1. Indian
Ocean

3. FIVE OPTIONS:
1- Maximizing or minimizing dispute
2- Linking issues or treating them
separately
3- Communicating by word or deed
4- Using coercion or reward
5- Being precise or intentionally vague

4.  1948, February 26
 Jinnah‘s concept of
Pakistan predisposed him
in favour of democratic
states.
 Jinnah‘s speech entitled
the USA as a partner in
‗defense for democracy‘
Pakistan first extended a cordial hand
towards the USA by being precise
and communicating by word.

5.  President Truman sent a warm gesture and showed a friendly
predisposition towards the new state.
 Pakistan with its innumerable problems after getting rid of the
shackles of British colonial rule and Indian atrocities wanted to
improve its economic conditions.
 It did not side with USSR as it was a communist state and
wasn‘t capable of providing financial assistance in the back
draw of Nazi Germany wars.
 At the same time US was well aware of the strategic location of
Pakistan with respect to South Asia and its proximity with
Middle Eastern countries enriched with oil reserves.

6. Meeting of US ambassadors
to South Asian countries
held in Colombo ‗favoured
the idea of Pakistani
participation in the defence
of the Middle East’.
Pakistan‘s strategic location when linked
with US interests in South Asia and Middle
East oil bearing areas along with creation of
a bloc against USSR depicted US diplomacy
as that of linking issues.

7. Liaqat Ali Khan visited the USA in May 1950. President Truman
received him during the start of his three-week visit in which he
stressed upon mutual interests of both countries these included:
 Democracy
 Fundamental human rights
 Right to private ownership
 Equal citizenship irrespective of religion
 Equality of opportunity
 Equality before law and the moral irresponsibility of the wealthy
and knowledgable towards the unfortunate members of the
country.
 Liaqat Ali described Pakistan and the US as ‗comrades‘ in the
quest for peace and treating dreams of democracy into reality.

8.  Change in the US government in 1953 left President Dwilight D.
Eisenhower and Secretary of state John Foster took the initiative to
change US policy towards Pakistan.
 On a tour to the Middle East and South Asia in 1953. John Foster was
impressed with Pakistan‘s stance which had sworn allegiance anti-
communist cause‘ impressed by Governor Ghulam Muhamamd,
Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra who had replaced Khwaja
Nazimuddin.
 Foster publicly spoke of the idea of a defence arrangement of
NORTHERN TIER countries – Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq and Iran.

10.  The first defence agreement on May 1954 under which the US
undertook to provide defence equipment to Pakistan‘s
―exclusivley to maintain its internal security, its legitimate self-
defence or to permit it to participate in defence of the area‖.
 Prime Minister Muhamamd Ali Bogra lauded the Pakistan-US
agreement.
 At the same time the US military aid began to flow into Pakistan
on the recommendation of General Ayub Khan. Military aid to
Pakistan between 1953 and 1961 totals $508 million.

11. This exhibits Pakistan-US ties moving towards
the diplomacy of coercion or reward (carrot
and stick diplomacy).

12.  In 1956, Pakistan’s constitution proclaims it an Islamic republic. In
1958, martial law is declared and General Mohammed Ayub Khan takes
over.
 1962: Indo-China War The presidency of John F. Kennedy and the Indo-
China War saw the United States reaching out to India and offering it both
military and economic aid. To reassure Pakistan, Washington reaffirms its
previous assurances that it will come to Pakistan’s assistance in the event of
aggression from India.
 1965: Second War over Kashmir The United States cuts off aid to both
Pakistan and India as a second war erupts over Kashmir. The war begins in
August 5, 1965, and ends September 22, 1965, with both sides agreeing to a
UN-mandated cease-fire. The Pakistanis are embittered at what they
consider a friend’s betrayal, while the United States is disillusioned by a war
in which both sides used U.S.-supplied equipment.

13. ANALYSIS
Pak-US ties during the first two
decades after the creation of
Pakistan relied much on Pakistan‘s
insistence to the US that it is
strategically important.
The US on the other hand took
advantage of Pakistan‘s anti-
communist aspiration but at the
same time it wasn‘t willing to earn
the displeasure of India.
The carrot and stick diplomacy
prevailed as opposed to the
‗commonality of interests‘ presented
by the first Prime Minister of Pakistan

14. CivilWar East and West Pakistan fail to agree on a constitutional
arrangement.
The Pakistani army, in an attempt to silence the Bengali political
voice and its demands for autonomy, cracks down in East
Pakistan.
The U.S. government, which has been secretly trying to open a
dialogue with China with the help of Pakistani military ruler Yahya
Khan, is condemned by Western media for its silence on the
deplorable crackdown.
The United States again suspends military aid to Pakistan,
causing resentment among Pakistanis.

15. As a result of 1970s election, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , a charismatic
democratic socialist, became President (1971-1974) and later
Prime minister in 1974.
This period is seen as a "quiet cold war" with the Pakistan who
was administer under democratic socialists led by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto.
Under Bhutto, Pakistan would focused on Movement of Non-
Aligned Countries, building closer ties with Soviet bloc and
the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Bhutto tried to maintain a balance
with the United States, but such attempts were rebuffed by United
States.

16. In 1974, with India carried out the test of nuclear weapons near
the Pakistan's eastern border, Bhutto sought United States to
impose economic sanctions in India.
In 1970s, the ties were further severed with Bhutto as Bhutto had
continued to administer the research on weapons, and in 1976, in
a meeting with Bhutto and Kissinger, Kissinger had told Bhutto,
"that if you [Bhutto] do not cancel, modify or postpone the
Reprocessing Plant Agreement, we will make a horrible example
from you―
 Bhutto authorized the construction of Chagai weapon-testing
laboratories, whilst United States opposed the action and
predicted that it will lead to a massive and destructive war
between India and Pakistan in the future.

18. In 1979, a group of Pakistani students burned the American
embassy in Islamabad to the ground killing two Americans. After the
removal and death of Bhutto, the Pakistan's ties with United States
were better and improved.
Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, ISI and CIA ran multi-
billion dollar worth Operation Cyclone to thwart the communist
regime as well as defeating Soviets in Afghanistan.
Throughout the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, the ties and
relations were promoted at its maximum point, and United States had
given billion dollars of economical and military aid to Pakistan.
In the 1980s, Pakistan agreed to pay $658 million for 28 F-16 fighter
jets from the United States; however the American congress froze the
deal citing objections to Pakistani nuclear ambitions.

20. ANALYSIS
Pak-US ties wavered during
Z.A.Bhutto‘s regime.
For the first time US
revealed the diplomacy
through coercion.
It tried all possible means to
stop Pakistan from pursuing
its nuclear program.
However to defeat the
Soviets US poured in
maximum aid.

21. 1990:U.S. Aid Suspended Again After the Soviet withdrawal from
Afghanistan beginning in 1988, Pakistan‘s nuclear activities again
come under intense U.S. scrutiny
President George H.W. Bush suspends aid to Pakistan under the
provisions of the Pressler Amendment. Most economic and all
military aid is stopped and deliveries of major military equipment
are suspended.
1998: Dueling Nuclear Tests India, and then Pakistan conducts
nuclear tests and declare themselves full-fledged nuclear-
weapons states. The United States imposes sanctions after the
tests, restricting the provision of credits, military sales, economic
assistance, and loans to the Pakistani government.

23. In May 1999, the incursion of Pakistan-backed armed
forces into Kargil in Indian-held Kashmir leads to another
war between India and Pakistan. In July, U.S. President
Bill Clinton urges Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to
withdraw the Pakistani forces. They sign a joint statement
saying ―concrete steps‖ will be taken to restore the
cease-fire line in the disputed Himalayan territory.
In October, overthrow of the Sharif government by
Army General Pervez Musharraf triggers an additional
layer of sanctions that includes restrictions on foreign
military financing and economic assistance.

24. CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AFTER
THE TWIN ATTACKS ON THE WORLD TRADE
CENTER

25. President Pervez Musharraf—under strong U.S. diplomatic
pressure—offers President George W. Bush ―unstinted cooperation
in the fight against terrorism.‖ Musharraf agrees to help eliminate
the Taliban Islamist movement in Afghanistan.
Large amounts of aid begin to flow to Pakistan. Direct assistance
programs include aid for health, education, food, democracy
promotion, child labor elimination, counternarcotics, border
security and law enforcement, as well as trade preference
benefits.
2002: New U.S. Military Sales
Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf wins another five years in
office, test fires missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads,
and grants himself sweeping new powers. The Pentagon reports
foreign military sales agreements with Pakistan worth $27 million in
fiscal year 2002 and $167 million in fiscal year 2003.

26. 2003: Fight Against al-Qaeda
President Bush announces a five-year, $3 billion package for
Pakistan during Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf‘s visit to the
United States. U.S. military commanders complain that members of al-
Qaeda and the Taliban attack coalition troops in Afghanistan and
then escape across the Pakistani frontier.
They urge Islamabad to do more to secure its western border. In
mid-2003, tensions between Kabul and Islamabad reach alarming
levels, with some top Afghan officials accusing Pakistan of
destabilizing Afghanistan. In an unprecedented show of force,
Musharraf moves some twenty-five thousand Pakistani troops into the
traditionally semiautonomous tribal areas.

27. In February 2004, the founder of Pakistan‘s nuclear
program, A.Q. Khan, confesses to supplying nuclear-
weapons technology to Iran, Libya, and North Korea. The
United States presses for Khan's arrest. But having just
designated Pakistan as a ―major non-NATO ally,‖ the
United States settles for a form of home confinement for
the scientist, who is a national hero in Pakistan.
Meanwhile, Pakistan escalates army operations in the
tribal areas, sparking resentment among locals.

29. President George W. Bush visits Pakistan in March 2006. He and
President Pervez Musharraf reaffirm their shared commitment to
continuing their cooperation on a number of issues including the
war on terror, security in the region, strengthening democratic
institutions, trade and investment, education, and earthquake
relief and reconstruction.
President Musharraf visits the United States in September 2006.
He holds a bilateral meeting with President Bush and also
participates in a trilateral meeting with President Bush and
President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan. The United States
concludes the sale of F-16 aircraft to Pakistan in late 2006.

32. A new $7.5 billion U.S. aid package for Pakistan triples non-military aid for
the next five years and aims to improve the U.S.-Pakistan relationship yet
triggers controversy. The Pakistani army and political opposition argue
some clauses in the package impinge on Pakistan's sovereignty. The bill is
signed only after legislators in Congress include an explanatory statement.
Experts say the furor over the bill also highlights deteriorating civil-military
relations in Pakistan. Pakistan launches a long-awaited military operation in
South Waziristan, one of the largest militant strongholds in the tribal areas,
and home to Pakistani Taliban leadership. The offensive follows months-long
military operations in Swat Valley in the North West Frontier Province, where
the army finally wrests control from the militants.

33. The United States government has made a series of
attacks on targets in northwest Pakistan since 2004
using drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) controlled by
the Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activites
Division. These attacks are part of the United States' War
on Terrorism campaign, seeking to
defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants in Pakistan. Most
of these attacks are on targets in the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in
Northwest Pakistan. These strikes have increased
substantially under the Presidency of Barack Obama.
Some media refer to the series of attacks as a "drone
war."

34. May 2010: Times Square Bombing
A failed car bombing on May 1 in New York's Times Square leads
to the arrest of Pakistani-American Faisal Shahzad. The Pakistani
Taliban claims responsibility for the attack, and U.S. Attorney
General Eric Holder says the group was "intimately involved" in
the plot. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton warns there will be
"severe consequences" for Pakistan if a successful terrorist attack
in the United States is traced to that country. Pressure builds on
Pakistan to do more to fight militancy, especially in the tribal
agency of North Waziristan.

35. Raymond Davis issue
Osama Bin Laden’s mysterious death
Allegations levelled against Pakistan
NATO attacks
Memogate scandal

36. This picture above itself describes Pak-US ties in a very vivid
manner. US has since beginning of its formal relations with Pakistan
sought to exploit the strategic location of Pakistan. It has time to
time influenced the major policy shifts and has even backed the
toppling of political regimes in Pakistan. Through Afghanistan it has
exerted immense pressure in the name of the so-called war on
terror. It has challenged the sovereignty of Pakistan by
communicating through deed (drone strikes), practising coercive
diplomacy and using the carrot and stick method to feed the
politicians for US interests in the South Asian region.