Building Technology I : Project 2 : Construction Solutions

1. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I (BLD61403)
PROJECT 2 : CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS
KOH JING FAN
0330792
TUTOR : MR. MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

2. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 Introduction
1.1 The Site - Old Town Kajang
1.2 Studio Design Project
02 Precedent Study & Analysis
2.1 Structural System - Steel Frame System
2.2 Floor System - Composite Floor System
2.3 Roof System - Metal Deck Roof With mineral wool
2.4 Facade System 1 - Double Skin Facade System
2.5 Facade System 2 - Perforated Concrete Block Facade
03 Facade Design Scheme
04 Sectional Perspectives
4.1 Ground Floor Lobby
4.2 Second Floor Theatre
05 References

3. 01 INTRODUCTION
Location : Kajang Old Town, Malaysia
Along Jalan Tukang
Plot Size : 573.1m2
1.1 The Site - Kajang
Kajang Old Town
Site Plan (nts)
The Site :
The site is a combination of several shop lots along Jalan Tukang. It sits right next to a pocket green public space connecting to a narrow walkway towards the back lane. Along Jalan Tukang, there is a mixture
from traditional shophouses to modernised 5 storey buildings. The odd contradiction in architecture style is the effect from the layering of different cultures and development through the years.
The site is lack of positive public spaces causing visitors to only come-and-go, which is an important issue to overcome in order to let people acknowledge the historical value of Kajang Old Town. The
Recently, more and more infrastructure have found themselves swarming in to take part in the rapid development of the town which is a great opportunity to expose this town.

4. Design brief:
The brief requires a design that fits in the site
context as a performing arts centre in a urban
block form. The building should respond to the
urban street and user behavioural pattern as
analysed in earlier studies.
1.1 The Site - Kajang
Building Type : Corner Infill Lot
Building Function : Performing Arts Centre
Building Floor Area : 1200m2 - 1300m2
Building Storey : 3-5 storeys high
Location : Kajang Old Town, Malaysia
Along Jalan Tukang
Design statement:
The intention and outcome of the design is to
encourage users to linger around the building and
site in order to slow down their pace and take
notice of the finer details left as traces by the
many different cultures that painted the site
throughout the years.
Site A
Jalan Tukang

5. 1. Pre-fabricated in factory,
quick and easy to set up on
site
2. Flexible and resistant to wind
and earthquake force
3. Strong and durable
4. Wide range of pre-made
structural sections available
and are suitable to clad with
any material.
5. Able to span long distances
6. Variety of joining methods
02 PRECEDENT STUDY & ANALYSIS
THE SPRING HOUSE // Wu & Liu Architects
Location : Guiren District, Taiwan
Area : 288sqm
Project Year : 2015
2.1 Structural System - Steel Frame System
// Introduction
The Spring House aimed to combine the client’s unique personal living space and the temporary living space for her friends. The architect combined
steel, bricks, concrete and metal plates to form the framework of traditional architecture and spatial order as a starting point to reinterpret modern
residential construction.
1. Loses strength at high
temperature and susceptible
to fire so coating are required
2. Prone to corrosion in tropical
and humid weather
3. Increment of skilled labour
// Materials
Structural Steel I-beam
Shape, size and strength are
regulated by standards which
simplifies the design and
construction
// Integration to Performing Arts Centre
1. With steel frame being able to span a relatively longer distance, it is suitable for the construction for the performing arts centre as there is a long span
from the front to rear. At the same time, reduces number of columns.
2. Fast and easy assembly construction prevents disturbance to neighbouring activities to accommodate the high movement traffic on site.
3. The possibility in combination of block structure creates a raw and unique sense of style that corresponds to the neighbouring shophouses that
exists in a mixture of both traditional and modern architecture.

6. // Construction Process
// Construction Details
Multi layer metal wall panel
Steel column
Fire resistance coating
Steel beam
Reinforced brick
masonry wall
Composite Steel Flooring
Reinforced brick
masonry wall
Reinforced concrete
Concrete Pad Footing
Sectional detail of the spring house
1. After setting up the concrete foundation, steel base plates are anchored and attached to the
foundation with four anchoring bolts. The plates are levelled on a bed of non-shrinking grout.
2. The steel columns are lowered and welded to these base plates. The plates are used to transfer
concentrated load from the columns to the ground
3. Primary ground floor beams are connected to the columns via fin plates. The plates are welded
with the column and bolted to the web of the beams.
4. Secondary floor beams are connected to the primary beams through a similar method.
5. The ground flooring is prepared through composite decking. The composite process is done by
welding shear studs through the steel decking to the supporting steel beam below Infill brick
walls are then placed.
6. For the upper floors, more columns are ere cred and connected through splices. The splices
provide strength and stiffness to both the columns. The splices are bolted to both the columns.
7. The process is repeated for the flooring system
Steel column is
welded to its steel
base plate after the
plate after the plate is
levelled on a bed of
non-shrinking grout
Steel beams are
connected to
columns via fin
plates through
welding and bolting
Composite flooring
system by welding
shear studs to the
supporting metal
steel beam below
More columns are
connected through
splices by using bolts
1 2 3 4

7. 1. Speed and ease of construction
2. Reduce structural steel frame
cost
3.Decrease structural steel frame
weight. Hence, reduce
foundation cost
4.Can cover a larger space
without intermediate columns
5.Encased steel beam have higher
resistance to fire and corrosion
02 PRECEDENT STUDY & ANALYSIS
THE SPRING HOUSE // Wu & Liu Architects
Location : Guiren District, Taiwan
Area : 288sqm
Project Year : 2015
2.2 Floor System - Composite Floor System
1. Temperature sensitive
2. Wears easily
3. Damaged or faded material
must be replaced
// Materials
Corrugated steel sheet profile
Provides support to concrete
// Integration to Performing Arts Centre
1. Lightweight of composite flooring reduce the weight applied on the structural steel
frame, which may also decrease foundation costs.
2. Stronger and lighter characteristics allows reduction on other structural elements.
3. Flexibility in design allowed with the reduction of size in structural elements.
4. Able to withstand the live and dead load with sufficient amount of strength
Anti-fracture mesh
To prevent fractures on slab
Concrete
Poured directly to composite
slab

8. // Construction Process // Construction Details
1. 1. Trapezoidal steel decking is places and spanned in a direction transverse to the
secondary floor beams
2. The decking is rigidly connected to the primary and secondary beams by shear studs,
which are connected through deck-welding techniques
3. Steel mesh reinforcement, i.e. rebars, is placed above the steel decking to provide bending
resistance and reduce cracking at the supports. The mesh also aids the distribution of the
effects of localised point and line loads
4. The profiled steel decking acts as a formwork during construction and additional external
reinforcement at the final stage of construction when reinforced concrete is cast on top of
it
Composite
Composite decking serves as tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it
bonded with embossed rib patterns. Composite action between the concrete slab
and the floor beams or joist can be achieved buy welding shear studs through the
decking to the supporting beam below
Effective breadth
Idealised available compressive area of slab
Metal Decking Shear connector
Steel beam
Concrete flange of
composite beam
Shear connection detail
Shear connectors can be welded on, perhaps using a ‘stud welder’, or better still on export
work, by fixing nuts and bolts
Gauge : 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 & 1.2mm
Gauge
142
63
60
204
Maximum length : 12 meters
Metal decking detail
Reinforced concrete cast in-situ
Mesh reinforcement
Metal deck profile
Shear stud
Beam
Composite decking components
Girder

9. 1. Good sound-absorbing effect
2. Fire resistant
3. Light weight
4. Highly efficient energy-saving
building material
5. Able to withstand almost any
weather condition
6. Good durability
02 PRECEDENT STUDY & ANALYSIS
KORDA STUDIOS // Bastien And Associates, INC.
Location :Etyek, Hungary
Area : 5856sqm (Superstage)
Project Year : 2009
2.3 Roof System - Metal Deck Roof with Mineral Wool
1. Mineral wool has weaker
strength
2. Higher cost
3. More difficult to install
// Materials
Steel Roof Decking
Comes in various profiles and
depths to suit different loads
and span conditions
// Introduction
Korda Studios is constructed as sets to cater various filming environment needs. The sound stages, a common use of
soundproof, hangar-like structure, used for the production of theatrical filmmaking and television productions, can be found in a
total of 6.
// Integration to Performing Arts Centre
1. The performing arts centre caters a theatre on the top level. It is necessary to construct a sound proofing roof system to
not affect the experience of the audiences towards the performances no matter the weather condition.
2. Materials can be easily sourced in Malaysia
3. The use of metal decking is also used extensively around the site. Therefore, it blends in well with neighbouring
buildings.
Steel Z-Purlin
Framing member to support
metal decking as it has high
compressive strength and
durability
Galvanized Steel Flashing
To prevent the passage of
water into the building from
roof joint
Mineral wool
To enhance sound proof effect

10. // Construction Process
// Construction Details
1. Roof frames/truss of steel/wood are fabricated and secured onto the beam
2. Purlins are installed and attached to roof frames/truss with spacing of metal deck length to
support roofing materials.
3. Insulation and netting are installed before layering the metal decks.
4. Metal roof decks are then secured on top of the purlins
5. The metal roof decks are connected to purlins via bolting into the principal purlins using
struts and bolts.
6. Steel gutter is installed along the roof edges and concealed to remain the aesthetic of metal
decks
7. Galvanized steel flashing is applied at joints to prevent rain leakage.
External metal deck
Bracket
Steel Z-purlin
Thermal break pad
Inner liner panel
Mineral wool
insulation tucked
under rail Rail
Metal Decking Roof to Roof framing connection
Overlapping Metal Sheets Mounting Detail
Concealed Gutter Connection Detail
Stitch screw
(sheet to sheet)
Tek screw
Venting above insulation
Wrap flashing
down into gutter
Continuous
metal gutter
Vent holes and rainscreen
application at standing seam
metal
Rainscreen vertical
runners
2x10 Framing

11. 1. Energy efficient
2. Passive vented system
promotes controlled
convection within the wall
cavity, mitigating extreme
temperatures on the exterior,
reduces interior temperature
02 PRECEDENT STUDY & ANALYSIS
BUSINESS PROMOTION CENTRE // fOSTER + pARTNERS
Location : Duisburg, Germany
Project Year : 1993
2.4 Facade System 1 - Double Skin Facade System
1. Decrease usable floor space
2. Increases construction cost
// Materials
Laminated safety glass
Protection against weather
// Introduction
The Business Promotion Centre demonstrates that sensible energy systems can, in some cases, help to reduce the first cost
of a building; it is a landmark in the quest to revive business and promote social change in the Ruhr area.
// Integration to Performing Arts Centre
1. The atrium of the performing arts centre requires direct visibility from the outside but at the same time needs adequate
cooling system by being in a tropical country. The double-skin facade acts as the design solution that reduces solar heat
gain in the interior spaces, at the same time do not obstruct views between outside and inside.
2. Offers glare protection to keep the users’ comfort indoors and promotes good daylighting method which subsequently
minimizes the need of artificial lighting.
Double pane glass
For thermal insulation
Aluminium frame
Framing system

12. // Construction Process // Construction Details
1. Aluminium framing components and glass panels are pre-fabricated and brought to site for
installation
2. Brackets installation will be carried out from the outside by scaffolding.
3. Trained operatives will fix the brackets at set out points.
4. Middle transoms will be securely fastened to the mullions by screws which will form the
cruciform joint.
5. Connection between two panels are carried out
6. The same procedure is carried out for the adjacent panel
Fireproofed steel framing
Welded catwalk assembly
anchored to structural stay
for horizontal load resistance
Double layer of low iron
U-profile glass units with
translucent insulation
Single layer laminated glass
wall system
Composite Flooring
Composite lightweight steel
deck roofing
Sectional detail of Double skin facade
Isometric view showing air cavity incorporating
into the ventilation system
Bracket fixing detail
Drainage spout
Internal joint spigot, minimum
length 600mm, positioned
central to expansion joint
Anchor bolt
Building structure
Movement joint
Mullion Expansion joint
Mullion section tied
back to structure
Pressure plate
Cover cap

13. 1. Simple to fabricate and build
for rapid construction
2.. Great flexibility in design
3. High thermal mass, providing
cooling effect to the building
4. Allows ventilation
5. Ease of maintenance
02 PRECEDENT STUDY & ANALYSIS
COCOON HOUSE // Ta Tien Vinh & Truong Tuan Chung
Location : Vietnam
Project Year : 2016
2.5 Facade System 2 - Vent Block Facade
1. Smaller units requiring
increase in number of
components
// Materials
Ventilation Blocks
The raw texture and its slow
change in physical properties
gives an appealing effect in
aesthetics
// Introduction
The Cocoon House is a block in a row house in the expensive New Urban area, but now seem to be neglected after the
economic crisis in Vietnam. The old balconies of the Cocoon house at both end are skinned with ventilation brick block,
Inside this skin is the green space for rain, wind and sunlight to shine through. This in a way can be seen as a cocoon, where
we still have access to nature but also appreciated the security factor.
// Integration to Performing Arts Centre
1. Maximises cross ventilation in order to adapt into the tropical climate.
2 Gives a sense of privacy but at the same time do not block off contact between people on the inside and outside, keeping
the interaction and pick curiosity of pedestrians.
3. The vent blocks are a trend used around site for its aesthetics and functionality. Hence, it also allows the building to
further blend in with the neighbouring shophouses.
Steel Square Pipes
Supports overlimit height of
vent block facade as it has
high corrosion resistance and
high strength properties
T1 Steel Plates
To attach vent blocks with
structural frame due to its
high strength properties

14. // Construction Process
// Construction Details
1. Spread a layer of mortar on the ground slab
2. Lay the vent blocks accordingly ro desired patterns
3. Use mortar to fill the joints between vent blocks
Concrete beam and column
Vent block
Vent block
Tempered glass
L-angle
Concrete floor beam
Tempered glass
Vent Block
Concrete floor beam
T1 Steel plate
T1 Steel plate
T1 Steel plate
Tempered glass
Detail A
A
Partial section
Vent Blocks to Building structure connection
1 , Partial ;Enlarged Elevation
1

15. 03 FACADE DESIGN SCHEME
Steel plates used to connect vent block facade
with concrete structure building via square
steel pipes
Concrete screeding used to
join vent blocks together Double skin facade to minimise solar heat
gain, at the same time maximise visuality
Front Elevation
Scale 1:100

16. Rear Elevation
Scale 1:100

17. 04 SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
4.1 Ground Floor Lobby
Double-skin facade
Double layer of low iron
U-profile glass units with
translucent insulation
Single layer laminated glass
wall system
Composite Flooring
Steel column
Aluminium framing

18. 4.2 First Floor Cafe
Metal roof decking
Vent Block
PurlinMineral wool insulation
Rafter
Vent block attaching to
concrete slab using TI steel
plates
Theatre
Steel frame support for
audience seatings

19. 05 REFERENCES
ArchDaily. (2019). Spring House / W L A. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/789515/spring-house-w-l-a [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
Bastien and Associates. (2019). Korda Studios - Bastien and Associates. [online] Available at: https://www.bastienarchitects.com/projects/korda-studios/ [Accessed 10
Jul. 2019].
Edmonton Structural Steel Fabrication. (2019). Advantages and Disadvantages of Structural Steel Structures. [online] Available at:
http://northern-weldarc.com/advantages-disadvantages-structural-steel-structures/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Korda Studios. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korda_Studios [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Sound stage. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_stage [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
Fortified Roofing. (2019). Advantages and Disadvantages Of Metal Roofing | roofing contractors Toms River NJ. [online] Available at:
https://www.fortifiedroofing.com/toms-river-roofing/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-metal-roofing.html [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
indiamart.com. (2019). Structural Steel Beam. [online] Available at: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/structural-steel-beam-13836390748.html [Accessed 10 Jul.
2019].
Korda Filmstudios. (2019). Korda Studio. [online] Available at: https://kordastudio.hu/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
Method Statement HQ. (2019). Installation of Glazed Aluminum Curtain Wall & Composite Cladding - Method Statement HQ. [online] Available at:
https://methodstatementhq.com/installation-of-glazed-aluminum-curtain-wall-composite-cladding.html [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
www.fosterandpartners.com, F. (2019). Business Promotion Centre | Foster + Partners. [online] Fosterandpartners.com. Available at:
https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/business-promotion-centre/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].
IIT Building Science Blog. (2019). Double-skin Facade. [online] Available at: https://iitbuildingscience.wordpress.com/2013/10/10/double-skin-facade/ [Accessed 10 Jul.
2019].
ArchDaily. (2019). Cocoon House / Landmak Architecture. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/782119/cocoon-house-landmak-architecture [Accessed 10
Jul. 2019].
Solla, I. (2019). A quest for thick glazed façades. [online] Facadesconfidential.blogspot.com. Available at:
http://facadesconfidential.blogspot.com/2012/05/quest-for-thick-glazed-facades.html
[Accessed 10 Jul. 2019].