Blood types and tissue/organ transplantation were discussed. There are four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O - determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. Transfusing incompatible blood can cause agglutination and hemolysis. The Rh system involves D antigens that can sensitize mothers, risking hemolytic disease in subsequent Rh-positive babies. Tissue and organ transplantation requires matching donors and recipients to reduce immune rejection. Immunosuppressants are used but autografts and isografts have least risk of rejection compared to allografts and xenografts.

1. Blood Types,Blood Types,
Transfusion,Transfusion,
Tissue & OrganTissue & Organ
TransplantationTransplantation
Presented by:
Syed Kashif Shahid
Fellow in Physiology,
GC University, Faisalabad

2. Content:
A- Blood Types
B- Transfusion Reactions
C- Tissue & Organ Transplantation

3. • A-B-O Blood Type
History & Rule
A & B Antigens (Agglutinogens)
Agglutinins
Agglutination Process in Transfusion Reaction
Blood Typing
• Rh Blood Type
Rh Immune Response
• Bombay Blood Type
A-BLOOD TYPES

4. A-B-O Blood Type

5. History:
•Karl Landsteiner:
Discovered the ABO Blood Group System in 1901
Rule:
A-B-O Blood Type

6. A & B Antigens (Agglutinogens)
•Two Antigens- Type-A & Type-B occur on the surfaces
of the RBCs in Humans.
•Agglutinogens play significant role in Blood Transfusion
Reactions.
•Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific
sugar(s) to be added to the surfaces of the RBCs.
A-B-O Blood Type

7. Genetic Determination of the Agglutinogens
•ABO Blood Group genetic locus has Three Alleles
as IA
, IB
& IO
determine the Blood Group (while I
stands for Immunoglobulin).
•Type O allele is functionless & recessive while
Type A & B alleles do cause strong Agglutinogens
on the Cell.
A-B-O Blood Type

8. ABO
Group
Antigen Present Antibody Present
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
O None Anti-A & B
AB A & B None
A-B-O Blood Type
Agglutinins

9. Agglutination Process in Transfusion Reaction
Ig G: 02 Binding Sites
Ig M: 10 Binding Sites
Acute Hemolysis in some Transfusion Reactions
• Complement System=Proteolytic Enzymes (the Lytic Complex)
A-B-O Blood Type

10. Blood Typing / Blood Matching
• Cross Matching of Donor & Recipient
• Antigen Antibody Reaction
A-B-O Blood Type

11. A-B-O Blood Type

12. Blood Donor / Recipient

13. Rh Blood Type

14. Rh Blood Type
Rh Antigens (Rh +ve & Rh -ve)
Common Types (Rh Factors)
C c
D d
E e
If have C, D & E antigen present then c, d & e antigen absent
If have C, D & E antigen missing than c, d & e antigen present
D type is 85% antigenic & containing Rh Positive

15.  Rh Immune Response
Formation of Anti-Rh Agglutinins
• Anti Rh Agglutinins Develop Slowly (2-4 Months)
• Rh Neg-ve Strongly “Sensitized”
Characters of Rh Transfusion Reaction
• Neg-ve – Pos+ve Delayed Transfusion Reaction (2-4
Weeks)
• Neg-ve – Pos+ve Severe Transfusion Reaction
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Rh Blood Type

16.  Erythroblastosis Fetalis:
 Incidence of the Disease (1-No, 2-3%, 3-10% etc)
 Effects of the Mothers’ Antibodies on the Fetus
 (Diffuse from Mother to Fetus via Placenta-Jaundice)
 Clinical Picture
 Anemic, RBCs Destruction (1-2 M), Erythroblasts, Kernicterus
 Treatment of Neonates
 Blood Replacement-Repeated, Reduce Bilirubin Level, Prevent
Kernicterus
 Prevention (D Antigen, 1970, Rh Immunoglobulin globin Anti-D Antibody 28-30 Week of
Gestation)
Rh Blood Type

17. Rh Blood Type
Erythroblastosis Fetalis:

18. Bombay Blood Type

19. Blood Donor / Recipient

20. B. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
 400 ml Blood Hemolyzed in a Day
 Acute Kidney Failure after Transfusion Reaction

21. Autografts (Tissue / Organ to Same Person)
Isografts (Tissue / Organ to Identical Twin- to Other Twin)
Allografts ( Tissue / Organ from one person to other-Same)
Xenografts (Tissue / Organ from Animal to
Human)
Transplantation of Cellular Tissues
Attempt to Overcome Immune Reactions in Transplanted
Tissue - Tissue Typing
(The Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex of Antigens)
Prevention of Graft Rejection by Suppressing the Immune
C. TISSUE & ORGAN
TRANSPLANTATION

22. Tissue / Organ Donation

23. Tissue / Organ Donation

24. Substitute of Blood