Modular Coordination in buildings and construction.pptx

Industrialized Building Construction and Modular Coordination
 Humanity in its initial phase developed craft to make all things necessary for its survival and even comfortable
living.
 ‘Craft’ is development and employment of human skill and labour to produce artifact and pieces of utility.
 It requires a person to develop the skill, knowledge and practice to employ it to each piece for it to materialize.
 Each piece produced is, at the most identical but more often unique.
 It becomes costly since so many man hours goes into its production.
 ‘Craft’ way of producing things do not makes sense to produce identical things therefore mass production is
not natural to this way of working.
 As the demand for identical things in great numbers increase, this way of working is not effective.
 Industry is ‘quantity focused’ and a employs the skills and efforts to generate identical things in large numbers.
 Industrialization necessitates certain protocols to be followed to make it practically viable

Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
1. Faster production
2. More economical for mass production
3. Manage Quality control
4. Faster Research and development makes improvement possible
Disadvantages:
1. Proto typing of product
2. Flexibility of use is reduced
3. Reliance on larger setups for producing simplest of utilitarian objects.

Industialization of Building Construction
Industrialization of entire building as an product is difficult since every building is different than other in various aspects i.e.
site, designed use, climate response etc.
It is possible to industrialize the production of components if building and assemble them on site.
A system of such component manufacturing and then assembly can be set up as an industry.
Industrialized Building System can be defined as building systems in which structural
components are manufactured in a factory, on or off site, transported and assembled into a
structure with minimal additional site works.
It an be introduced to achieve the target of faster completion with mass production of the
building elements in places out of its final location in a building.
It has been proved to be beneficial to construction activites in developed countries, especially where fast
construction is a necessity and Human labour is costly.
In India, process of industrialization of building construction is slower since human labour is cheap and we are not
very time conscious.

Industialization of Building Construction: Industrialised Building Systems (IBS)
Characteristics Of IBS
 One of the major characteristics of the IBS is the Industrial production of components through
prefabrication, “OR” sometimes highly mechanized in-situ processes i.e. permanent steel formworks, tunnel
forms, etc.
 Reduced labor during prefabrication of components and site works.
 Modern design and manufacturing methods involving Information Technology like usage of Computer Aided
design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).
 Systematic Quality Control i.e ISO 9000 principles.
 Open Building Concept- permitting hybrid applications, and adaptable to standardization and MC (Modular
Coordination)

Classification Of IBS
There are various Industrialized Building Systems (IBS) used throughout the world, and they can be classified
into three major categories. These categories are:-
1. Frame or Post & Beam System.
2. Panel System.
3. Box system.
Frame or post & Beam system is the simplest as it has always been(in our vernacular architecture) a preformed
elements of stone or wood etc. however, the standardization of sizes were more dependent on the availability
of material.
Box system is the most sophisticated due to its assembly and handling issues.

FRAME SYSTEM: Frame
structures may be
defined as those
structures that carry the
loads through their
beams and girders to
column and to the
ground. Their important
feature is the capacity to
transfer heavy loads over
large spans. Used in the
construction of bridges,
parking lots, warehouses,
industrial buildings, sport
facilities and so on.

PANEL SYSTEM
Panel system may be
defined as those
structures
that carry the load
through large floor and
wall panels.
Concrete panel systems
are extensively used in
Europe for high rise
building for ease of
construction purpose.
Used in Hollow core
slabs, Interior & Exterior
Wall.

BOX SYSTEM Box
system may be defined
as those systems that
use 3D modules (or
boxes) for fabrication of
habitat units. The main
features of this system
are in the internal
stability as it can
withstand load from
various directions.
Require only large
prefabricated sections
to be transported or
handled at one time.

WHY IBS???
Scenario in construction industry compared to other sectors is that the construction
industry suffers from low productivity, safety and quality control.
Due to the traditional labor-intensive practices, the 3- D Syndrome (Dirty, Difficult &
Dangerous) has always been associated with the construction industry.
IBS is a good solution for these kind of problems of the construction industry- messy
sites, high wastages, labor intensive works, low quality work, delays.

ADVANTAGES
1. Reduction of site labor; Low site workers requirement due to simplified
construction methods.
2. Minimal wastage; Reduction of construction waste with the usage of the
standardized components and less in-site works.
3. Less site material; Reduction of construction materials at sites through
usage of pre-fabricated components.
4. Cleaner environment ; Cleaner sites due to lesser construction waste.

ADVANTAGES
5. Controlled quality; controlled and highly aesthetic end products through
the processes of controlled prefabrication and simplified installations.
6. Neater and safer site; Safer construction sites due to the reduction of site
workers, materials and construction waste.
7. Faster Project Completion; Faster completion of construction projects due
to the usage of standardized pre-fabricated components and simplified
installation processes.
8. Lower total construction cost;

Principles for industrialised Building systems;
1. Clarity in objectives to be achieved through Industrialised component
2. Standardisation of material and dimensions.
3. Material and Dimensional consistency.
4. Minimum number of different sizes required.
5. Inter-chageability in locating the component.
6. Simplified operational procedure.

Principles for industrialised Building systems;
1. Clarity in objectives to be achieved through Industrialised component
2. Standardisation of material and dimensions.
3. Material and Dimensional consistency.
4. Minimum number of different sizes required.
5. Inter-chageability in locating the component.
6. Simplified operational procedure.
Most of the above principles can be imbibed in IBS by following the concept
of Modular Coordination.

Modular Coordination;
Module is a unit with appropriate dimensions to form the basic unit which can be employed repeatedly to
form a complete building/building element.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and
components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is
equivalent to 100 mm
• It is internationally accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and many other
countries.
• Modular coordination can facilitate the achievement of greater productivity in the building industry by
virtue of its ability to discipline the dimensional and spatial coordination of a building and its components.
. Modular Coordination is a useful design tool that provides useful design principles and rules which
combine freedom in architectural planning and free choice of construction method, with the possibility of
incorporating standardized modular components in the project.

Aim of Modular Coordination;
1. The principle object is to assist rationalization and industrialization within the construction activity, by
standardization in such a way that components may be manufactured on an industrial scale and erected
efficiently on site, thereby improving quality and cost effectiveness of building.
2. Facilitates cooperation between building designers, manufacturers, distributors, contractors and authorities.
3. In design work, to simplify the preparation of building drawings in relation to the construction system and
methodology.
4. Optimizes the number of standard sizes of building components.
5. Rationalize and simplify the on-site activities and thereby minimize the necessity of continues supervision
and involvement of skilled labour on site by rationalizing setting out, positioning and assembly of building
components.
6. Encourages as far as possible the interchangeability of components, in whatever materials, forms or
methods of manufacture.
7. Ensures dimensional coordination between installation(equipment, storage units, other fitted furniture,
etc.) as well as with the rest of the building.

Modular coordination is essentially based on:
a. The use of modules ( basic modules and multi -modules)
b. A reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building elements and for components
which form them.
c. Rules for locating building elements within the reference system.
d. Rules for sizing building components in order to determine their work sizes.
e. Rules for defining preferred sizes for building components and coordinating dimensions for buildings.

Modules:
Standard unit size used to coordinate the dimensions of
buildings and components
MODULES
Basic module M = 100 mm
The basic module is the fundamental unit of size in modular
co-ordination) .
The co-ordinating sizes of building components, of the parts of
buildings they form and of buildings themselves shall be
multiples of the basic module.
Multi-Module 2M, 3M . .
Multimodules are selected multiples of the basic module;
differentmulti modules will suit particular applications.

Modules:
Standard unit size used to coordinate the dimensions of
buildings and components
Sub-Module M/2, M/4 For sizing of components
requiring increment smaller than ‘M’
Horizontal planning module
Mh= 3M (300mm)
The horizontal planning module for structural framework is
based on the functional requirements of the building and the
components to be used for economic design. Hence the
preferred Module for Building design is 3M.
Vertical Planning Module
Mv= 1M (100mm) For buildings it could also be 3M
sometimes.

Tolerances:
•The permissible deviation from a specified value of a structural
dimension, often expressed as a percent or some times as specific
dimension i.e. ‘5 mm rule’ in modular building construction.
• Manufacturing variables make it impossible to produce a part of
exact dimensions; hence the designer must be satisfied with
manufactured parts that are between amaximum size and a minimum
size.
• Tolerance is the difference between maximum and minimum limits
of a basic dimension.
• For instance, in a shaft and hole fit, when the hole is a minimum
size and the shaft is a maximum, the clearance will be the smallest,
and when the hole is the maximum size and the shaft the minimum,
the clearance will be the largest.

Reference System:
The reference system is a system of points, lines and planes to
which the sizes and positions of building components
orassemblies relate.
A reference system should be used during the design stage, and
may also form the basis of the system of lines from which
measurements on site are set out.
MODULAR SPACE-GRID
A modular space-grid is a three-dimensional system of planes
within which a building and its components are located.
The distance between the planes in such a system is equal to the
basic module, or to a multimodule.

Reference System:
MODULAR SPACE-GRID
A modular space-grid is a three-dimensional system of planes
within which a building and its components are located.
The distance between the planes in such a system is equal to the
basic module, or to a multimodule.
BASIC MODULAR GRID
The fundamental modular grid is that in which the spacing of
consecutive parallel lines is equalb to the basic module. 1M x 1M.

Reference System: INTERRUPTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS
OF MODULAR GRID
It may be necessary to interrupt a modular grid (for example, in
order to accommodate dividing elements). The width of the zone
of interrupt ion of the modular grid may be modular or non-
modular (neutral zone) .

Reference System: Terms used in modular planning
1. Modular line
A line of a modular reference system.
3. Modular zone
A zone between modular planes.
5. Planning grid
A reference grid for the plan of a building.
7. Space grid
A three-dimensional network of reference lines.
8. Modular space grid
A space grid in which the distance between consecutive parallel lines is the basic module or a multiple thereof
2. Modular plane
A plane of a modular reference system .
4. Modular size
The size of a modular dimension.
6. Modular grid
A reference grid in which the distance between consecutive parallel lines is the basic module or a multiple
thereof.

Reference System: Controlling Reference system
Controlling plane
A plane in a planning grid by reference to which the theoretical positions of structural, elements are determined.
Controlling zone
A zone between controlling planes, provided for a floor, roof, load bearing wall or column.
Controlling dimension
A dimension between controlling planes, such as floor-to-floor height, distance between axes of columns,
thickness of controlling zone.
Modular floor plane
A horizontal modular plane spreading continuously over the whole of each storey of a building and coinciding
with the upper surface of floor finish.
Floor-to-floor height
The dimension between the upper controlling plane of one floor zone and the upper controlling plane of the
floor zone immediately above.
Floor-to-ceiling height
The dimension between the upper controlling plane of one floor zone and the lower controlling plane of the floor
o r roof zone immediately above

Reference System: Controlling Reference system
Floor-to-roof height
The height between the upper controlling plane of one floor and the upper controlling plane of the roof
immediately above.
Height of roof zone
The dimension between the controlling plane of a ceiling and the upper controlling plane of the
roof immediately above.

Reference System:
Controlling Reference system

The Grid
STRUCTURAL GRID
• used to locate structural components such as beams and columns.
PLANNING GRID
• based on any convenient modular multiple for regulating space requirements such as rooms.
CONTROLLING GRID
• based on any convenient modular multiple for location of internal walls, partitions dc.
BASIC MODULE GRID
• used for detail location of components and fittings.
• All the above grids, being based on a basic module, are contained one within the other and are therefore interrelated.
• These grids can be used in both the horizontal and vertical planes thus forming a three dimensional grid system.
• If a first preference numerical value is given to M dimensional coordination is established.

The Grid

The Grid: The modular grid network defines the space into which dimensionally
coordinated components must fit. An important factor is that the component must
always be undersized to allow for the joint which is sized by the obtainable degree
of tolerance and site assembly.

The Grid:

Planning Approach:
Face/ Boundary Planning
It is used to position components of construction in
relation to the grid.
• It is represented by a pair of parallel lines.
• The component is placed with the faces on the
lines.
• The distance between the sets of parallel lines is
always modular.
• It involves introduction of neutral zones which are
usually non-modular.

Planning Approach:
Combination of Face and Axial Planning
In the planning process, it is easier to begin with the
modular grid and determine the positions of the major
elements using the axial planning.
• The face planning will then be introduced for the
positioning and sizing of various components and also
to design the joints.

Planning Approach:
Vertical Planning

Planning Approach:
Examples

Planning Approach : Positioning of building elements; Floor Slabs
Depth will be in sub-modular increments of 0.5M
(50mm) or0.25M (25mm).
Precast slabs are available in width of 6M.
Length can be varied according to the requirements.
These dimensions fits the structural grid, thus there is
no wastage.
The FLOOR ZONE is the space allocated for the floor
assembly.
It extends from the reference plane of ceiling to that of
finished floor above it.

Planning Approach : Positioning of building elements; Walls
Length is determined by the chosen
planning grid Sub-modular increments of
0.5M and 0.25M are recommended for
thickness of walls.
Allowances must be given for thickness of
finishes to be used.

Planning Approach : Positioning of building elements; Walls

Planning Approach : Positioning of building elements; Staircase
Size of the tread=250mm
On plan, the width of coordinating spaces accommodates the
two flights and possible space in between.
Flight and landing, both the dimensions are modular.

Planning Approach : Positioning of building elements; Staircase
Size of the tread=250mm
In section, the stairs will be located in between the floor coordinating lines.
The dimension of the total width, the length of flight and the width of landing must be in
multiples of 1M and 0.5M.

Planning Approach : Prefered dimension 0f elements; Staircase
Flooring and Roofing Scheme - Precast slabs or other precast structural flooring units:
• Length - Nominal length shall be in multiples of 1 M;
• Width - Nominal width shall be in multiples of 0.5 M; and
• Overall Thickness - Overall thickness shall be in multiples of 0.1M.
Beams
• Overall Depth - Overall depth of the floor zone shall be in multiples of 0.1M.

Planning Approach : Preferred dimension 0f elements; Staircase
Columns
• Height - Height of columns for industrial and other building1 M; &
• Lateral Dimensions - Overall lateral dimension or diameter
of columns shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
Walls
• Thickness - The nominal thickness of walls shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
Staircase
• Width - Nominal width shall be in multiples of 1M.
Lintels
• Depth - Nominal depth shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
Sunshades/Chhajja Projections
• Length - Nominal length shall be in multiples of 1 M.

Modular Coordination
MODULAR COORDINATION requires
considerable effort and discipline and the process
may not be pleasant, atleast initially.
However, in the long term, it is likely to payoff
when the tool is understood and used effectively;
more so if implemented throughout the industry.

Modular Coordination in buildings and construction.pptx

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