An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Pak US Relations

1. PAK-US RELATIONS
COLLABORATORS:
RIDA ASLAM
Wajeeha Tazeem
SAMAN RAMZAN
INSTRUCTOR
MR. ALI HAIDER SAEED

2. The foreign policy of
Pakistan aims to:
 Develop friendly relations.
 Safeguard vital security.
 Resolve core issues.
 Portray a strong image.
 Augment economic and commercial interests.
 Protect interests of Pakistanis abroad.
2

3. HISTORY 1947 TO
1971:
• US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan on
October 20, 1947.
• These relations developed against the background of
the Cold War and since then this relationship has been
based on economic and military assistance.
• Pakistan relations with the US improved in early 1950s
when President Eisenhower came to power.
3

4. HISTORY 1947 TO
1971:
• In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense Agreement
the US and subsequently became members of SEATO
and CENTO.
• These treaties put Pakistan under US influence and thus
Pakistan was used as a base for military investigation
flights over Soviet territory.
4

5. SEATO South East Asian Treaty
Organization September‟ 8, 1954
 Members:
• Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines,
Thailand, United Kingdom and the United States.
 Purpose:
• Establish a collective security arrangement for Southeast Asia.
• Enhance trade relationships.
 Reasons for its failure:
• Lack to willingness to resolve issues.
• Ultimate inability of the other SEATO nations to act militarily.
5

6. CENTO Central Treaty
Organization 1955
 Members:
• Iran, Iraq, Turkey and United Kingdom.
 Purpose:
• U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid were
key in the discussions leading to the agreement.
• Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil
producing countries.
 Reasons for failure:
• Did not interfere in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
• Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states
(Egypt, Syria, Iran, etc). 6

7. Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969
and 1971
• Army Chief General Yahya took over power from President Ayub Khan in March
1969. The country had been in a pseudo military rule since 1958.
• Elections were held in the country in 1970 with the East Pakistani party Awami
League taking a majority in the elections.
• The military government did not hand over power to the winning party and in a
political deadlock, unleashed a crackdown against the East Pakistan.
• This led to a limited civil war in 1971 and India siding with the protesters launched
a war in December 1971. After a fortnight of fighting, the Pakistani forces in East
Pakistan accepted default and the state of Bangladesh was established.
• During the war between Pakistan and India . The US policy in this disaster was
aligned with the military establishment of Pakistan due to its earlier links and
defense relationships.
7

8. Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and
1971
• United States-Pakistani relations preceding the 1971 war were
characterized by poor communication and much confusion.
• The administration of President Richard M. Nixon was forced to
formulate a public stance on the brutal crackdown on East Pakistanis
by West Pakistani troops that began in March 25, 1971.
• The Nixon administration expressed its concern about human rights
violations to Pakistan and restricted the flow of support.
• Despite the United States widely publicized "tilt" toward Pakistan
during the 1971 war.
• In his opinion, the United States could have prevented India from
prevailing in Pakistan's civil war, thereby saving his country the trauma
of defeat and division. Bhutto now struggled to lessen Pakistan's
dependence on the United States.
8

9. Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and
1971
• On November 22 1971, India launched an offensive against
East Pakistan. The Nixon Administration cut off economic aid
to India, and Nixon himself decided to "tilt" toward Pakistan.
• This pro-Pakistan policy included support of Pakistan in the
United Nations and pressure on the Soviets to discourage
India, with accompanying hints that U.S.-Soviet agreement
would be in danger if Moscow did not comply.
• When Nixon learned that Indian war plans were designed to
liberate "Bangladesh" and southern Kashmir, and to destroy
Pakistan's military reinforced and air strength.
9

10. Pakistan-U.S Relations During 1969 and
1971
• He ordered the U.S. carrier Enterprise and its
companions into the Bay of Bengal. At the President's
instruction, Kissinger met with People Republic of
China Ambassador to the United Nations Huang Hua to
brief him on the crisis and U.S. actions, and to suggest
that China make military moves in support of Pakistan.
10

11. Zulfiqar Bhutto’s Era
1971-1977
PRESENTED BY:
FATIMA AMJAD(337)
11

12. Bhutto’s Presidency (1971-
1973)
• After 1971 war Pakistan once again realized that US can support
India against China but can’t support Pakistan against India
.• Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistan’s dependence on the United
States.
• Pakistan withdrew from Southeast Asia Treaty organization
(SEATO) in 1972.
• He reluctantly sustained the country’s role in the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO) but later on he cut Pakistan ties with
CENTO too.
12

13. Relations before and during
1971 war:
• Poor Communication and much confusion.
• President Nixon formulated a public stance on the
crackdown by West Pakistani troops in East
Pakistan.
• Military aid to Pakistan was suspended which
resulted in the cooling of relationship. 13

14. Bhutto as a Prime Minister
(1973-1977)
• Bhutto re-evaluated the nature of Pak-US relations.
• Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971, China-US rapprochement and the
Pakistan military’s need for the US equipment forced him to
call for a continued alliance with USA.
• In 1976, Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over the issue of
acquisition of a nuclear processing plant.
• After Pakistan’s nuclear deal with France, the relations
between the Bhutto regime and the US deteriorated and
military aid from USA was again suspended. 14

15. GENERAL ZIA’S ERA
1980-1988

16. The Soviet- Afghan war
• General Zia seized power in Pakistan in a 1977 coup. US
opposed this dictatorship and stopped all economic and
military aid to Pakistan as a result.
• Also under Section 669 of the (FAA) aid was suspended
because of Pakistan’s secret construction of a uranium
enrichment facility.
• However after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979,
Pakistan became a frontline state against Soviet
expansionism. Fighting a proxy war for the US.
16

17. The Soviet- Afghan War
• An offer to Pakistan of $400 million in economic and security
aid by the Carter Administration in early 1980 was turned
down by President Zia-ul- Haq as “peanuts.”
• In September 1981 Reagan Administration negotiated a $3.2
billion, 5-year economic and military aid package with
Pakistan – Pakistan’s superior negotiation !
• Congress added Section 620E to the FAA, giving the President
authority to waive Section 669 for Pakistan on grounds of
national interest.
17

18. Arms and Narcotics aid
• Pakistan became a funnel for arms supplies to the Afghan
resistance, as well as a camp for three million Afghan
refugees.
• Nov 1982: the latest radar systems for Pakistan’s F-16 fighter
planes transferred to Pakistan by President Wilson.
• Wilson negotiated a major weapons deal with Pakistan on
behalf of the Israelis to support the Afghan war. The deal
included delivery of T-55 tanks – enemies turn friends?
• 1982-1989: US Turns Blind Eye to Pakistani Government
Involvement in Heroin Trade 18

19. Economic Aid to Pakistan
• Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced
an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%,
one of the highest in the world at that time.
• 1981 - $3.2 billion, 5-year economic and military
aid package with Pakistan.
• A $4 billion, 6-year aid package for Pakistan was
signed in 1986.
19

20. Economic Aid to Pakistan
• October 1990, under the provisions of the Pressler
amendment, President Bush suspended most
economic and all military aid to Pakistan as well
as deliveries of major military equipment
suspended.
• One major loss was the non delivery of some 71 F-
16 fighter aircraft ordered in 1989.
• Narcotics assistance of $3-5 million annually was
exempted from the aid cutoff. 20

21. Sharing of Intelligence
Networks
• Pakistan’s ISI and Special Service Group
cooperated with the CIA and the United
States Army Special Forces to support the
armed struggle against Soviets.
21

22. Military Aid
• In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet
fighters to the Pakistanis.
• October 1980: Former President Nixon Indicated Pakistan’s
Nuclear Weapons Program may continue.
• The way forward … Zia began a series of “highly secretive
meetings to explore trading its nuclear technology to other
countries. The urgency of this project was felt as the Soviet
Union decided to end the Afghan war in 1986 and Pakistan
realized US aid was finite.
22

23. Musharraf era
23

24. ● Pakistan-U.S Relations Post 9/11
• September 11 attacks planted sour seeds early in the Bush
Administration• Bush‟s main focus was the Middle East
(Bahrain, Philippines, Thailand, Kuwait, Moroc co, Pakistan)•
More co-operation demanded from the Pakistan Governemnt.
24

25. ● Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy-Post 9/11• Remolding itself into a
more co-operative ally• Joining the „War On Terror.• “Weve
captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United States. Weve
earned bounties totaling millions of dollars…” – P.M.● Post
9/11 Era• Afghan war. Bush‟s statement.• 2003: US forgave $1
billion in Pakistani debt.• Oct 2005: Condoleezza Rice‟s
statement regarding Kashmir earthquake.
25

26. 11 Jun‟ 08: Us airstrike on Pak-Afghan border killed 10 members of
paramilitary frontier corps.
• Nov 2008: Mumbai attacks
• Iraq war stance: Prime minister Jamali’s statement.
● Present Relations and Obama Administration.
•Present RelationsObama elected in Nov 2008.A stable, democratic,
prosperous Pakistan isconsidered vital to U.S. interests.The Obama
Administration states an intentionto continue pursuing close and
mutuallybeneficial relations with Islamabad.
26

27. • “ In the past, we too oftendefined our relationship withPakistan
narrowly. Those days are over.... The Pakistani people must know
Americawill remain a strong supporter of Pakistan’s security and
prosperity.”- Barack Obama.
• The Aims of newly seated U.S. Administration• A new concentration on
stabilizing Afghanistan.
• The appointment of US special representative Pakistani officers are now
allowed to view video feeds from unmanned American drones and to
access U.S. intercepts of militants‟ communications.
27

28. • October 2009: U.S. Aid Package
• A new $7.5 billion U.S. aid package for Pakistan
• Expect to receive approximately 1.3 billion for 2010.
• Growth in anti-Americans feeling in Pakistan.
• Pakistan military Operations
• Result of US demand of „Do More‟ and external pressure.
• Relation remains fragile e.g. Faisal Shahzad incident.
28

29. PART 3
Unstable Democratic
Governments
1988-1999

30. Pak-US Relations in
governments under Benazir
Bhutto
December 1988 to August 1990
October 1993 to November
1996

31. Major events
• Increase in Islamic fundamentalism
• Intensification of Kashmir proxy war
• Taliban's creation
31

32. Policies
• Pak-US relations remained on a mixed note during her
tenures .
• Many people saw her as pro-Western and pro-
democracy but that wasn't really the case.
• Wanted friendly mujahidin regime in Afghanistan.
• Initiated a program designed to make Pakistan a
central member of both the Islamic bloc and the Trans-
Asian axis.
• Pakistan emerged with distinct roles such as center for
finance, military and technology among the Muslim
countries. 32

33. Dec.1988- Aug.1990
• Benazir Bhutto had to pay back billions of dollars in
loans made to Zia-ul-Haq.
• Pakistan faced heightened tensions with India over
Kashmir and problems associated with the unresolved
Afghan war on the international front.
• U.S. aid and most arms sales to Pakistan were
suspended when President Bush could not certify to
Congress, that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear
explosive device.
33

34. Oct. 1993- Nov. 1996
• The free and peaceful elections of October 1993, were
welcomed by the US.
• In 1992 US relaxed sanctions on Pakistan to allow food
and economic assistance to NGOs.
• However US continued to be concerned about reported
terrorist activity, regional dissidence, and human rights
abuse.
• The United States strongly supported Pakistan's
economic reform efforts, including privatization of
public sector industries, trade liberalization policies,
and efforts to attract international investment. 34

35. Nawaz Sharif's
Governments
• Elected twice as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• First term: 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993.
• Second term: 17 February 1997 to 12 October 1999.
35

36. Pak-U.S Relations
during Nawaz Regimes
• Pak-U.S Relations during Nawaz Regimes
• Diplomatic ties between the two states: unfriendly
 Reasons
• Inclination towards establishing an ISLAMIC Society.
• Allegations of having links with Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin
Laden.
• Being alleged for “not cracking down on the Taliban as it
flourished in Afghanistan and influenced the Northwest Frontier
Province. 36

37. The Nuclear Dilemma
• Neither India nor Pakistan is signatories of the Nuclear.
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
• Pakistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on 28
May 1998, and on 30 May 1998.
• Justification: National Security.
37

38. THANKS!
Any questions?