This document discusses plant protection and challenges in Indonesian agriculture. It notes that the world population is growing, increasing demand for food. Crop losses from pests, diseases and weeds are estimated at 31-42% globally each year. In Indonesia, agriculture provides employment and food security but faces issues like climate change, trade impacts, and decreasing resources. Integrated approaches are needed to increase productivity while maintaining sustainability.

1. PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN
Susamto Somowiyarjo
Laboratorium Virologi Tumbuhan
Fakultas Pertanian UGM
HP 0811269362
soesamto@faperta.ugm.ac.id

2. RENUNGAN PEMBUKA
THE HISTORY OF MAN IS THE RECORD OF A
HUNGRY CREATURE IN SEARCH OF FOOD (VAN
LOON, 1921)
THE MODERN CIVILIZATION OF MAN IS
DEPENDENT UPON THE PRODUCT OF
AGRICULTURE (SMITH AND REYNOLDS, 1965)

3. TRENDS DRIVING GLOBAL AGRICULTURE
1. Global population growth (9,2
billion by 2050)
2. Asia's economic growth
3. Limited sources and rising price
of fossil fuel
4. Environmental issues, including
global warming and climate
changes.
5. Political drivers

4. (Agrios, 2005)

5. (Agrios, 2005)

6. The Important Roles of Agriculture in
Indonesia
Provide employment in rural area and
reducing urbanization
Conservation of natural resources and
tropical forest as lung of the world
Development of local wisdom and culture
Source of food security and safety
As social and political stability
Development of domestic savings and
foreign exchange
Source of renewable bioenergy

7. Key Issues Affecting Agricultural Development in
Indonesia (1)
1. Globalization of world economy and
International scenario affecting
agricultural trade
2. Global warming and climate change
3. A trend of increasing requirement of food
safety (Maximum Permissible Limits of
Pesticides Residues)
4. Advancement on Information technology
5. Advancement on Science and
Technology, especially on Agricultural
Biotechnology

8. Key Issues Affecting Agricultural Developmend
in Indonesia (2)
6. Poverty and income disparity
7. Pre and post-Harverst Crop
Losses (Plant Protection)
8. Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Issues Influencing agricultural
trade
9. Decreasing water resourses and
farmland
10. Land competetion between
Food and Fuel.

9. Challenges for Agriculture Development in Indonesia(1)
1. The is a need for agricultural products to be of
high standard and quality, confrorming to
those that are internationally recoqnized, in
order to access global markets.
2. Increasing demand for food security and
safety
3. Climate change and natural resources
degradation
4. Stakeholders' changing role and interests

10. Challenges for Agricultural Development in Indonesia
(2)
5. Promote technologies to increase farm
productivity per unit area of land, increase
farm income, and enhance employment
opportunity in rural communities at the same
time to maintain the productivity of the natural
reseources
6. The use of agricultural biotechnology properly
to improve agricultural productivity,

11. Challenges for Agricultural Development in Indonesia
(3)
6. There is a need to add more value to
agricultural products.
7. Price fluctuation
8. Technological advancement (latest
technologies, local knowledge, post
harvest technology)
9. Poverty eradication and income
disparity
10. Human resources development
(farmer, private enterprises and
scientific organizations)

12. Agriculture is also a vital
development tool for achieving
Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) that calls for halving by
2015 the share of people suffering
from extreme poverty and hunger
(World Bank, 2008
cit. Ferry and Gatehouse, 2009)

13. Contribution of Agricultural Sectors to Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) Achievement in Indonesia
(1990 - 2015)
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower
women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria,and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for
development, including market access

14. Negative impact of Agricultural
Development (1)
1. Loss of biological diversity,
2. Increased farmer indebtedness,
3. Displacement and disempowerment
4. Loss of indigenous knowledge
5. Deterioration of the quality of rural life
6. Increasing the insidence of pests and
diseases
7. Create more inequality and widen the gap
between the rich and the poor.

15. Negative Impact of Agricultural Development (2)
8. Serius soil erosion and degradation.
9. Severe air pollution and other natural
disarters including Greenhouse Effect and
Acid Rain
10. Food contamination, water pollution, food
poisoning caused by over-use of
agrochemical
11. A reduction of forest area

16. HAMBATAN DALAM PENINGKATAN
PRODUKSI (Hadisapoetro, 1977)
A. HAMBATAN BIOLOGI (Varietas&perbenihan;
pengairan; pemupukan; teknologi budidaya;
tanah, dan organisme pengganggu tanaman).
B. HAMBATAN SOSIO EKONOMI (Penyuluhan;
perkreditan; penyediaan sarana produksi;
penyediaan insentif; kelembagaan;
pemasaran; resiko; dan tradisi)

17. CAKUPAN OPT (HAMA DLM ARTI
LUAS, PESTS, OMO)
A. HAMA DLM ARTI SEMPIT (SERANGGA,
TUNGAU, BELUT AKAR, TIKUS, BABI
HUTAN, KELELAWAR DAN BURUNG).
B. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT (VIROID, VIRUS,
FITOPLASMA/MIKOPLASNA, BAKTERI,
JAMUR, SPIROPLASMA, GANGGANG,
BENALU&PATOGEN ABIOTIK).
C. GULMA (RERUMPUTAN, ENCENG
GONDOK; WEDUSAN, GEMPUR WATU
DSB.)

18. The World Crop Losses (caused by
pest)
• Crop Losses caused by invansive
species globally is about US $ 1.4
X 1012
or 5% of the world gross
national product (Pimental et al.,
2007)

19. It is estimated that diseases,
insects and weeds together
annually interfere with the
production of, or destroy, between
31 and 42 % of all crops produced
woldwide (Agrios, 2005)

20. The World Crop Losses (caused by
pest)
• Crop Losses caused by invansive
species globally is about US $ 1.4
X 1012
or 5% of the world gross
national product (Pimental et al.,
2007)

21. It has been estimated that of the
36.5% average of total crop losses,
14.1% are caused by diseases,
10.2% by insects, and 12.2% by
weeds (Agrios, 2005)

22. Pimental et al. (2002) estimate that
exotic arthropods and plant pathogens
in the USA cause annual losses of
US$20.1 and 34.1 billion, respectively,
whereas the destruction and clean-up
of all seven building of the WTCin New
York in 2001 caused a one-time loss of
US$27.2 billion, although additional
losses related to this event are
expected (Looney, 2002)

23. Mengapa Losses perlu diketahui
1. Bagi pembuat keputusan, sbg pertimbangan
terkait dgn alokasi sumber daya dalam
menyikapi keberadaan OPT
2. Bagi peneliti penting untuk meyakinkan kpd
penyandang dana tentang pentingnya
penelitian
3. Bagi peneliti, utk memilih tema penelitian yg
diperlukan oleh masyarakat
4. Bagi legislatif, utk prioritas pembuatan undang-
undang/rambu2 hukum
5. Bagi wirausahawan, penting dlm
pengembangan produk.
6. Bagi prshn asuransi, untuk menghitung resiko

24. DMN TERJADI KERUGIAN
1. KERUGIAN FASE II (dari
menyebar benih sampai Panen)
2. KERUGIAN FASE II/PASCA
PANEN (dari panen sampai
produki konsumsi)

25. ADA BRP JENIS KERUGIAN
1. Direct losses (dampaknya langsung
dirasakan oleh produsen, umumnya
dikaitkan dengan biaya produksi dan
angka hasil)
2. Indirect losses ( dampaknya tidak
langsung dirasakan oleh produsen: biaya
publik, biaya kesehatan)

26. MAKANISME OPT MENIMBULKAN
LOSSES
1. Mengurangi kemampuan tanaman dalam
melakukan fungsi-fungsi ekologis
2. Mengurangi kualitas dan kuantitas hasil
3. Membatasi kebebasan daalam memilih
komoditas
4. Mengurangi keindahan tanaman
5. Menghasilkan racun bagi Manusia, hewan dan
ikan
6. Menambah biaya produksi
7. Menambah biaya perdagangan

27. Economic losses due to plant pathogens
Reduction in Growth
- yield reduction (including symptom less infection)
- crop failure
Reduction in Vigor
- increased sensitivity to frost and drought
- increased predisposition of pathogens and pest
Reduction in quality or market value
- defects of visual attraction: size, shape, color
- reduced keeping quality
- reduced consumer appeal: grading, taste, texture, composition
- reduced fitness for propagation
Costs of attempting to maintain crop health
- cultural hygiene on farm including vector control
- to produce virus free propagation materials
- checking propagules and commodities on export/import (quarantine programs)
- eradication programs
- breeding for resistance
- research, extension and education

28. Example of Natural Losses Attributed by Viruses
Crop Viruses Yield Reported Parameters
Reduction
Apple mosaic 30 – 40% in infected trees w/ symptoms
Cassava mosaic 11% of crop in Africa before
1956
Cotton leaf crumple 80% in some fields in Arizona before 1985
Melons ZYMV 40 – 50% in desert valleys of soutern CA during
1984
Rice hoja blanca 50% entire crop Venezuela 1956

29. Example of yield increases among crops when virus was not
present in greenhouse or field
Crop Viruses Yield Reported Parameters
Reduction
Apple 3 viruses 27% of MM 104 rootstocks
produced
Cotton leaf crumple 27% no. boll from plant inoculated young
& set in field
Pepper CMV 11 – 56% among 3 sites 5 year trials
Rice 2 tungro 20 & 9% among 9 infected with one or two
viruses
Sweet virus complex 25 – 35% among 4 CVS in 1978 trials
potato

31. Examples of Severe Losses Caused by Plant Diseases (Continue)

33. Estimated wordwide annual sales of pesticides through 1999 in billion
of dollars (Agrios, 2005)

34. Comparison of amounts of pesticides (in million of pounds
of active ingredient) used annually in the word and the
United States (Agrios, 2005)

35. Cost of pesticides (in million dollars) wordwide and United
States (Agrios, 2005)

36. Annual usage in the United States of the various types of
pesticides (in million pounds of active ingredient) from
1980 through 1999. (Agrios, 2005)

37. Cost of pesticides (in millions of dollars)
spent annually in the United States from 1980 through
1999 (Agrios, 2005)

38. (Agrios, 2005)

39. (Agrios, 2005)

40. FIGURE 14-44 (A) Rice tungro-infected rice
plants in the field showing stunting and
yellow-orange coloration.
(B) Female of the leafhopper vector of the
tungro viruses. (C) Purified particles of the
spherical (waikavirus) and bacilliform
(badnavirus) viruses that together cause the
rice tungro disease.
C
A B
(Agrios, 2005)

41. (Agrios, 2005)

42. (Agrios, 2005)

43. Boron deficiency symptoms on pears and Boron
toxicity symptoms on pea seedlings.

44. (Agrios, 2005)

45. FIGURE 12-49 Sugarcane ratoon stunt disease. (A) Sugarcane planted with infected
ratoons (left) and with hot-water treated cane (right). (B) Pinkish discoloration of stem
at area of node due to infection by the bacterium (Agrios, 2005).
A B

46. Infectious, or biotic, plant diseases
1. Diseases caused by fungi (Figs. 1-4A and 1-4B)
2. Diseases caused by prokaryotes (bacteria and
mollicutes) (Figs. 1-4C and 1-4D)
3. Diseases caused by parasitic higher plants (Fig.
1-5A) and green algae
4. Diseases caused by viruses and viroids (Fig.
1-5B)
5. Diseases caused by nematodes (Fig. 1-5C)
6. Diseases caused by protozoa (Fig. 1-5D)

47. 1. Diseases caused by too low or too high a temperature
2. Diseases caused by lack or excess of soil moisture
3. Diseases caused by lack or excess of light
4. Diseases caused by lack of oxygen
5. Diseases caused by air pollution
6. Diseases caused by nutrient deficiencies
7. Diseases caused by mineral toxicities
8. Diseases caused by soil acidity or alkalinity (pH)
9. Diseases caused by toxicity of pesticides
10. Diseases caused by improper cultural practices
Noninfectious, or abiotic, plant diseases

48. (Agrios, 2005)

49. (Agrios, 2005)

50. Perbedaan Virus, Viroid dan Mikroorganisme Seluler
-_b
+++Sensitivitas
terhadap
antibiotik
--+++Komponen
Protein
--+++Metabolisme
--+++Ribosom
++a
---Asam Nukleat
Infeksius
+c
++++DNA dan RNA
--+++Pembelahan
biner
--+-+Pertumbuhan
pada media
buatan
--±++Diameter › 300
nm
ViroidVirusMikoplasmaRiketsiaBakteriSifat

51. • CONTROL METHODS THAT EXCLUDE THE PATHOGEN FROM THE HOST
• CONTROL METHODS THAT ERADICATE OR REDUCE PATHOGEN INOCULUM
• BIOLOGICAL METHODS: SUPPRESSIVE SOILS
• ANTAGONISTIC MICROORGANISMS
• PHYSICAL METHODS
• CHEMICAL METHODS
CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
(Agrios, 2005)

52. • DISEASE CONTROL BY IMMUNIZING, OR IMPROVING THE RESISTANCE
OF, THE HOST – CROSS PROTECTION – INDUCED RESISTANCE
• CONTROL THROUGH USE OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS
• DIRECT PROTECTION OF PLANTS FROM PATHOGENS – BIOLOGICAL
CONTROLS
• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
• DIRECT PROTECTION BY CHEMICAL CONTROLS – METHODS OF
APPLICATIONS
• TYPES OF CHEMICALS USED FOR PLANT DISEASE CONTRO
• INTEGRATED CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
(Continue)

53. CONTROL METHODS THAT EXCLUDE THE
PATHOGEN FROM THE HOST
• Quarantines and Inspections
• Crop Certification
• Evasion or Avoidance of Pathogen
• Use of Pathogen-Free Propagating Material
• Pathogen-Free Seed
• Pathogen-Free Vegetative Propagating Materials
• Exclusion of Pathogens from Plant Surfaces
• by Epidermal Coatings

54. Cultural methods that eradicate or reduce the
inoculum
Cultural methods that eradicate or reduce
the inoculum
• Host Eradication
• Crop Rotation
• Sanitation
• Creating Conditions Unfavorable to the
Pathogen
• Polyethylene Traps and Mulches

55. Cultural methods that eradicate or reduce the
inoculum
• Biological control
• Suppressive Soils
Reducing amount of pathogen inoculum through
antagonistic microorganisms
• Soilborne Pathogens
• Aerial Pathogens
• Mechanisms of Action
• Control through Trap Plants
• Control through Antagonistic Plants

56. Physical Methods That Eradicate or Reduce
the Inoculum
• Heat Treatment
• Eliminating Certain Light Wavelengths
• Drying Stored Grains and Fruit
• Refrigeration
• Radiation
• Trench Barriers against Root-transmitted
• Tree Diseases

57. Chemical Methods that Eradicate or Reduce
the Inoculum
• Soil Treatment
• Fumigation
• Disinfestation of Warehouses
• Control of Insect Vectors

58. CONTOH PENDEKATAN TERPADU
DALAM PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN (1)
• 1. Pemilihan lokasi yang tepat
• 2. Pengolahan tanah
• 3. Penggunaan benih yang sehat
• 4. Penggunaan varietas yang tahan
• 5. Saat tanam yang tepat
• 6. Pemupukan yang berimbang
• 7. Hindari monokultur
• 8 Tumpang sari yang tepat

59. CONTOH PENDEKATAN TERPADU
DALAM PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN (2)
• Pemeliharaan tanaman yang tepat
• Pengaturan pohon pelindung
• Pemungutan hasil yang tepat
• Penanganan lepas panen yang tepat

60. TERIMA KASIH