This document discusses passive fire protection design and application. It covers key concepts like compartmentation, limits on compartment sizes, separation of fire risk areas, protection of stairs and lobbies, and access for firefighting. The document provides information on code requirements for maximum travel distances, occupant load capacities of exits, exit width calculations, and ventilation of stairs and lobbies according to the UBBL (Uniform Building By-Laws). Diagrams illustrate compartmentation strategies and exit routing considerations.

1. Passive Fire Protection
Design and Application

3. CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY
1 EVACUATION
2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT
3 ACTIVE INTERVENTION
4 ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND RESCUE

4. • 134 – designation of purpose group
• 136 – limits of compartment sizes
• 137 & 138 - compartment floors
• 140 – separation of fire risk areas
• 215 – vertical compartment wall
• 5th
Schedule
UBBL
Compartmentation

5. • 5th
Schedule
Usage / purpose group limits of dimensions
Hotel / III Height > 28m
Floor area : 2000m2
Volume : 5500m3
Office / IV Height > 28m
Floor area : no limit
Volume : no limit
Shops / V Floor area : 2000m2
Volume : 7000m3
Basement Car Park / VIII Floor area : no limit
Volume : 21,000m3
4,000m2
11,000m3
4,000m2
14,000m3
42,000m3
* UBBL Clause 136 : with Automatic Sprinklers : limits shall be x 2

6. 1800m2 / flr
40000m2 / flr
40,000m2 / flr ( 160,000m2 total )
UBBL 137
Compartment
Floors
UBBL 137
Compartment
Floors
UBBL 138(d)
Compartment floor
UBBL 215
Vertical separation

7. Shop compartment limit 4,000m2 14,000m3
Compartment A
Compartment B
No limits if
At least 60% area are shops
Less than 280m2 each
Compartment C

8. Basement compartment volume limit 42,000m2
Compartment A
Compartment B
Compartment C
Separation of vertical ‘shaft’
Compartment D

9. • 165 – measurements of travel distance
• 166 – minimum 2 separate exits
• 167 – storey exits
• 171 – horizontal exit
• 174 – storey exit to lead to final exit
• 7th
Schedule
UBBL
Exits Considerations

10. • 7th
Schedule
Maximum Travel Distance Occupant load capacity of exits
Dead End / w Sprinklers ( e.g Stair )
Hotel 10m / 45m 2 pax / room 45
Office 15m / 60m 10m2 per person 60
(gross)
Shops 15m / 45m street level 3m2 / pax 60
upper level 6m2 / pax 60
Basement 15m / 30m* not specified
* Basement garages limited to 30m even with sprinklers

11. Final exit
Exit route
horizontal exit
storey exit
Travel distance
Travel distanceTravel distance
Final exit

12. • Occupant load :
• Capacity of Exits :
• Exit width required :
• Total exit width required :
• ‘redundancy’ calculation :
UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181
Exit capacity calculation : Hotel
2 pax X 40 rooms = 80 pax / floor (By law
175)
45 per unit (By law 176 ,7th schedule),
80/45 =1.77, say 1.8 (By law 176, 7th schedule)
1.8 X 550mm = 990mm (By law 176, 7th schedule)
round up to 2 full units (By law 177,181)
therefore, 2 X 550mm = 1100mmSay 1 staircase inaccessible,
2-1 = 1, therefore min exit width = 1100mm

13. • Occupant load :
• Capacity of Exits :
• Exit width required :
• Total exit width required :
• ‘redundancy’ calculation :
UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181
Exit capacity calculation : Office
Gross floor area = 1800m2, 10 m2/pax,
therefore 1800/10 = 180 pax/floor
60 per unit (By law 176, 7th schedule),
180/60 = 3 (By law 176, 7th schedule)
3 X 550mm = 1650mm (By law 176,7th Sch
Say 1 staircase inaccessible, 2-
1 = 1, therefore the min exit width = 1650mm

14. • Occupant load :
• Capacity of Exits :
• Exit width required :
• Total exit width required :
• ‘redundancy’ calculation :
UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181
Exit capacity calculation : Shopping Podium
Gross floor area = 40 000 – 4000 (Atrium) = 36
000m2, 6m2 / pax, therefore = 36 000 / 6 = 6000
pax / floor
60 per unit (By law 176, 7th schedule),
6000 / 60 = 100 (By law 176, 7th schedule)
100 X 550mm = 55 000mm (By law 176,7th schedule)
Say 1 staircase inaccessible,
14-1 = 13,
therefore the min exit width = 55 000mm/13 =
4200mm

15. • Occupant load :
• Capacity of Exits :
• Exit width required :
• Total exit width required :
• ‘redundancy’ calculation :
UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181
Exit capacity calculation : Basement carpark
Gross floor area = 40 000, assume 2 pax/car and
40m2/car, therefore 40 000/40 = 1000 car or 2000
pax/floor
Compare 2000 to 6000 (shopping),
factor reduction = 1/3
55 000 / 3 = 18300 mm (By law 176, 7th schedule)
Say 1 staircase inaccessible,
14-1 = 13,
therefore the min exit width = 18 300mm / 13
= 1400mm

16. Final exit
Exit route
horizontal exit
storey exit
Final exit
250 pax
400 pax
200 pax 150 pax
300 pax
250 pax
400 pax
400 pax
400 pax
400 pax
200 pax

17. Exit route to discharge
direct to final exit
Basement
Exit route to discharge
direct to final exit

18. Travel distance
• UBBL 165
• 7th
Schedule
• Dead end
• initial travel distance before a point where an alternative path
becomes available
• Direct distance
• Stipulates that travel distance must be measured along the actual
path of travel
• Open plan
• Where an actual path of travel cannot be determined, the direct
distance can be measured as a straight line direct to the exit.
Permitted travel distance is then reduced to 2/3.

21. • 196, 197 - smoke lobbies, protected
lobbies
• 198, 199, 200, 201 – ventilation of stairs
• 229 – fire fighting lobbies
UBBL
Protection of stairs and lobbies

22. Protection of stairs and lobbies
• Protected Lobby : protected lobby separated
or isolated from fire and smoke infiltration
• Smoke Lobby : a protected lobby primarily to
isolate staircases from smoke infiltration
• ventilated lobby : protected/smoke lobby by
means of natural ventilation from outside
• Fire Fighting Access Lobby : a protected
lobby designed for fire fighting access

24. PROTECTED / PRESSURISED

26. > 45o
Room < 6 pax

27. UBBL 229

29. 60m

30. UBBL Clause 140
Volume of building > 112,000m3 hence, island site
Hydrants to be located at max. 90m intervals

31. Thank you
Thank you
Thank you