The document summarizes a case study of a two-storey reinforced concrete bungalow located in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Measurements were taken of the existing structure and 3D models were produced. The bungalow was extended on the sides and back. The structural system uses columns and beams, with identified structural elements including pads, beams, slabs, and stiffeners. An appraisal of the structural system is presented.

1.
SCHOOL
OF
ARCHITECTURE,
BUILDING
&
DESIGN
Centre
for
Modern
Architecture
Studies
in
Southeast
Asia
(MASSA)
Bachelor
of
Science
(Honours)
(Architecture)
BUILDING
STRUCTURES
[ARC
2522/
2523]
Project
2
-­‐
Extension
of
a
R.
C.
bungalow
LING
TECK
ONG
0303127
CHUNG
KA
SENG
0316922
POH
WEI
KEAT
0303646
LEE
YIANG
SIANG
0302966
CELINE
TAN
JEAN
INN
0303669
WONG
SOON
FOOK
0302953
WONG
KIEN
HOU
0312104
WONG
JIA
XIN
1101G13277
Tutor:
Mr.
Mohd
Adib
Ramli

2. Table
of
Content
1.0
Introduction
of
the
case
study
2.0
Measured
Drawings
3.0
3D
Model
3.1
Perspective
views
3.2
Structural
layout
4.0
Case
study:
Appraisal
of
structural
system
4.1
Structural
element
4.2
Structural
system
of
case
study
4.3
Indication
on
plans
4.4
Distribution
in
the
structure
5.0
Conclusion
6.0
References

3.
1.0
Introduction
In
this
project,
we
are
introduced
to
structural
theory,
force
calculation
and
basic
structural
proposal.
This
project
will
allow
us
to
understand
the
building
structure.
Our
case
study
is
a
two
storey
bungalow
house.
It
is
located
at
No.
4,
Jalan
SS1/
34,
Seksyen
26,
Petaling
Jaya,
46300
Sea
Park,
Selangor.
This
bungalow
has
quite
a
large
garden
area
at
the
side.
Observations
of
the
structure
of
the
bungalow
were
made
and
recorded.
We
are
able
to
identify
the
columns
and
beams
from
our
site
visit.
The
bungalow
has
5
bedrooms.
An
extension
has
been
made
to
the
bungalow.
The
side
is
extended
by
2
terraces
on
the
ground
floor
while
the
back
is
extended
by
adding
a
space
for
utility
and
wet
kitchen.
Our
case
study
is
using
column
and
beam
structural
system
and
the
orthographic
drawing
of
the
bungalow
is
provided
in
order
to
help
our
understanding
of
the
building
structure.

4. Figure
1:
Front
facade
of
bungalow
Figure
2:
Extended
area
-­‐
2
terraces
Figure
3:
Extended
area
-­‐
wet
kitchen
and
utility
room

5.
Figure
4:
Land
area
available
for
extension
Figure
5:
Existing
column
located
in
the
Figure
6:
Existing
column
located
in
the
living
room
still
in
use
after
dry
kitchen
still
in
use
after
extension
extension

6. 2.0
Measured
Drawings
WETKITCHEN
ULTILITY
DININGROOM
DRYKITCHENROOM
LIVINGROOMTERRACE
TERRACE
ENTRANCE
ROOM
A
B
C
D
E
12341234
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
FIRST
FLOOR
PLAN
GROUND
FLOOR
PLAN

7.
EXISTINGTERRACE
ULTILITY
ROOM
FIRSTFLOORPLAN
ENTRANCE
B
C
GROUNDFLOORPLAN
F
12
D
E
F
12
EXISTING
LIVINGROOM
EXISTING
DININGROOM
EXISTINGDRY
KITCHEN
EXISTINGWET
KITCHEN
B
C
D
E
43
543
EXISTING
MASTER
BEDROOM
EXISTING
BEDROOM1
EXISTING
BEDROOM2EXISTING
ROOM
EXISTING
BATH1
EXISTING
BATH2
A
14
2
3785
2509
A
23
134
3398
2562
3707
321030845733
3785
EXISTINGTERRACE
C1150x300
37073398
exteriorbeam
150x610
150mmthk
floorslab
interiorbeam
150x450
STIFFENER
150x150
PADFOOTING
1200x1200
5
2498
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKEDUCATIONALPRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

8. 3.0
3D
Model
3.1
Perspective
Views
Figure
7:
front
perspective
view
Figure
8:
right
perspective
view

9.
Figure
9:
left
perspective
view
Figure
10:
right
perspective
view

10.
Figure
11:
bird
eye
view

11. 3.2
Structural
Layout

12.
4.0
Case
study:
Appraisal
of
structural
system
4.1
Structural
element
The
studied
bungalow
is
identified
to
be
using
shallow
foundation
and
pad
footing
is
used.
Figure
7:
section
of
pad
footing
-­‐
most
economical
shallow
foundation
types
but
are
more
susceptible
to
differential
settlement.
-­‐
usually
support
single
concentrated
loads,
such
as
those
imposed
by
columns.
-­‐
isolated
or
independent
slab
of
concrete
foundation
to
support
concrete
columns
or
steel
pillars,
detached
brick
or
masonry
piers.
-­‐
the
pier
or
column
bearing
on
the
centre
point
of
the
slab.
-­‐
the
thickness
is
govern
by
the
same
consideration
as
for
strip
footing
and
is
made
not
less
than
the
projection
of
the
slab
beyond
the
face
of
the
column
or
pier,
or
the
edge
of
the
base
plate
of
a
steel
stanchion.
-­‐
in
whatever
circumstances
the
thickness
should
be
less
than
150mm
thick,
and
should

13.
the
base
become
very
"wide
and
thicker",
the
reduction
in
thickness
can
be
effected
by
introducing
reinforcement
to
the
slab.
Figure
8:
pad
footing
showing
grade
beam
Shallow
Foundations
Shallow
foundation
systems
can
be
classified
as
spread
footings,
wall
and
continuous
(strip)
footings,
and
mat
(raft)
foundations.
Variations
are
combined
footings,
cantilevered
(strapped)
footings,
two-­‐way
strip
(grid)
footings,
and
discontinuous
(punched)
mat
foundations.
Grade
beam
A
grade
beam
or
grade
beam
footing
is
a
component
of
a
building's
foundation.
It
consists
of
a
reinforced
concrete
beam
that
transmits
the
load
from
a
bearing
wall
into
spaced
foundations
such
as
pile
caps
or
caissons.
It
is
used
in
conditions
where
the
surface
soil’s
load-­‐bearing
capacity
is
less
than
the
anticipated
design
loads.
Combined
footings
(Fig.
8)
are
used
where
the
bearing
areas
of
closely
spaced
columns
overlap.

14. Figure
8:
combined
footing
Figure
8:
cantilever
footing
Figure
9:
continuous
footings
for
(a)
a
wall,
(b)
several
columns
Cantilever
footings
(Fig.
9)
are
designed
to
accommodate
eccentric
loads.
Continuous
wall
and
strip
footings
(Fig.
9)
can
be
designed
to
redistribute
bearing-­‐stress
concentrations
and
associated
differential
settlements
in
the
event
of
variable
bearing
conditions
or
localized
ground
loss
beneath
footings.

15.
Figure
10:
reinforced
concrete
building
elements
To
distribute
the
load
of
the
foundation
on
the
soil,
spread
footings
are
installed
below
the
building's
foundation.
This
type
of
footing
is
continous
below
the
perimeter
of
the
house
walls
and
may
be
thickened
or
widened
at
the
points
where
concentrated
loads
are
applied
e.g.
columns.
These
components
are
constructed
from
concrete
and
are
often
reinforced
with
rebar
or
steel
to
add
additional
support.
Depending
on
the
size
and
configuration
of
the
building,
the
footers
can
be
buried
just
below
ground
level
or
several
feet
below
the
surface.
In
cold
climates,
they
are
always
placed
below
the
frost
line
to
minimize
problems
with
concrete
heaving
that
occurs
during
freeze/thaw
cycles.
This
type
of
footer
design
is
highly
beneficial
to
builders
and
homeowners.
Since
they
transfer
the
weight
of
the
building
over
a
large
area,
they
have
little
risk
of
failure.

16.
Reinforced
Concrete
Column
A
reinforced
concrete
column
is
a
structural
members
designed
to
carry
compressive
loads,
composed
of
concrete
with
an
embedded
steel
frame
to
provide
reinforcement.
For
design
purposes,
the
columns
are
separated
into
two
categories:
short
columns
and
slender
columns.
Short
Column
A
short
column
is
a
structural
member
whose
relatively
short
length
virtually
ensures
it
will
fail
in
compression
if
it
is
evenly
loaded
along
its
axis.
Columns
can
be
classified
as
short,
intermediate,
or
long,
depending
on
their
lengths,
their
material
properties,
and
the
lengths
of
other
columns
in
the
same
structure.
A
short
column
differs
from
a
medium
or
long
column,
each
of
which
can
fail
by
bending
when
evenly
loaded
along
the
axis.
Slender
Column
A
slender
column
is
one
whose
length
is
large
in
comparison
to
its
cross-­‐sectional
dimensions
and,
when
loaded
to
its
extreme,
fails
by
buckling
(abruptly
bending)
out
of
its
straight-­‐line
shape
and
suddenly
collapsing
before
reaching
the
compressive
strength
of
its
material.
This
is
called
a
condition
of
instability.
An
intermediate
column
falls
between
the
classifications
of
short
and
slender.
When
loaded
to
its
extreme,
the
intermediate
column
falls
by
a
combination
of
compression
and
instability.

17.
Reinforced
Concrete
Beam
A
beam
bends
under
bending
moment,
resulting
in
a
small
curvature.
At
the
outer
face
(tensile
face)
of
the
curvature
the
concrete
experiences
tensile
stress,
while
at
the
inner
face
(compressive
face)
it
experiences
compressive
stress.
Singly
Reinforced
Beam
A
singly
reinforced
beam
is
one
in
which
the
concrete
element
is
only
reinforced
near
the
tensile
face
and
the
reinforcement,
called
tension
steel,
is
designed
to
resist
the
tension.
Doubly
Reinforced
Beam
A
doubly
reinforced
beam
is
one
in
which
besides
the
tensile
reinforcement
the
concrete
element
is
also
reinforced
near
the
compressive
face
to
help
the
concrete
resist
compression.
The
latter
reinforcement
is
called
compression
steel.
When
the
compression
zone
of
a
concrete
is
inadequate
to
resist
the
compressive
moment
(positive
moment),
extra
reinforcement
has
to
be
provided
if
the
architect
limits
the
dimensions
of
the
section.
Under-­‐Reinforced
Beam
An
under-­‐reinforced
beam
is
one
in
which
the
tension
capacity
of
the
tensile
reinforcement
is
smaller
than
the
combined
compression
capacity
of
the
concrete
and
the
compression
steel
(under-­‐reinforced
at
tensile
face).
When
the
reinforced
concrete
element
is
subject
to
increasing
bending
moment,
the
tension
steel
yields
while
the
concrete
does
not
reach
its
ultimate
failure
condition.
As
the
tension
steel
yields
and
stretches,
an
"under-­‐reinforced"
concrete
also
yields
in
a
ductile
manner,
exhibiting
a
large
deformation
and
warning
before
its
ultimate
failure.
In
this
case
the
yield
stress
of
the
steel
governs
the
design.

18.
Over-­‐Reinforced
Beam
An
over-­‐reinforced
beam
is
one
in
which
the
tension
capacity
of
the
tension
steel
is
greater
than
the
combined
compression
capacity
of
the
concrete
and
the
compression
steel
(over-­‐reinforced
at
tensile
face).
So
the
"over-­‐reinforced
concrete"
beam
fails
by
crushing
of
the
compressive-­‐zone
concrete
and
before
the
tension
zone
steel
yields,
which
does
not
provide
any
warning
before
failure
as
the
failure
is
instantaneous.
Balanced-­‐Reinforced
Beam
A
balanced-­‐reinforced
beam
is
one
in
which
both
the
compressive
and
tensile
zones
reach
yielding
at
the
same
imposed
load
on
the
beam,
and
the
concrete
will
crush
and
the
tensile
steel
will
yield
at
the
same
time.
This
design
criterion
is
however
as
risky
as
over-­‐reinforced
concrete,
because
failure
is
sudden
as
the
concrete
crushes
at
the
same
time
of
the
tensile
steel
yields,
which
gives
a
very
little
warning
of
distress
in
tension
failure.

19.
4.2
Structural
System
of
Case
Study
Moment
Resisting
Frames
Moment-­‐resisting
frames
are
rectilinear
assemblages
of
beams
and
columns,
with
the
beams
rigidly
connected
to
the
columns.
It
is
use
to
resist
lateral
forces
by
the
development
of
bending
moment
and
shear
force
in
the
frame
members
and
joints.
By
virtue
of
the
rigid
beam-­‐column
connections,
a
moment
frame
cannot
displace
laterally
without
bending
the
beams
or
columns
depending
on
the
geometry
of
the
connection.
Flexural
yielding
of
beams
and
columns
and
shear
yielding
of
column
panel
zones
are
the
primary
source
of
lateral
stiffness
and
strength
for
the
entire
frame.
Beam
column
joints
in
a
reinforced
concrete
moment
resisting
frame
are
crucial
zones
for
transfer
of
loads
effectively
between
the
connecting
in
the
structure.
Types
of
joints
in
frames
The
joint
defined
as
the
portion
of
the
column
within
the
depth
of
the
deepest
beam
that
frames
into
the
column.
There
are
3
types
of
joints
in
a
moment
resisting
frame:
1. Interior
joint-­‐
when
4
beams
frame
into
the
vertical
faces
of
a
column.
2. Exterior
joint-­‐
when
1
beam
frames
into
vertical
face
of
the
column
and
2
other
beams
frame
from
perpendicular
directions
into
the
joint.

20. 3. Corner
joint-­‐
when
a
beam
each
frames
into
two
adjacent
vertical
faces
of
a
column.
Column
and
Beams
Structural
Systems
Foundation
utilize
a
combination
of
bearing
walls,
columns
and
piers
to
transmit
building
loads
directly
to
earth.
These
structural
elements
can
form
various
types
of
substructures.
This
diagram
shows
the
components
of
the
building
structure
highlighting
on
the
columns
and
beams.
Timber
flooring
were
applied
on
the
first
floor
with
a
layer
of
slab.
The
Concrete
slabs-­‐on-­‐grade
supported
directly
by
the
earth
at
the
bottom
and
thickened
to
carry
wall
and
column
loads
which
is
economical
for
one
and
two
storey
building
in
climate
where
no
ground
frost
occur.
beam
column
timber
flooring
concrete
slab

21.
Floor
Systems
One
Way
Slab
Two
Way
Slab
A
rectangular
reinforced
concrete
slab
which
sp
ans
a
distance
very
much
greater
in
one
direction
than
the
other;
under
these
conditions
,
most
of
the
load
is
carried
on
the
shorter
span.
A
rectangular,
reinforced
concrete
slab
having
a
span
on
the
long
side
that
is
less
than
twice
the
span
on
the
short
side
and
transfer
their
loads
to
all
the
four
support
walls.

22. 4.3
Indication
of
plans

23.
Indication
of
columns
and
beams
in
structural
plans

24. 4.4
Distribution
in
the
Structure
To
determine
whether
a
slab
is
one
way
or
two
way
slab,
divide
the
longer
span
of
the
panel
(L)
by
the
shorter
span
panel
(B).
If
L/B
is
greater
than
or
equal
to
2,
it
is
a
one
way
slab.
If
L/B
is
lesser
than
2,
it
is
a
two
way
slab.
Figure
of
a
one
way
slab
load
distribution.
It
is
supported
by
beams
in
only
2
sides.
Figure
of
a
two
way
slab
load
distribution.
It
is
supported
by
beams
in
all
4
sides.

27. 5.0
Conclusion
To
conclude
our
group
project,
we
have
gained
knowledge
which
involves
structural
theory
and
basic
structural
proposal.
As
going
through
structural
appraisal
by
identifying
the
structural
members,
we
have
learnt
of
basic
structure
layout
drawing
for
architectural
drawings
as
well
as
considerations
on
beam
and
column
sizing
that
will
affect
the
integrity
of
a
structure.
Appraisal
of
structural
system
is
done
in
ways
such
as
using
assisting
tools,
thorough
research
of
ways
and
thanks
to
our
lecturer
who
has
given
out
great
hand
on
producing
the
final
products.
The
report
produced
gave
us
an
insight
from
structural
member
comprising
of
reinforced
concrete
material
throughout
the
whole
building
started
from
the
roof
beam
above
throughout
the
basic
skeletal
structure
that
in
the
end
transfer
the
load
to
ground
beam.
They
are
connected
through
joint
and
the
coordination
of
structural
members
allow
the
load
to
be
transfer
uniformly
and
effectively.
Difference
from
main
supporting
structural
system
such
as
column
to
minor
structural
stiffener
is
identified
as
well
in
this
project.
Last
but
not
least,
we
would
like
to
thank
Mr.
Mohd
Adib
Ramli
for
his
guidance
throughout
this
project.

28. 6.0
References
1. "Column
-­‐
Definition
and
More
from
the
Free
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