3. The rate
at which words are spoken,
the tone of voice used, and
its pitch and volume
can all convey meaning, as
can the way speakers are
dressed, their gestures,
eye contact and body
movements.
4. Six different ways in which non-verbal behaviour can
be related to verbal behaviour.
The non-verbal signal simply repeats what was
said verbally.
Repeating:
Non-verbal behaviour can elaborate or
modify a verbal message.
Complementing:
Non-verbal behaviours such as a nod of
the head or a gesture of the hand may be
used to emphasise or accent part of the
spoken message.
Accenting:
Non-verbal behaviour substitutes for the
verbal message. ( Asking )
Substituting:
Non-verbal behaviour contradicts verbal
behaviour;
Contradicting:
Non-verbal behaviours may also be used
to regulate the communicative flow
between people.
Regulating:
6. DePaulo (1992)
“people can decide to stay silent and say
nothing but they cannot ‘not act’ non-
verbally.”
The observation of body language is an important
element in effective listening because it can provide us
with many useful clues to what the speaker is really
feeling.
8. Determining meaning
maintains that non-verbal signals can have multiple meanings
and multiple uses.
Knapp (1978)
Non-verbal signals have little or no meaning in themselves: they
acquire meaning in particular contexts. That the significance of
touching another person will vary depending
Argyle (1975)
Discrimination, the recognition of a non-verbal element that has
potential message value and Pattern recognition, the process
whereby discriminated elements are sorted into meaningful
patterns.
Eisenberg and Smith (1971)
when interpreting the meaning of non verbal signals we need to
give attention to the relational nature of behaviours and the
perceived function of the exchange.
Patterson (1988, 1995)
draw attention to how the physical and social setting
can affect how people will behave.
Rozelle et al. (1997)
9. How can
we tell?
We often pay a lot of
attention to other people’s
faces because they are a
rich source of both
emotional expressions and
interaction signals.
The face
In an attempt to determine how
accurately emotions can be
recognised from facial expressions
Ekman
10. Gaze
Looking behaviour can provide a lot of information about
the nature of relationships.
1
Argyle (1975) reports that we tend to look most at those
whom we like. Mehrabian (1972) found that when two
subjects were interviewed it was the ones who were
looked at most who inferred that they were preferred.
2
Less eye contact can also signal that people are ashamed
or embarrassed about something, or that they are too sad
or preoccupied to engage theother in conversation.
3
Status, Hostility, and Aggression could affect gaze.
Looking behaviour can signal a desire to influence and to
cooperate.
4
Looking behaviour can signal
a desire to communicate.
11. Gestures
It is possible to distinguish between
gestures that are intended to
communicate something and those that
signal private reactions to what is going
on.
SOCIAL MEDIA
12. Intentional gestures
2
1
3
Illustrators
Regulators
Emblems
Ekman and Friesen (1969) offer three categories of
gestures that are intentionally used to communicate a
message to others.
gestures that have a specific
verbal translation and are used
as a substitute for words.
non-verbal acts that are directly
tied to speech. They are
used to repeat, complement or
accent the verbal content of the
message.
defined as those non-verbal acts
that maintain and regulate an
interaction. They tend to be
associated with greetings,
turntaking and partings, and
include gestures.
13. Unintentional gestures
01
Modern PowerPoint
Presentation
02
Modern
Presentation
03
Modern
Presentation
04
Modern
ppt
05
Modern
suggests that the most common form of
self-touching is self-intimacy:
movements which provide self-comfort
because they are unconsciously mimed
acts of being touched by somebody
else.
02
Touching others. Bodily contact
and touching behaviour is the
most basic way in which people
express such interpersonal
attitudes as aggression and
affiliation.
04
Touching objects. Unintentional
gestures that serve the function of
relieving tension can also involve the
touching of objects other than self.
03
These are gestures that can provide others with a
rich source of information about what a person is
really thinking and feeling.
01
Many factors influence
the meaning of touching
behaviour, Context can
be important.
05
14. A number of factors influence the posture
a person will adopt. They include context,
culture and attitudes towards others.
It has been found that when people
are presented with drawings of
stick figures they tend to attribute
similar meanings to different
postures
Posture
15. The use of furniture
How Social Media
Influences Purchase
Decisions
1. The use of Furniture can have an important
effect on the flow of communication.
2. The way people arrange or use the furniture
in their office or home can provide valuable
clues to how they are feeling.
3. Furniture may be used to key the climate for
an interaction.
16. Spatial behaviour
At this distance people can
touch each other, but they are
sufficiently far apart to see
better and not smell the other’s
breath.
Personal: 18 inches to 4 feet.
This is the distance associated
with public figures and public
occasions.
Public: 12 feet and above.
This is the distance at which
important relationships are
conducted,
Social-consultative: 9 to 12 feet.
At this distance bodily contact is
easy. Each person can smell the
other and feel their body heat.
Intimate: up to 18 inches.
Experiments have shown that when a person’s personal
space is invaded, measures of emotional arousal, such as
skin resistance, increase.
17. Appearance
Social Media Statistics And Trends
Appearance can also convey
messages about one person’s
attitude towards
others.
A person’s appearance can
provide the listener or observer
with messages about personality,
status and interpersonal
attitudes.
Appearance is included here as
an important element of non
verbal communication because
it is something that can be
manipulated.
18. Vocal cues
Vocal cues are also used
by people to make a
judgement about another’s
personality.
The rate at which words are spoken,
the tone of voice used and its pitch
and volume can convey meaning.
The audible inspiration of breath, changes in
volume, changes in the frequency and duration of
silences and interrupting are just some of the many
vocal cues that can be used to regulate turn-taking
in conversations.
19. Deciphering contradictory signals
Seven Elements
Leg and foot
signals.
Unidentified gesticulations. People tend
to be more aware of hands – their own and
others – than they are of feet.
Autonomic signals. These include
sweating, skin colour, respiratory
patterns,
Trunk signals. Posture can reflect the
general muscular tonus of the whole
body
Identified
hand gestures.
Facial
expressions.
Verbalisations. people are able to exercise
most control over the verbal messages they
give out.
Morris (1977) has proposed a
‘Believability Scale’ for
different kinds of action. The
seven elements in his scale
are:
Which attending to non-verbal
behaviour can contribute to
effective listening.
