The attached narrated power point presentation describes the principle of working, various configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The material will be useful to KTU final year B tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
7. 7
Rare Earth Elements
• 17 rare-earth elements : cerium (Ce),
dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu),
gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho),
lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu),
neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr),
promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm),
scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm),
ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y).
• Often found in minerals with thorium (Th),
and less commonly uranium (U).
8. 8
Rare Earth Elements
• Tend to occur in the same ore deposits as
lanthanides.
• Exhibit similar chemical properties, but
have different electronic and magnetic
properties.
• 15 rare earth elements or lanthanides
occupy penultimate row of the periodic
table.
9. 9
Rare Earth Elements
• From lanthanum (La) atomic number 57 to
lutetium atomic number 71.
• Ionization of rare earths normally takes
place to form a trivalent state.
• Major dopants for fiber lasers - neodymium
(Nd3+) & erbium (Er3+).
• Crystalline and glass waveguiding
structures doped with rare earth ions (e.g.
neodymium) used as optical communication
sources.
10. 10
Rare Earth Elements
• Dopants for fiber lasers - neodymium (Nd3+)
and erbium (Er3+).
• Yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Y3Al5O12) doped
with rare earth metal ion neodymium (Nd3+)
to form Nd : YAG structure.
• Nd : YAG laser - Nd3+ provides a four-level
scheme with significant lasing outputs at
0.90, 1.06 and 1.32 µm.
• Er3+ gives a three-level scheme with major
lasing transitions at 0.80, 0.98 and 1.55 µm.
11. 11
Rare Earth Elements
• Glasses form the host materials for rare earth
doped fiber lasers.
• Rare earth ions are impurities, act as network
modifiers or are interstitially located within the
glass network.
• Neodymium and erbium doped silica fiber
lasers employ co-dopants like phosphorus
pentoxide (P2O5), germania (e.g. GeO2,
GeCl4) or alumina (Al2O5), low dopant levels
(400 ppm).
17. 17
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• Dr. Emmanuel Desurvire, Dr. Randy Giles
and Prof. David Payne - men behind
Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA).
• Worked together at Bell Laboratories, New
Jersey, USA, Payne was at Southampton
University.
• Prof. Payne - first to publish a paper (1987)
on erbium-doped fibre amplifiers Dr.
Desurvire and Dr. Giles - first to make it a
working tool - Millennium Prize Laureates
2008.
19. 19
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• First commercial use of
EDFA in under- water
communication cables.
• Used in terrestrial &
underwater optical
networks.
• In industries - high
power lasers used for
cutting, marking &
machining, in medicine.
• Use of optical amplifiers
for high speed internet
connectivity.
20. 20
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Input signal combined with the pump
light by a WDM coupler and launched
to the EDF.
Pump light launched to EDF creates
population inversion.
Input signal amplified by stimulated
emission.
22. 22
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• Amplification depends on material gain of
a relatively short section (1 to 100 m) of
the fiber.
• Aluminium co-doping to broaden spectral
bandwidth to around 40 nm.
• Spectral bandwidth may be restricted to
around 300 GHz (2.4 nm).
• Spectral dependence on gain not always
constant due to excited state absorption.
23. 23
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• Three level lasing
scheme.
• Photons at pump
wavelength tend to
promote electrons
in the upper lasing
level to still higher
excitation state.
24. 24
Excited State Absorption
• Electrons decay
non-radiatively to
intermediate levels,
such as pump
bands, then
eventually back to
upper lasing level.
• ESA reduce device
pumping efficiency.
Pump Level
E1
E2
E3
25. 25
Excited State Absorption
• ESA necessitates pump at a higher power
to obtain a specific gain.
• ESA present at 807 nm pump band.
• Reduction of ESA – change the location of
energy levels.
- co- doping erbium–silica fiber amplifier
with compounds like P2O5.
- pump at a wavelength which does not
cause population of an excited state.
26. 26
Excited State Absorption
- change the glass technology, lase
with fluorozirconate host glass.
• Amplification obtained in erbium-doped
multimode fluorozirconate fiber using
488 nm pump for gain at 1.525 µm
wavelength.
• Improved efficiency with 980 and 1480
nm pump wavelengths.
27. 27
Excited State Absorption
• 980 nm displays high efficiency
(twice the dB/W gain figure of 1480
nm wavelength) but pump sources
not readily available.
• Working at 1480 nm facilitated by
semiconductor and solid-state laser
sources.
28. 28
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• Bandwidth potential of rare-earth-doped
fiber - choose appropriate doping element.
• Flatter gain and increased bandwidth.
• Each material possesses different
absorption–emission properties
• Not possible to construct a single rare
earth doped fiber amplifier for amplification
at all fiber bands.
31. 31
EDFA Characteristics
• Saturated output power - maximum output
power from an amplifier when sufficient
signal input power (typically around 0 dBm
or higher) is launched to the amplifier.
• Small-signal gain - gain when signal power
launched to the amplifier is very small
(typically around -30 dBm).
• Noise figure – measure of degradation of
SNR.
32. 32
EDFA Characteristics
• Gain flatness - each of the WDM channels
has a different gain value, variation is the
gain flatness.
• Gain variation accumulated in EDFA
chains, results in large signal power
differences between WDM channels.
• Gain flatness improved by modification of
glass composition of EDF (higher
Aluminium concentration) / incorporation of
external gain-flattening optical filter.
34. 34
EDFA Configurations
• Co-directional pumping - pump light and
signal in the same direction – better
performance.
• Counter directional pumping – pump light
and signal in opposite directions - higher
gains.
• Dual pumping – mixture of above types.
40. 40
Erbium-based Micro Fiber Amplifier
(EMFA)
• Uses erbium-doped glass - high optical
gain over just a few fiber centimeters.
• Uses Er3+-doped phosphate glass that
supports higher doping concentrations of
erbium ions.
• High gain of 15 dB within 1530 - 1565 nm.
• > 12 dBm output signal power.
