The document discusses the Coombs test, which involves using Coombs serum (anti-human globulin) to detect sensitization of red blood cells. It describes the principles and procedures for both the direct and indirect Coombs test. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies or complement attached to red blood cells in vivo, while the indirect test detects circulating antibodies in the blood. The procedures involve washing red blood cells, adding serum or plasma containing antibodies, and then adding Coombs serum to cause agglutination if sensitization is present. The tests are used to detect hemolytic disease of the newborn, transfusion reactions, drug sensitization, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
This presentation aims to help medicine undergraduates and post graduates in the department of Pathology and Department of transfusion medicine for better understanding of various blood grouping systems, sub groups, RBC antigens and corresponding antibodies. It also covers the practical aspect of blood grouping and cross matching.
coombs test, introduction with principle and whole laboratory procedure, also u will read about ,how to perform direct and indirect coombs test? and how to report them?
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
This presentation aims to help medicine undergraduates and post graduates in the department of Pathology and Department of transfusion medicine for better understanding of various blood grouping systems, sub groups, RBC antigens and corresponding antibodies. It also covers the practical aspect of blood grouping and cross matching.
coombs test, introduction with principle and whole laboratory procedure, also u will read about ,how to perform direct and indirect coombs test? and how to report them?
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. The Antiglobulin Test
• Antiglobulin serum (Coombs’Serum) was
discovered by Coombs etal in 1945.
• The antiglobulin test can be used to detect red
cells sensitized with IgG alloantibodies, IgG
autoantibodies or complement components.
• Sensitization of red cells can occur in vivo or
vitro. The use of AHG serum to detect
sensitization of red cells in vitro is a two stage
technique known as indirect antiglobulin test
(IAT). The sensitization of red cells in vivo is
detected by one stage technique the direct
antiglobulin test (DAT).
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
2
3. Principle of Antiglobulin Test
• The incomplete antibodies (IgG) attach
to red cell membrane by the Fab
portion of the immunoglobulin molecule
(IgG).
• The IgG molecules attached to the red
cells are unable to bridge the gap
between sensitized red cells which are
separated from each other by the
negative charge on their surface and
the sensitized red cells do not
agglutinate.
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
3
4. What is Coombs’ Serum
• Serum from a rabbit or
other animal previously
immunized with purified
human globulin to
prepare antibodies
directed against IgG and
complement, used in the
direct and indirect
Coombs' tests. Also
called antihuman
globulin.
4
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
6. Adding of Antiglobulin serum
completes the reaction
• When AHG serum is
added to the washed
sensitized cells, the
Fab portion of the AHG
molecule (anti-IgG)
reacts with the Fc
portions of two
adjacent IgG
molecules attached to
red cells thereby
bridge the gap
between sensitized red
cells and cause
agglutination
6
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
9. How and Why to prepare for
the test
• No special preparation is necessary.
• Infants or young children:
• The preparation you can provide for this test depends on
your child's age, previous experiences, and level of trust.
• Why the test is performed
• The indirect Coombs' test detects circulating
antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs). The
major use of this test is to determine if the
patient has antibodies in the blood capable of
attaching to RBCs. These antibodies are other
than the major ABO system or the Rh type.
9
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
10. Indirect Coombstest (Indirect Antiglobulintest):
• This test is performed to detect presence of Rh-
antibodies or other antibodies in patients serum in
case of the following:
1. To check whether an Rh-negative women (married
to Rh-positive husband) has developed Anti Rh-
antibodies
2. Anti D may be produced in the blood of any Rh-
negative person by exposure to D antigen by-
• Transfusion of Rh positive blood
• Pregnancy, if infant is Rh positive (if father
is Rh-positive)
• Abortion of Rh-positive fetus.
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
10
13. Performing the test ……
Requirements:
• Test tubes: (10x75 mm)
• Pasteur pipettes
• Incubator
• Centrifuge
Specimen: Serum (need not be fasting)
Reagents:
1. Antihuman serum
2. Anti-D serum
Additional Requirements:
• Coombs control cells
A. Make a pooled ‘O’ Rho (D) positive cells from at least three different
‘O’ positive blood samples.
B. Wash these cells three times in normal saline (these cells should be
completely free from serum with no free antibodies).
13
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
14. Procedure:
Procedure:
1. Label three test tubes as ‘T” (test serum) PC (Positive
control) and NC (negative control).
2. In the tube labelled as ‘T’, add two drops of Anti-D
serum
3. In the tube ‘PC’ add one drop of saline
4. Add one drop of 5 % saline suspension of the pooled
‘O’ Rho (D) positive cells in each tube.
5. Incubate all the three tubes for one hour at 37°C 14
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
15. Procedure: (cont.)
Procedure: (cont.)
• Wash the cells three times in normal saline to remove
excess serum with no free antibodies, (in the case of
inadequate washings of the red cells, negative results
may be obtained).
• Add two drops of Coombs serum (anti human serum)
to each tube. Keep for 5 minutes and then centrifuge
at 1,500 RPM for one minute.
• Resuspend the cells and examine macroscopically as
well as microscopically
15
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
16. Observations Conclusions
1 Positive
Control
(PC)
(A) Agglutination
(B) No Agglutination
Correctly
performed test
procedure.
Coombs serum
may not be
proper.
Repeat the test
again.
2 Negative
control
(NC)
It should show no agglutination, since
saline does not contain Anti-D or any other
antibodies.
3 Test (Serum)
(T)
(A) Agglutination
(and if PC results are
correct)
Patients serum
contains Anti-
D.
Test Interpretation:
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
16
18. DirectCoombs test (direct antiglobulin test):
• This test is performed to detect anti-D antibody or
other antibodies attached to the red cell surface
within the blood stream.
• This occurs in the following circumstances:
• When there is a Rh-positive baby in the womb of a sensitized Rh-
negative women; the antibodies produced in the mothers serum cross
the placenta and after entering the baby's blood stream, these
antibodies will attach to the baby's Rh-positive red blood cells. These
coated (or sensitized) cells are clumped and removed from the
circulation, causing hemolytic anemia (Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn: Erythroblastosis Fetalis). When the baby is born, the baby's
blood is collected (or cord blood is collected from umbilical cord) and
tested by the anti globulin Coombs test (direct) to detect anti D
antibodies coated on red blood cells.
• Transfusion reactions
• Drug induced red cells sensitization
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
18
20. Direct antiglobulin test
(DAT)
• The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) detects
sensitized red cells with IgG and/or
complement components C3b and C3d in
vivo.
• In vivo coating of red cells with IgG and/or
complement may occur in any immune
mechanism is attacking the patient's own RBC's.
• This mechanism could be autoimmunity,
alloimmunity or a drug-induced immune-
mediated mechanism.
21. Requirements: (same as that for
Indirect Coombs test)
Requirements: (same as that for Indirect Coombs test)
• Test tubes: (10x75 mm)
• Pasteur pipettes
• Incubator
• Centrifuge
Specimen: Blood drawn into EDTA is preferred but
oxalated, or clotted, citrated whole blood may be
used (specimen need not be fasting sample)
21
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
22. Procedure
1. Prepare a 5 % suspension in isotonic saline of
the red blood cells to be tested.
2. With clean Pasture pipette add one drop of the
prepared cell suspension to a small tube.
3. Wash three times with normal saline to
remove all the traces of serum.
4. Decant completely after the last washing
5. Add two drops of Antihuman serum.
6. Mix well and centrifuge for one minute at 1500
RPM.
7. Resuspend the cells by gentle agitation and
examine macroscopically and microscopically
for agglutination.
22
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
24. False positive results:
DAT and IAT
• In specimens containing potent cold-reactive antibodies
agglutination may occur before adding the AHG reagent.
• Dirty glassware may cause clumping of cells.
• Over centrifugation
• DAT ( Direct Agglutination Test )
• A positive DAT from a clotted sample should be repeated
on an EDTA sample
• Samples collected from infusion lines may have
complement present on the cells.
• IAT Cells with a positive DAT will give a positive
result in any indirect antiglobulin procedure.
25. Coombs Test in Blood Banks
• The test is only rarely
used to diagnose a
medical condition, but is
essential for use by
laboratories such as
blood banks. Blood
banks use the indirect
Coombs' test to
determine whether
there is likely to be an
adverse reaction to
blood to be transfused. 25
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD
26. • Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for
Medical, Paramedical Students in the
Developing World
•Email
•doctortvrao@gmail.com
26
Dr.T.V.Rao
MD