By A.R. Akanda, S.K. Biswas. Khokan K. Sarker, M.S. Mondal, A.F. Saleh, M.M. Rahaman, A.Z.M. Mosleuddin Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/

1. BARI

2. ¯ Title, Background, Objectives
¯ Materials and Methods
¯ Findings of the Field Trials
¯ Conclusions and Recommendations
¯ Acknowledgements
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3. Title
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A.R. Akanda, S.K. Biswas, Khokan K. Sarker [IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur]
M.S. Mondal, A.F. Saleh, M.M. Rahaman [IWFM, BUET, Dhaka]
A.Z.M. Mosleuddin [SSD, BAU, Mymensingh]

4. Year Area (m ha)
1973 0.833
2011 1.056

5. " Salt affected area 11.61% (of 67% of cultivable land of
147, 570 ha), remain fallow during dry/Rabi season.
" Shrimp cultivation also play major role to increase salinity.
Saline area remain fallow during dry season
(November-May)
Shrimp cultureFallow land

6. " Farmers grow only T. Aman during monsoon (Soil
Salinity ≤ 2 dS/m).
" Farmers preferable rabi crops are wheat, mustard,
watermelon, Chili, Sunflower, etc.
" In General, cropping pattern in coastal areas:
Fallow - Fallow - T. Aman.
" Pattern based water management received very little
attention in the past.
" Cropping pattern based soil & water management is
essential.

7. ­ Unit production (t/ha) of wheat, mustard and
watermelon are increasing in Bangladesh.
" Promising cropping pattern (selected) in coastal areas:
Wheat - T. Aus - T. Aman
Watermelon - T. Aus - T.
Aman Mustard - Mungbean - T.
Aman
Mustard – Boro – T. Aman
Sunflower – T. Aus – T. Aman

8. Hypothesis:
" Rational use of the limited water.
" Soil salinity management .
­ Goal:
To increase crop & water productivity under saline
conditions for ensuring food security.
­ Field trials for wheat, mustard and watermelon
were considered under salinity stress condition.

9. " To evaluate the physiological parameters
at different growth stages of crops;
" To find out the effect of irrigation on crop
growth, yields, water productivity ; &
" To find out the effect of salinity at different
growth stages of crops.
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Objectives

10. 10
l Appropriate soil and water management
practice can
¯ increase crops yield, & water productivity in
coastal areas.
l With careful water management, soil salinity
can be minimized in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
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11. 11
Three experiments were conducted at farmers’ field
for the field trials of Wheat, Mustard & Watermelon.
Location: Debhata, Satkhira, Barguna
Fig. Coastal areas (Southern part) of Bangladesh
Rabi season (Nov. – April)
2013-14

12. Crops & Irrigation (IR) Treatments
(TT)
TT Wheat Mustard Watermelon
T1
Farmer’s practice
(IR
at
early
vegeta/ve
stage)
Farmer’s practice
(IR
at
vegeta/ve
stage)
IR at 5 days interval after
emergence (AE) up to fruit
setting
T2
One IR at CRI
stage
One IR at pre -
flowering
stage
IR at 10 days interval AE
up to fruit setting
T3
Two IR at CRI +
Booting stages
One IR at pod
formation stage
IR at 15 days interval AE
up to fruit setting
T4
Three IR at CRI+
Booting + grain
filling stage
Two IR at pre -
flowering + pod
formation stage
Three IR at 25, 50 and 75
DAE (Farmer’s practice)

13. Crop/Variety Unit plot
size
Sowing date Row
spacing
Harvesting date
Wheat
(BARI gom-25)
4 × 3 m 28 Nov. 2013 20 cm 11 March 2014
Mustard
( B A R I
Sharisha-14)
5 × 3 m 15 Dec. 2013 30 cm 3 Feb. 2014
Watermelon
(Hybrid-Big
family)
3.5× 3.5 m 17 Jan. 2014 Pit :
1.5×1.5 m
15-25 April, 2014
" Intercultural operations were done as and when necessary.
" Soil salinity was monitored at different growth stages of crops
by portable EC meter.

14. " Effect of irrigation levels for the crops of wheat,
mustard and watermelon on :
" Growth, yield and yield contributing
parameters
" Water use and Water productivity
" Effect of soil salinity at different growth
stages of wheat, mustard & watermelon.
Findings of the Field Trials
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15. " Growth, yield and yield contributing
parameters of wheat, mustard & watermelon.
Findings
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16. Yield contributing parameters of wheat under different
levels of irrigation at saline soils
*TT
Spike/m2
Spikelet/
spike
TGW
(g)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
T1
437.67
18.00
54.26
3.02
T2
478.33
21.33
55.26
3.35
T3
502.33
22.33
57.36
3.90
T4
507.67
22.67
57.56
4.08
CV (%)
10.11
9.53
5.64
7.92
LSD 0.05
30.28
ns
2.41
0.52
T1 = Farmer’s practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages;
T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

17. Photographic view of wheat crop wheat under different
levels of irrigation
Maturity stage of wheat
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Grain filling stage of wheat

18. *TT
Plant
population
(no./m2)
Pod /
plant
Seed /
pod
TGW (g)
Seed yield
(t/ha)
T1
82
75.00
36
3.53
1.42
T2
79
93.00
38
3.58
1.49
T3
81
87.67
37
3.58
1.44
T4
92
97.00
40
3.59
1.52
LSD
ns
13.25
ns
ns
ns
CV(%)
9.34
7.84
8.14
5.54
7.47
T1 = Farmer’s practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One
irrigation at pod formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages

19. Mustard
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20. *Treat-
ment
Unit fruit
Wt. (kg)
Yield (t/ha)
T1
3.32
37.70
T2
3.12
34.67
T3
2.62
28.41
T4
2.16
20.47
LSD0.05
0.63
6.08
CV(%)
5.67
5.86
*
T1
=
IR
at
5
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T2
=
IR
at
10
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T3
=
IR
at
15
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T4
=
3
IRat
25,
50
and
75
DAE
Farmer’s
prac/ce

21. Watermelon
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22. " Water use and water productivity of
wheat, mustard and watermelon.
Findings
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23. Water use and water productivity (WP) of
wheat
*TT Irrigation
water
(mm)
Rf
(mm)
SMC
(mm)
TWU
(mm)
G r a i n
yield (t/
ha)
WP
(kg/
m3)
T1 53 32 54 139 3.02
2.17
T2 41 32 56 129 3.35
2.60
T3 92 32 48 172 3.90
2.27
T4 138 32 41 211 4.08
1.93
T1 = Farmers’ practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting
stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages

24. Water use and water productivity (WP) of
mustard
*TT
Irrigation
water
(mm)
SMC
(mm)
TWU
(mm)
Seed
yield (t/
ha)
WP
(kg/m3)
T1
60
54
114
1.42
1.25
T2
42
61
103
1.49
1.45
T3
56
46
112
1.44
1.29
T4
89
39
128
1.52
1.19
T1 = Farmers’ practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage); T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;
T3 = One irrigation at pod formation stage;T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages
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25. Water use and water productivity (WP) of
watermelon
*TT Irrigation
water
(mm)
Rf
(mm)
SMC
(mm)
TWU
(mm)
Yield
(t/ha)
WP
(kg/m3
T1 391 21 43 455 37.70
8.29
T2 311 21 48 380 34.67
9.12
T3 250 21 52 323 28.41
8.79
T4 187 21 53 261 20.47
7.84
T1
=
IR
at
5
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T2
=
IR
at
10
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T3
=
IR
at
15
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T4
=
3
IRat
25,
50
and
75
DAE

26. Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of
crops (wheat, mustard and watermelon).
Findings
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Soil salinity measurement at different growth stages of crops

27. Effect of soil salinity at different growth
stages of wheat
4.86
10.5
4.92
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
At
sowing
Early
vegeta/ve
Vegeta/ve
Boo/ng
Heading
Floweing
Grain
filling
At
harvest
Soil
salinity
(dS/m)
Growth
stages
of
wheat
T1
T2
T3
T4
T4
T1 = Farmers practice; T2 = 1 IR at CRI; T3 = 2 IR at CRI and Booting stages; T4 = 3 IR at CRI, booting and grain filling stages
Farmer’s
prac/ce,
T1

28. Effect of soil salinity at different growth
stages of mustard
2.57
8.23
2.62
7.65
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
At
sowing
Vegeta/ve
Flowering
Pod
forma/on
Grain
filling
Maturity
Soil
salinity
(dS/m)
Growth
stages
of
mustard
T1
T2
T3
T4
T4
T1 = Farmers practice (Irrigation at initial vegetative stage);T2 = One irrigation at pre-flowering stage;T3 = One irrigation at pod
formation stage; T4 = Two irrigations each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages
Farmer’s
prac/ce,
T1

29. Effect of soil salinity at different growth stages of
watermelon
2.0
5.47
2.03
8.52
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Soil
salinity
(dS/m)
Days
aZer
plan/ng
(DAP)
of
watermelon
T1
T2
T3
T4
T1
=
IR
at
5
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T2
=
IR
at
10
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T3
=
IR
at
15
days
interval
AE
up
to
fruit
se?ng;
T4
=
3
IRat
25,
50
and
75
DAE
Farmer’s
prac/ce,
T4
T1

30. Conclusions and Recommendations
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31. Conclusions
" Irrigation levels affect soil salinity as well as crop
growth and yields.
" Soil salinity has significant effect on yield components
and yield of wheat, mustard and watermelon.
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32. Conclusions
" The highest wheat yield (4.08 t/ha) obtained from 3
irrigations.
" Grain yield was higher by 11%, 29%, 35% than
farmer’s practice when irrigation at CRI, CRI + Booting,
CRI + Booting + Grain filling, respectively.
" The highest water productivity (2.6 kg/m3) obtained at
CRI stage.
Wheat

33. ¯ Mustard can be promoted in medium saline area
having proper irrigation facilities.
¯ Highest yield (1.52 t/ha) observed at pre flowering
and pod formation stages irrigations.
¯ Highest water productivity (1.45 kg/m3) obtained at
pre - flowering stage irrigation.
Conclusions
Mustard
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34. Watermelon
Conclusions
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l Fruit yield (37.7, 34.67 t/ha) was found similar at 5 &
10 days interval irrigation.
l Lowest (20.47 t/ha) was obtained from farmer’s
practice.
l Irrigation at 10 days interval can be a good option for
watermelon production.

35. " Yield loss due to soil salinity can be minimized if the
crops are irrigated properly.
" Cropping system based appropriate modern water
management technologies may be promoted.
" Low-medium saline canal water may be a good source
of irrigation in coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Recommendations
¯ Further study is required to assess the physiological responses
of crop at different levels of soil salinity and saline water at
coastal areas of Bangladesh.

36. BUET
DFID
BARI
CPWF

37. ThanksBARI
Email
:
ksarkerwrc@gmail.com
Phone
:
+88
-­‐
01711244003