
5
5A
GF2F1F
PILE CAP P3
PILE CAP P4
PILE CAP P6
PILE CAP P5
0 1600MM
PILE CAP P2 PILE CAP P3 PILE CAP P4
PILE CAP P6PILE CAP P5
SECTION 2-2 SECTION 3-3 SECTION 4-4
SECTION 5-5 SECTION 6-6
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 2.1:
DIMENSIONS OF FIVE DIFFERENT PILE CAPS OF 300MM X 300MM RC PILES USED AS FOUNDATION OF
WAREHOUSE
900
950
1100
75
75
75
750
==
1500
300 300450 450
2 2
1480
350350780
1600
350 450 450 350
600
600
3 3
1600
350350780
900350 350
1600
4 4
1150
1250
75
75
1973
3503501273
1973
350 3501273
5 5
1600
900350350
2500
350 350900 900
6 6
STUMP REINFORCEMENT
50 MM LEAN CONCRETE
300MM x 300MM RC PILE
24

2.0 FOUNDATION
PROCESS SKETCHES ON PILING AND PILE CAP CONSTRUCTION
PILE-CROPPING
MACHINE
1. SETTING OUT
PILING POINTS
2. PILE DRIVEN BELOW
GROUND USING
PILING MACHINE
3. EXCAVATION 4. PILE-CUTTING
5. FORMWORK 6. PLACEMENT OF
REBAR
7. CONCRETING 8. DISMANTLING OF
FORMWORK
PILING MACHINE
EXCAVATOR
PROTRUDED REBAR
FORMWORK
STEEL REINFORCEMENT CAGE
VIBRATOR
CONCRETE
MIXER
PILE CAP
DONE
25

PILE DYNAMIC TEST (PDA)
THE OBJECTIVE OF PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS (PDA) IS TO CONTROL
HAMMER, PILE AND SOIL PERFORMANCE DURING PILE DRIVING,
WHETHER WITH AN IMPACT OR A VIBRATORY HAMMER. THE PILE IS
INSTRUMENTED WITH (COMBINED) ACCELERATION AND STRAIN
TRANSDUCERS NEAR THE PILE TOP. THE TRANSDUCERS ARE
CONNECTED TO THE PDR MONITORING SYSTEM MOUNTED ON THE
PILE, FROM WHERE SIGNALS ARE TRANSFERRED EITHER WIRELESSLY BY
WI-FI OR AN ETHERNET CABLE TO A PC-NOTEBOOK.
2.0 FOUNDATION
MAINTAIN LOAD TEST
ALSO KNOWN AS STATIC LOAD TESTING, THIS TEST IS AN IN SITU TYPE
OF LOAD TESTING USED IN GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION TO
DETERMINE THE BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS PRIOR TO
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING. IT DIFFERS FROM THE DYNAMIC
LOAD TESTING IN THAT THE PRESSURE APPLIED TO THE PILE IS
SLOWER.
CASE STUDY BASED ON SITE A (PILING TEST)
PHOTO 2.18 & 2.19:
AFTER THE PILE HAS BEEN DRIVEN AND
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT A SET UP PERIOD
THIS TEST IS EXECUTED. A SIGNAL
MATCHING ANALYSIS CAN BE PERFORMED
BY MEANS OF THE MEASURED SIGNALS IN
ORDER TO MAKE AN ESTIMATE OF THE
STATIC BEARING CAPACITY OF THE PILE
USING THE TRANSDUCERS.
DIAGRAM 2.4:
A PAGE FROM METHOD STATEMENT SHOWING THE
LOADING SEQUENCE OF PILE STATIC LOAD TEST
PHOTO 2.20:
STONES USED FOR MAINTAIN LOAD
TEST
PHOTO 2.21&2.22:
EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR
MAINTAIN LOAD TEST INCLUDES
PRESSURE GAUGE AND DIAL
GAUGE 26

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
THE PART OF BUILDING ABOVE THE FOUNDATION, SUCH AS BEAMS, SLABS AND COLUMNS.
27

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE @ SITE B: LOT97321, MUKIM KAPAR, KLANG
BEAM
IN-SITU CONCRETE BEAMS IS USED IN SITE B BECAUSE IT IS:
1) LOWER IN COST
2) IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY ( IF THE PILES ARE DEFLECTED OUT OF
TOLERANCE)
BEAMS ARE RIGID STRUCTURAL MEMBERS DESIGNED TO CARRY
AND TRANSVERSE LOADS ACROSS SPACE TO SUPPORTING ELEMENTS.
THE NON CONCURRENT PATTERN OF FORCES SUBJECTS A BEAM TO
BEND AND DEFLECT. THEREFORE, IT HAS TO BE SUPPORTED BY THE
INTERNAL STRENGTH OF THE MATERIAL, AND THEREFORE REBAR IS
USED.
GROUND BEAM
PHOTO 3.2:: GROUND BEAM
A GROUND BEAM IS A REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM FOR
SUPPORTING WALLS, JOISTS, OR NEAR GROUND LEVEL ITSELF BY
EITHER RESTING DIRECTLY UPON THE GROUND OR SUPPORTED AT
BOTH ENDS BY PIERS.
THE PURPOSE OF A GROUND BEAM IS TO LINK THE PILES
TOGETHER AND PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR FURTHER
SUPERSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION.
REBAR ACTS AS A TENSION DEVICE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
TO STRENGTHEN AND HOLD THE CONCRETE IN TENSION ITS
PATTERNED SURFACE FORMS A BETTER BOND WITH CONCRETE
PHOTO 3.1:
REBAR, SHORT FOR REINFORCING BAR,
WHICH HAS HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH TO
COMPENSATE FOR CONCRETE WHICH HAS
HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW
TENSILE STRENGTH
28

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
GROUND BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STEP2
BLINDING LAYER BY PUTTING A THIN
LAYER OF MASS CONCRETE TO LEVEL
THE GROUND WHERE THE
REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETE WILL
BE PLACED
STEP 3
REINFORCEMENTS BAR(REBAR) ARE
THEN TIED AND BENT PARTIALLY,
CARRIED OVER THE COLUMNS AND
BLINDING
STEP 4
FORMWORK ERECTED TO SIDES
STEP 5
CONCRETE IS PREPARED AND POURED
STEP 1
CLEARING THE GROUND TO GET RID OF
ANY HINDRANCES SUCH AS ROCKS
CONCRETE
EDGE BEAM FORMWORK SIDE
FLOOR SOFFIT FORMWORK
SECONDARY BEAM
FORMWORK
SOFFIT
SUPPORT
JOISTS
ADJUSTABLE
STEEL PROPS
EDGE BEAM
CLEAT
BEAM SOFFIT
RUNNER/STRINGER
CROSSHEAD/ HEADTREE
DRAWING 3.1: FORMWORK PARTS OF GROUND BEAM
150MM SPACING BETWEEN EACH LINE R6 LINK
DRAWING 3.2:
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF GROUND BEAMS SHOWING HOW THE BEAM IS REINFORCED BY A
TIE AND A SMALLER LINK - R6 LINK IN HOLDING THE STRUCTURE TOGETHER
GROUND BEAM
29
@ SITE B: LOT97321, MUKIM KAPAR, KLANG

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
DIAGRAM 3.1:
ZOOM IN TO THE GROUND FLOOR PLAN (NOT TO SCALE) OF A SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE IN SITE B SHOWING THE
PLACEMENT OF TW0 OF THE GROUND BEAMS (GB2 & GB26) IN CAR PORCH
DIMENSIONS OF TWO SPECIFIC
GROUND BEAMS (GB2 & GB26) USED
IN CAR PORCH IN THE
SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE
0 400MM
GB26(125x450)
GB2(230x450)
6327
3374
PHOTO 3.3: GROUND BEAM
30

GROUND SLABS ARE THOSE THAT ARE POURED DIRECTLY TO
EXCAVATED GROUND. THEY RELY ENTIRELY ON EXISTING GROUND
FOR SUPPORT. THEREFORE, THE FOUNDATION MUST BE STRONG
ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE SLAB.
GROUND FLOOR SLAB
CONCRETE IS USED IN THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING THE
GROUND FLOOR SLAB IN SITE B.
THIS IS BECAUSE:
1) THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE IS VERY HIGH
2) CONCRETE CAN BE MANUFACTURED TO DESIRED STRENGTH
3) CONCRETE CAN WITHSTAND HIGH TEMPERATURES
4) THE CASTING OF CONCRETE CAN BE DONE IN WORKING SITE
WHICH MAKES IT ECONOMICAL
BUILDING
PAPER
RUSTICATED
WEATHERBOA
RDS STUD
BOTTOM PLANTS
HOLDING DOWN BAR CAST IN,
BENT OVER AND STAPLED TO
PLATE
DPC
SAND
BLINDING
665 REINFORCING
MESH
HARDFILL
DAMP-PROOF
MEMBRANE
DRAWING 3.3: GROUND FLOOR SLAB LAYERS
31

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB
STEP 1
THE CHOSEN GROUND AREA OF THE
SITE IS EXCAVATED AND COMPACTED.
STEP 2
FORMWORK IS INSTALLED AROUND THE
COMPACTED HARDCORE. WELDED WIRE
REINFORCEMENT IS LAYERED ON TOP
OF THE DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE
STEP 4
SCAFFOLDING AND SHORING ARE
PLACED ON THE GROUND FLOOR TO
SUPPORT THE TIMBER CENTERING ON
THE FIRST FLOOR IS INSTALLED ON THE
TIMBER CENTERING.
STEP 3
CONCRETE IS CAST ON TOP OF THE
WIRE REINFORCEMENT WITH THE
FORMWORK ACTING AS A MOULD. THE
CONCRETE IS THEN SPREAD UNTIL IT IS
EVEN. THE GROUND TAKES 1-2 DAYS TO
CURE AND AFTER CURING OF 14 DAYS.
THE FORMWORK IS THEN REMOVED.
CONCRETE
STEP 5
CONCRETE IS THEN CASTED INTO THE
FORMWORK THAT HOLDS THE
WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT IN
PLACE. FINALLY, A LAYER OF
CONCRETE IS COATED ON TOP OF
THE REINFORCEMENT AND AN
INTERMEDIATE SLAB IS FORMED.
PHOTO 3.4: THE ON GOING CONSTRUCTION OF THE GROUND SLAB IN SITE B. PHOTO 3.5:
THE ON GOING CONSTRUCTION OF THE GROUND BEAM AFTER FORMWORK IS
INSTALLED IN SITE B. 32

STEP 3
STARTER BAR IS INSTALLED THE FOLLOWED BY
THE REBAR CAGE.
STEP 4
WOODEN PLANKS ARE THEN ADDED INTO THE
FORMWORK.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STARTER BAR
STUMP
FORMWORK
FORMWORK
REBAR
STUMP
STEP 1
GRID LINES ARE DRAWN TO DIMENSIONS (TO
DETERMINE WHERE THE COLUMNS WILL BE
PLACED)
STEP 2
LAYOUT WORK IS THEN CARRIED OUT
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
REINFORCEM
ENT BAR
CAGE
COLUMN IS THE VERTICAL SUPPORT WHICH IS FREE FROM ALL SIDES
TAKING THE LOAD OF BEAM SLAB AND TRANSFER THE LOAD
INDEPENDENTLY. COLUMN IS TYPICALLY CONSTRUCTED FROM
MATERIALS SUCH AS STONE, CONCRETE, TIMBER, BRICKS AND
OTHER MATERIALS THAT HAVE HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
PHOTO 3.6:
A CLOSE UP ON THE ON GOING CONSTRUCTION OF THE TIMBER
FORMWORK FOR COLUMN CONSTRUCTION ON SITE
COLUMN
33

THE MATERIAL USED TO CONSTRUCT THE FORMWORK IN SITE B IS
TIMBER BECAUSE:
1) THEY ARE STRONGER AND MORE DURABLE.
2) THE BUILDING PROCESS ALMOST CREATES NO WASTE
3) USE OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL CONTRIBUTES TO A LOWER
CARBON FOOTPRINT AND BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
4) LOWER COST
PHOTO 3.7: FORMWORK FOR COLUMN CONSTRUCTION.
FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS
IT CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. SIDE AND END PLANKS
2. YOKE
3. NUTS AND BOLTS
TWO ENDS AND TWO SIDE PLANKS ARE JOINED BY THE BOLTS
AND YOKES.
FUNCTION OF THE COLUMN FORMWORK:
1. ENABLE THE CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMNS TO HAVE THE
SIMILAR AND SPECIFIC SURFACE QUALITY
2. ACCEPTABLY ACCURATE IN SHAPE AND POSITION WITH GOOD
ALIGNMENT TO OTHER ADJACENT COLUMNS, WALLS AND
BUILDING FACADES.
MOST COLUMN FORMING METHODS USE PLYWOOD TO FORM
FACES. THE CORNER JUNCTIONS OF THE PLYWOOD MUST BE
DETAILED TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM TIGHTENING ACTION
FROM THE COLUMN CLAMPS. TIMBER ANGLE FILLETS ARE USED
TO FORM THE ATISE.
34

DIAGRAM 3.4: THE PARTS OF A COLUMN FORMWORK
COLUMN FORMWORK DETAILS
DIAGRAM 3.2:
GROUND FLOOR PLAN SHOWING THE PLACEMENT OF COLUMNS IN A SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE
FORMWORk FORMING SUPPORT FOR
INCOMING BEAM
SOLDIERS OR STUDS
CLEATS
LIFT OUT ACCESS PIECE TO
ENABLE FORMWORK TO BE
CLEANED OUT
PRIOR TO CASTING
INCOMING BEAM FORMWORK
RAKING STRUTS IF
REQUIRED
BASE LOCATED AROUND
KICKER
DIAGRAM 3.3 SHOWS THE PARTS OF
THE TIMBER COLUMN FORMWORK
PLYWOOD COLUMN
FORMWORK SIDES
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
35

STEP 1
TIMBER FORMWORK IS SET UP TO
CONSTRUCT THE CONCRETE ROOF BEAM
STEP 2
CEMENT IS POURED INTO THE
FORMWORK TO FORM THE CONCRETE
BEAM.
STEP 3
AFTER 28 DAYS, THE FORMWORK IS THEN
REMOVED AFTER THE CONCRETE
HARDENS.
ROOF BEAM
PHOTO 3.6: TOP VIEW OF THE ROOF BEAM CONSTRUCTION.
ROOF BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ROOF BEAM IS A COMMON TERM TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE THAT
SUPPORTS THE ROOF. THE TYPE OF ROOF BEAM USED IN A STRUCTURE
DEPENDS ON THE SIZE, THE SHAPE OF THE ROOF AND HOW MUCH
WEIGHT THE ROOF IS REQUIRED TO HOLD.
SINCE ROOF BEAMS ARE EXPOSED TO THE WEATHER, THE
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS VARIES WITH THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE.
36

ROOF BEAM
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
DIAGRAM 3.3:
ZOOM IN TO THE ROOF PLAN (NOT TO SCALE) OF A SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE IN SITE B SHOWING THE PLACEMENT OF TW0
OF THE ROOF BEAMS (RB2 & RB28) IN CAR PORCH
DIMENSIONS OF TWO SPECIFIC
ROOF BEAMS (RB2 & RB28) USED
IN CAR PORCH IN THE
SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE
RB2(230x350)
RB28(125x350)
0 400MM
6327
3374
PHOTO 3.7:
SUPERSTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION DONE WITH ROOF BEAMS 37

4.0 WALL
A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT USED TO DIVIDE OR ENCLOSE, AND, IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
TO FORM THE PERIPHERY OF A ROOM OR A BUILDING.
38

BEAM
COLUMN
STRETCHER
BOND
GROUND
SLAB
40
LAYERS
OF
BRICKS
DRAWING 4.1: NON LOAD-BEARING WALL
MASONRY WALL
4.0 WALL @SITE : 3/3H, GLORIS TERRACE HOUSE, SEMENYIH BY SP SETIA ECOHILL
- SUPPORT ONLY
ITS OWN
WEIGHT BUT
NOT OTHER
LOADS LIKE SLAB
OR ROOF
- ATTACHED TO
COLUMNS AND
BEAMS
- LOADS ARE
TRANSFERRED
TO FOUNDATION
THROUGH
PRIMARY BEAM,
COLUMN AND
GROUND BEAM.
NON LOAD-BEARING WALL
THE BOND THEY USED IS STRETCHER BOND, A SIMPLEST PATTERN
WHICH COMMONLY USED IN CAVITY AND VENEER WALLS.
THIS BOND IS A SINGLE WYTHE SOLID MASONRY, IT IS VERY
STRONG AND ABLE TO LAST LONG IF PROPERLY MAINTAINED.
CEMENT SAND MORTAR ACT AS A BINDING MATERIAL , USUALLY
USED FOR BUILDINGS MASONRY UNIT. IT SEAL AND FILL THE
IRREGULAR GAPS BETWEEN BUILDING BLOCKS. THE TYPE OF
MORTAR USED IN SITE IS FLUSH JOINT.
FUNCTION OF WALL
- TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM WEATHER
- TO SEPARATE INTERIOR SPACES
- TO SUPPORT UPPER FLOORS AND ROOFS TOGETHER WITH
THEIR SUPERIMPOSED LOADS
- TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION
- FOR AESTHETICS AND PRIVACY
MORTAR
DRAWING 4.2:
AXONO DRAWING SHOWING
STRETCHER BOND
PHOTO 4.1:
STRETCHER BOND FOR PARTITION
WALL
PHOTO 4.2:
MASONRY UNIT FILLED WITH
MORTAR
DRAWING 4.3:
DRAWING SHOWING FLUSH
JOINT
39

TYPE OF BRICKS
4.0 WALL
PARTY WALL
A PARTY WALL IS A
DIVIDING PARTITION
BETWEEN TWO
ADJOINING BUILDINGS
WHICH IS SHARED BY
THE TENANTS OF EACH
RESIDENCE. ON SITE, THE
PARTY WALL IS MADE OF
ONE LAYERS OF CLAY
MASONRY WALL.
PARTITION WALL
A PARTITION WALL IS A
WALL THAT SEPARATES
ROOMS AND OTHER
SPACES. THE PARTITION
WALL IS MADE OF ONE
LAYER OF CEMENT SAND
BRICKS MASONRY WALL.
BRICK
MANUFACTURING
CLAY BRICKS ARE
MADE FROM CLAY BY
BURNING IT AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES.
CEMENT SAND BRICKS
ARE MADE FROM A
MIXTURE OF CEMENT
AND SAND.
DURABILITY HIGHER LOWER
RESISTANT TO FIRE STRONGER WEAKER
SURFACE SMOOTH ROUGH
COLOUR BROWN GRAY
PRICE EXPENSIVE
- THE REASON
CONTRACTOR
USE CLAY BRICKS
ONLY FOR PARTY
WALL
CHEAP
- THE REASON
CONTRACTOR USE
CEMENT SAND
BRICK FOR
PARTITION WALL.
CLAY BRICKS CEMENT SAND
BRICKS
112.5
112.5
75
75215
215
DIAGRAM 4.1:
FLOOR PLAN TO SHOW DIFFERENT TYPE OF WALL
USED
40
@SITE : 3/3H, GLORIS TERRACE HOUSE, SEMENYIH BY SP SETIA ECOHILL

- THE CONSTRUCTION
OF A BRICK WALL
BEGINS WITH THE
LAYING OF LEADS ON
THE GROUND SLAB.
- THE LEADS ESTABLISH
THE WALL PLANES
AND COURSE HEIGHT.
4.0 WALL
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING MASONRY WALL
XMET
-TO AID AS
REINFORCED
BETWEEN BRICKS
LAYERS
-PLACE EACH IN
EVERY 4 LAYERS
OF BRICKS
-BRICKS ARE LAY AND
TILTED IN 45º ANGLE
-IS ABLE TO SAVE
MORE SPACE AND
ALLOW EXPANSION
WHEN FIRE OCCURS.
LINTELS
- A HORIZONTAL SUPPORT ACROSS
THE TOP OF OPENING SUCH AS
WINDOWS AND DOORS.
- PREVENT SAGGING, THEY WOULD
BE GIVEN A TEMPORARY SUPPORT
AT MID SPAN UNTIL THE BLOCKS
ABOVE HAVE BEEN LAID AND THE
MORTAR HARDENED.
- ANOTHER LAYING OF
LEADS IS PUT AT
ANOTHER END OF
WALL.
- THE BRICK LATER
ADDED IN BETWEEN
THE LEADS TO REACH
SAME LEVEL OF THE
TOP OF LEADS.
- ANOTHER LEADS IS LAY
ON TOP AND THE
PROCESS REPEATED
LIKE ABOVE.
DRAWING 4.4:
THE PROCESS OF LAYING BRICKS
DRAWING 4.5:
THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING WALL
PHOTO 4.3:
STEEL LINTEL
DRAWING 4.6:
STEEL LINTEL
41

PLASTERING APPLICATION
4.0 WALL
CEMENT PATCH
- CREATE TENSION TO HOLD THE
PLASTER.
- PLASTERING WOULD BE
DIFFICULT ON SMOOTH SURFACE.
XMET
- PLACE AT WEAK JOINT PART OF
BEAM AND COLUMN WITH
BRICKS WALL.
- IT WILL PREVENT EASILY
CRACKING AFTER PLASTERING.
PVC CORNER BEAD
- TO PREVENT SHRINKAGE
CRACKING AT THE EDGES OF
WALL.
HOW TO APPLY EFFECT IF NOT APPLIED
X MET BETWEEN COLUMN &
BRICK
THE PLASTER WILL CRACKED
WHEN THE WALL IS
UNDERGOING VIBRATION
PLACED ON THE EDGES OF
WALL AS PROTECTION
THE SIZE OF WALL AFTER
PLASTERING WILL BE DIFFERENT
AND THE EDGES CRACK EASILY.
CRACKING WILL HAPPEN WHEN
THE PLASTER TOO DRY.
CEMENT PATCH IS APPLIED
ALONG THE BEAM AND
COLUMN SURFACE
DRAWING 4.7:
PLASTERING APPLICATION BEFORE PLASTERING THE
WALL
42

PLASTERING
4.0 WALL
SURFACE WELL BRUSHED
WITH HARD BROOM TO
REMOVE DUST.
THIN COATS OF
UNDERCOAT
PLASTER APPLIED
AND BUILT UP TO
REQUIRED
THICKNESS.
FINE WOODEN
SCRATCHER
USED TO FORM
KEY FOR
FINISHING COAT.
FINISHING COAT OF
PLASTER APPLIED
WITH STEEL TROWEL
TO GIVE A SMOOTH
FINISH.
1. PREPARATION
2. UNDERCOATING
3. FINISHING
THICKNESS OF PLASTER : 8 – 10 MM THICK
SETTING TIMES : 2 HOURS
THICKNESS OF PLASTER : 2 MM THICK
SETTING TIMES : 1 HOURS
FLOATED
UNDERCOAT
BROUGHT TO A
TRUE AND LEVEL
SURFACE WITH A
STRAIGHT EDGE
PLASTERING IS TO APPLY A WET MIXED MATERIAL WHICH IS GYPSUM PLASTER TO INTERNAL WALLS AS A FINISH TO FILL IN ANY
IRREGULARITIES IN THE WALL SURFACE AND TO PROVIDE A SMOOTH CONTINUOUS SURFACE SUITABLE FOR DIRECT DECORATION.
WAIT FOR 1 HOUR TO
LET PLASTER DRY.
DRAWING 4.8:
THE PROCESS OF PLASTERING
PHOTO 4.4:
WORKER IS PUMPING THE GYPSUM
PLASTER UP AND PLASTERING EASIER
PHOTO 4.5 & 4.6: WORKER IS PLASTERING THE WALL. DRAWING 4.9: THE PROCESS OF PREPARATION, UNDERCOATING AND FINISHING. 43

5.0 STAIRCASE
A CONSTRUCTION DESIGNED TO BRIDGE LARGE VERTICAL DISTANCE BY DIVIDING IT INTO
SMALLER VERTICAL DISTANCES, CALLED STEPS.

TYPE OF STAIRS AT SITE
DOUBLE QUARTER LANDING STAIRS (aka
DOUBLE L-SHAPED STAIRS).
IT HAS 2 LANDINGS, CONNECTING 3 FLIGHTS OF
STAIRS WITH RIGHT ANGLED TURNS. THE
REASON OF THE ADDITION OF LANDINGS IS TO
AVOID FATIGUE FOR USERS.
5.0 STAIRSCASE @ SITE C: 3/3H, GLORIS TERRACE HOUSE, SEMENYIH BY SP SETIA ECOHILL.
STRING BEAM STAIRS
(DRAWING - REFERRED FROM ROY CHUDLEY’S
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PG 566)
1) LANDINGS SPAN FROM EDGE BEAM TO
BEARING WALL.
2) STRING BEAM SPAN FROM FLOOR TO LANDING
AND FROM LANDING TO FLOOR.
3) STAIR FLIGHT SPANS FROM STRING BEAM TO
LOAD BEARING WALL.
LOCATION OF STAIRS ON
GROUND FLOOR PLAN AND 1ST FLOOR PLAN.
LOCATION OF STAIRS ON SECTION
DRAWING 5.1
DOUBLE QUARTER LANDING STAIRS
DRAWING 5.2
STRING BEAM STAIRS
DIAGRAMS 5.1 AND 5.2
DIAGRAM 5.3
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
CAN BE EASIER TO FIT INTO
AN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
THESE TYPE OF STAIRS ARE A
BIT MORE DIFFICULT TO BUILD
OFFER SOME
ARCHITECTURAL INTEREST
MORE TIME IS NEEDED FOR
CONSTRUCTION
THE LANDINGS OFFER
RESTING POINTS PART WAY
UP THE STAIRS
_
GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN
45

5.0 STAIRCASE
waist
Starter bars
riser
going
Distribution
bars
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
BETTER FIRE RESISTANT AS
COMPARED TO TIMBER STAIRCASES
HAS LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
DURABLE AND STRONG PROCESS TAKES LONGER TIME
COMPARED TO PRECAST
CONCRETE
OFFER PLEASANT APPEARANCES
, HIGHER VISUAL AESTHETICS
SHRINKAGE CAUSES CRACK
DEVELOPMENT
EASILY CLEANED FINAL STRENGTH IS
UNCERTAIN
MAINTENANCE COST IS ALMOST NIL -
CAN BE DESIGNED FOR GREATER
WIDTHS AND LONGER SPANS
-
DRAWING 5.3
PIHOTO 5.1
46
IN-SITU CONCRETE STAIRS
STAIRS MUST BE CONSTRUCTED OF A NON-COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIALS. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS ARE ALLOWED TO
BE USED AS FINISHES TO THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE
STAIRWAY OR LANDING.
IN-SITU CONCRETE IS CHOSEN DUE TO ITS PROPERTY OF
BEING NON-COMBUSTIBLE, STRONG AND
HARD-WEARING. MILD STEEL OR HIGH-YIELD STEEL BARS
ARE USED AS REINFORCEMENTS FOR CONCRETE STAIRS,
THE BARS ARE LAPPED TO STARTER BARS AT THE
GROUND FLOOR AND TAKEN INTO THE LANDING OR
FLOOR SUPPORT SLAB.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
STRONG SPECIFICATION OF CONCRETE WITH A MIX RATIO OF 1:1.5:3-10mm AGGREGATE OR
25-30 N/mm² COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS REQUIRED.
WATER/CEMENT RATIO IS NO GREATER THAN 0.5, OTHERWISE CONCRETE WILL FLOW OVER
THE FORMWORK RISER BOARDS.
CONCRETE COVER TO REINFORCEMENT IS AT LEAST 15mm OR THE BAR DIAMETER,
WHICHEVER IS THE GREATER.
THIS COVER IS SUFFICIENT FOR ONE-HOUR FIRE RESISTANCE IN MOST BUILDINGS
THICKNESS OF CONCRETE REQUIRED IS NOT LESS THAN 100mm OR MORE THAN 150mm
MEASURED ACROSS THE WAIST, WHICH IS THE DISTANCE FROM THE SOFFIT TO THE
INTERSECTION OF TREAD AND RISER.

1) MEASURING SPACE AND MARKING
MEASURE AND MARK EXACTLY WHERE STAIRS WILL BE BUILT.
KNOW WHAT’S THE TOTAL RISE , TOTAL RUN AND WIDTH OF
STEPS .
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A CONNECTION WITH SUBJACENT
FLOOR , THERE MUST BE PROPERLY PLACED STARTER BARS.
HENCE, STARTER BARS SHOULD BE ARRANGED CAREFULLY
CONNECTING TO BOTH STAIRS AND SUPERJACENT FLOOR.
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING STAIRCASE
TOTAL RISE
TOTAL RUN
STAIRS WIDTH
5.0 STAIRCASE
47
DRAWING 5.4
DRAWING 5.5
2) FORMWORK
USING TIMBER FORMWORKS, ARRANGE FORMWORKS BASED
ON MEASUREMENTS.
PLACE SUBBASE, TAMP IT DOWN UNTIL IT IS PACKED EXTREMELY
FIRM, LEVEL, AND STABLE. USE A LONG FLAT BOARD AND A
LEVEL TO CHECK THE LEVELNESS OF SUBBASE.
REBAR IS THEN INSTALLED , CONNECTING TO THE STARTER BAR.
FAILING TO LAY A STURDY SUBBASE CAN RESULT IN CRACKING,
DETERIORATION, OR STRUCTURAL FAILURE IN YOUR CONCRETE
STEPS. CONCRETE'S STRENGTH DEPENDS ON A SOLID SUB BASE.
IF CONCRETE CRACKS, THE MESH WILL HOLD IT IN PLACE SO
INTEGRITY OF STAIRS IS MAINTAINED.

4) DRYING PROCESS
FLATTEN SURFACE OF CONCRETE USING A BULL FLOAT.
AFTER THE STAIRS ARE DRIED, CLEAN THE CONCRETE STAIRS
WITH WATER. THEN INSTALL RAILINGS.
3) POURING AND FINISHING CONCRETE STAIRS
USING CONCRETE MIXER, TO MIX CONCRETE.
POUR CONCRETE INTO FORM WORKS FROM THE BOTTOM TO
THE TOP - WITH A SHOVEL, WHEELBARROW, OR / THE
FUNNEL THAT CAME WITH CEMENT MIXER.
USING A VIBRATOR AND COMPACTOR TO PREVENT
HONEYCOMBS/ AIR BUBBLES FROM FORMING.
5.0 STAIRSCASE
BULL FLOAT
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING STAIRCASE
48
DRAWING 5.6
DRAWING 5.7

5.0 STAIRSCASE
STAIR RAILINGS
STAIR RAILINGS ARE FRAMED FENCES MOUNTED ON THE WALL PARALLEL TO THE STAIRS FOR SAFETY ISSUES, MOSTLY TO PREVENT USERS FROM
FALLING OFF THE STAIRS. BASE PLATES ARE USUALLY INSTALLED DURING CONSTRUCTION AND ARE USED TO MOUNT THE RAILINGS. THEY ARE
OFTEN CONCEALED AFTER FULFILLING THEIR PURPOSE OF MOUNTING RAILINGS. DIAGRAMS BELOW SHOW FUNCTIONS OF BASE PLATES.
DRAWING 5.8： CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF RAILINGS
DRAWING 5.9： FULLY CONSTRUCTED STAIRS ALONG WITH RAILINGS
PHOTO 5.2 & 5.3： BASE PLATES INSTALLED ON THE SIDE OF STAIRS BEFOREHAND
FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR RAILINGS
HANDRAILS AND BALUSTRADING MUST BE CONSTRUCTED OF A NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL.
THE OVERALL HEIGHT OF THE HANDRAILS SHOULD BE BETWEEN 900 - 1000MM MEASURED VERTICALLY AND HAVE A HEIGHT ABOVE THE FLOOR
OF 1.1M MINIMUM. THE CAPPING CAN BE OF A COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL SUCH AS PLASTIC PROVIDED THAT IT IS FIXED TO OR OVER A
NON-COMBUSTIBLE CORE.
BALUSTRADE POST
CONCRETE
BOLT WITH WASHERS
49

REFERENCES
DRAWING 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 : REFERRED FROM SENIOR’S WORK [https://Twww.slideshare.net/joyce_weewee/building-construction-experiencing-construction]
DRAWING 1.5, 1.6: REFERRED FROM SENIOR’S WORK https://www.slideshare.net/limziahuei/bcon-draft
DRAWING 1.7: REDRAWN FROM [ https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-bulldozer-technical-draw-vector-illustration-image49196022]
DRAWING 1.8: REDRAWN FROM [ http://railroadmanuals.tpub.com/TM-55-2200-001-12/css/TM-55-2200-001-12_256.htm]
DRAWING 1.9: REDRAWN FROM [https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/excavator-drawing-linear-style-isolated-on-386370034]
DRAWING 1.10: REDRAWN FROM [ http://matsui-kidou.co.jp/en/merchandise/dump-8t/]
DRAWING 1.11: REDRAWN FROM [http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cement-mixer.html]
DRAWING 1.12 REDRAWN FROM [http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/11/]
DIAGRAM 1.1 & 1.4 : SITE PLAN OBTAINED FROM ARCHITECT
DIAGRAM 1.2 & 1.3 OBTAINED FROM GOOGLE IMAGES
[https://www.google.com/search?q=scaffolding+DRAWING&rlz=1C1MSNA_enMY703MY703&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFgeXSuqHXAhWEvI8KHfXtDPAQ_AUICigB&biw=1396&bih=668#imgrc=S-
CBYOJqIwsK4M]
DIAGRAM 1.5: OBTAINED FROM
[https://www.google.com/search?q=site+safety+outfit&rlz=1C1MSNA_enMY703MY703&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVypTN2KHXAhUJtI8KHYViDGkQ_AUICigB&biw=1396&bih=668 ]
[https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjintXf2KHXAhXKsI8KHT2gCi0QjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolworksworkwear.com%2F&psig=AOvVaw0QIVDyG5
MLUNuwG3hJnRdf&ust=1509774010703657 ]
[https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1MSNA_enMY703MY703&biw=1396&bih=668&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=uwH8WZ3GHIPwvATXyY2QCA&q=site+safety+signages&oq=site+safety+signages&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0j0i5i3
0k1.58668.60104.0.60363.8.8.0.0.0.0.70.420.8.8.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.8.417....0.VhUNwwoqk3Y ]
[https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1MSNA_enMY703MY703&biw=1396&bih=668&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=uwH8WZ3GHIPwvATXyY2QCA&q=site+safety+signages&oq=site+safety+signages&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0j0i5i3
0k1.58668.60104.0.60363.8.8.0.0.0.0.70.420.8.8.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.8.417....0.VhUNwwoqk3Y ]
[https://www.google.com/search?q=site+safety+form&rlz=1C1MSNA_enMY703MY703&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp9MiK2aHXAhVGK48KHXehBF0Q_AUICigB&biw=1396&bih=668]
ALL PHOTOS FROM SITE
50

REFERENCES (IMAGES)
2.0 FOUNDATION
DRAWING 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4 REDRAWN FROM EC PILE CATALOGUE OBTAINED FROM THE SITE ARCHITECT
DRAWING 2.5 REFERRED FROM SENIORS’S WORK [http://peidilim.wixsite.com/eportfolio/b-con-1]
DRAWING 2.6 & 2.7 REDRAWN FROM [ Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge. ]
DIAGRAM 2.2 SITE PLAN OBTAINED FROM THE ARCHITECT
DIAGRAM 2.3 PILE CAP PLAN OBTAINED FROM THE ARCHITECT
DIAGRAM 2.4 WORK METHOD STATEMENT OF PILING TEST OBTAINED FROM ARCHITECT
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING 2.1 REDRAWN FROM SITE ENGINEER’S DRAWINGS
3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
DRAWING 3.1 & 3.4 REDRAWN FROM [ Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge. ]
DIAGRAM 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN & ROOF PLAN OBTAINED FROM ARCHITECT
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING 3.1 & 3.2 REDRAWN FROM SITE ENGINEER’S DRAWINGS
4.0 WALL
DRAWING 4.1 , 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8 REFERRED FROM [ http://kalvinbong.wixsite.com/eportfolio/building-construction-i ]
DRAWING 4.2, 4.9 REDRAWN FROM [ Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge. ]
DRAWING 4.3 REDRAWN FROM [ Iano., E. A. (2009). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods . New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ]
DRAWING 4.6 REDRAWN FROM [ Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. A. (2010)). Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings. Wiley- Black Well. ]
DIAGRAM 4.1 FLOOR PLAN OBTAINED FROM THE ARCHITECT
5.0 STAIRCASE
DRAWING 5.1 REDRAWN FROM Chudley, Greeno. Construction Technology, Fourth Edition. Pearson, 2005. Print.
DRAWING 5.2, 5.3, 5.8, 5.9 REDRAWN FROM [ Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge. ]
DRAWING 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7: REFERRED FROM SITE DRAWINGS
DRAWING 5.8, 5.9 REDRAWN FROM [ Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge. ]
DRAWING 5.91 REDRAWN FROM [ Architecture stairs,railings and balcony drawing retrieved from [ http://mcwalldesign.com/architectural-steelwork/ ]
DIAGRAM 5. 1, 5.2, 5.3 FROM ARCHITECT
51

REFERENCES (INFORMATION)
Final slides, Slideshare.net. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
https://www.slideshare.net/hongbinng/final-slides-55775656
Final-image-slide-share. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalslides-151203104520-lva1-app6891/95/final-slides-12-638.jpg?cb=1449139660
Forest Operations Equipment Catalog: Feller Buncher. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/catalog/equipment/fellerbuncher.shtml
Construction Equipment Building Construction. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
https://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-equipment-building-construction
7 Top Road Construction Equipment and Their Uses Website, Construction Business. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
http://www.constructionkenya.com/2408/road-construction-equipment-defined/
Heavy equipment. (N.d.) Retrieved 13 October 2017, from,
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Heavy_equipment
2.0 FOUNDATION
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2016). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Routledge.
Ching, F.D.K. (2007). Building Construction Illustrated. Wiiley.
Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (N.d.). Retrieved 13 October2017,, from
http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
Foundations. (N.d.). Retrieved 20 October 2017,, from,
http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm
10 Steps To Construct a Building Foundation, (N.d.) Retrieved 25 September, 2017, from,
http://civilengineersforum.com/how-to-construct-building-foundation/
52

3.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Advantages of in-situ concrete beam. (N.d.) Retrieved 16 September, 2017, from,
https://www.google.com/search?q=advantages+of+in-situ+concrete+beam&oq=advantages+of+in-situ+concrete+beam&aqs=chrome..69i57.5586j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Ground Slabs. (N.d.) Retrieved 16 September, 2017, from,
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/04_struct_members/06_concrete_slabs/page_001.htm
The Beam Guy. (N.d.) Retrieved 18 September, 2017, from,
http://www.thebeamguy.com/roofbeams.php
Types of Columns. (N.d.) Retrieved 18 September, 2017, from,
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_column
Column and Frame Structure Building, Column construction process, Foundation of column. (N.d.) Retrieved 18 September, 2017, from,
www.gharexpert.com
Timber Columns and Tension Members - Timber Construction Manual, Sixth Edition - American Institute of Timber Construction - Wiley Online Library. (2012) Retrieved 21 September, 2017, from,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118279687.ch5/summary
Precast Concrete Advantages versus Site-Cast Concrete - The Concrete Network. (N.d.) Retrieved 25 September, 2017, from,
www.concretenetwork.com
Post and Beam Construction | Building with Wood. (N.d.) Retrieved 25 September, 2017, from,
www.vermonttimberworks.com
Ground Level Concrete Slab Subfloor | BUILD. (N.d.) Retrieved 25 September, 2017, from,
www.build.com.au
Construction Beam and Slab. (N.d.) Retrieved 9 October, 2017, from,
http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html
Ground Beams - Milbank Concrete Products. (N.d.) Retrieved 15 October 2017, from,
www.milbank.co.uk
Step to Construct The Building. (N.d.) Retrieved 22 October, 2017, from,
https://www.scribd.com/doc/58803107/STEP-TO-CONSTRUCT-THE-BUILDING
53

4.0 WALL
Emmitt, S., & Gorse, C. A. (2010)). Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings. Wiley-Black Well.
Iano., E. A. (2009). Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods . New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Eportfolio | BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I. (2016.) Retrieved 15 September 2017, from
http://kalvinbong.wixsite.com/eportfolio/building-construction-i
Bricks. (N.d.) Retrieved 15 October 2017, from
https://forum.lowyat.net/topic/1827561/all
5.0 STAIRS
Wiley: Building Construction Illustrated, 5th Edition - Francis D. K. Ching
Architecture stairs,railings and balcony drawing. (N.d.) Retrieved 27 October 2017, from
http://mcwalldesign.com/architectural-steelwork/
54

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