- The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1750s due to several factors: population growth which increased demand for goods and provided more workers, agricultural improvements which increased food production and displaced rural workers, technological progress such as steam power, and favorable political and economic conditions. - Industrialization transformed Britain into a capitalist industrial society with new social classes including industrial workers who faced difficult working conditions and the rise of social movements seeking better treatment of workers.

1. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Material de apoyo
para los alumnos
de 4ºESO bilingüe

2. THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Where? In Great Britain
• When? In the 1750s

3. Why in Great Britain?Why in Great Britain?

4. POPULATION GROWTH
Beginning of
the Industrial
Revolution
Beginning of
the Industrial
Revolution
• Why?
• Advances in nutrition,
hygiene and medicine.
• As a result?
• Increase in the demand of
food and other goods.
• It stimulated agricultural
and industrial production.
• It provided a larger work-
force in the cities (rural
exode)
• Why?
• Advances in nutrition,
hygiene and medicine.
• As a result?
• Increase in the demand of
food and other goods.
• It stimulated agricultural
and industrial production.
• It provided a larger work-
force in the cities (rural
exode)

5. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
ENCLOUSURE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
• It finished with openfields
farmed by everybody and
fences were built to secure
land.
• It created larger, more
profitable fams.
• The production increased.
• A lot of farmers had to
migrate to the cities to
look for a job.
• It finished with openfields
farmed by everybody and
fences were built to secure
land.
• It created larger, more
profitable fams.
• The production increased.
• A lot of farmers had to
migrate to the cities to
look for a job.

6. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
NEW MACHINERY
Seed drill
Mechanical reaper

7. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
NEW MACHINERY
Seed drill
Mechanical reaper

8. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
NEW MACHINERY
Threshing by hand Threshing machine

9. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
NEW MACHINERY

10. INCREASED TRADE
• Great Britain dominated the
maritime trade routes
• Rapid expansion of transatlantic
commerce.

11. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
STEAM ENGINE Video

12. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
STEAM ENGINE in mining
A Cornish engine is a type of steam engine developed
in Cornwall, England, mainly for pumping water from a
mine.

13. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
STEAM ENGINE in agriculture

14. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
STEAM ENGINE in industry

15. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
• Machines enabled
factories to produce
goods more quickly
and more cheaply.
• As a result, prices
decreased and
normal people could
buy more products.
• Machines enabled
factories to produce
goods more quickly
and more cheaply.
• As a result, prices
decreased and
normal people could
buy more products.

16. TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
STEAM ENGINE in transport

17. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM AGRICULTURE
AND TRADE

18. FAVOURABLE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
STRUCTURE

19. EXERCISES
5, 6, 7 on page 99

20. KEY ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION

21. INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE
Why did the Industrial Revolution spread from
Great Britain to other countries in Europe?

22. Interprete this map

23. INDUSTRIALISATION IN SPAININDUSTRIALISATION IN SPAIN

24. INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN SPAIN
IN THE 19th CENTURY
The metallurgical
industry in Asturias
and Vizcaya.
The metallurgical
industry in Asturias
and Vizcaya.
The cotton
industry in
Cataluña.
The cotton
industry in
Cataluña.

25. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

26. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

27. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
What is Economic liberalism?
•It´s the theory that freedom of
production and free trade are
essential conditions for economic
growth and development to take
place. Adam Smith, the father of
modern economics.

28. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
Adam Smith´s theory
Adam Smith, the father of
modern economics.
1.- The State should not
interfere with economic activity.
•This also meant that the state should not intervene to
solve the problems that were created by industrialisation,
such as people losing their jobs, high unemployemnt or
poor working conditions.

29. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
Adam Smith´s theory
Adam Smith, the father of
modern economics.
2.- Manufactures should be free
to produce the goods that they
want to produce:
• In this way they can respond effectively
to the demands of the market.
The law of the
support and the
demand.
The law of the
support and the
demand.

30. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
Adam Smith´s theory
Adam Smith, the father of
modern economics.
3.- There should be free
competition between
businesses.
•This will lead to better-quality products and
lower prices. The law of the
support and the
demand.
The law of the
support and the
demand.

31. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
Adam Smith´s theory
Adam Smith, the father of
modern economics.
4.- Merchants should be able to
import and export goods
without restrictions, since this
will increase trade and result in
greater profits.

32. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
What is Industrial capitalism?
It´s a system which puts the ideas of
economic liberalism into practice.
What is the difference between commercial capitalism and industrial capitalism?
•Under commercial capitalism, trade had been the most important source of profits.
•Under industrial capitalism, industrial production became a country´s most profitable
economic activity.
What is the difference between commercial capitalism and industrial capitalism?
•Under commercial capitalism, trade had been the most important source of profits.
•Under industrial capitalism, industrial production became a country´s most profitable
economic activity.

33. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND
INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

34. A CLASS-BASED SOCIETYA CLASS-BASED SOCIETY

35. A CLASS-BASED SOCIETY
People´s social status depended on their work and their
personal wealth, and not on their family background.

38. WORKING-CLASS
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
WORKING-CLASS
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

40. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS
• Machinery was
unprotected, and
accidents and
injuries were
common.

41. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS
• A tipycal working day
ws an exhausting 14 or
16 hours long.
• Wages were low.
• Young children often
worked to increase the
family income.

42. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS
• Employers could dismiss or
fine workers without
restrictions.
• Workers did not have the
right to protest or go on
strike.

43. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONSINDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS
• There was no social
insurance or benefits to
help workers in cases of
illness, accident and
unemployment.

44. CHILD LABOUR
1833 FACTORY ACT
•No child under the age of 9 could work in a
factory.
•Children between the ages of 9 and 13 could
work up to 9 hours a day.
•Children had to receive at least two hours of
schooling every day.
•Children could not work at night.

45. THE ORIGINS OF WORKING-CLASS
POLITICS

46. THE ORIGINS OF WORKING-CLASS
POLITICS
The proletariat in
Great Britain began
to organise itself in
opposition to both
factory owners and
the government.

47. LUDDITES
• This movement emerged in
1811.
• The luddites were hostile to
nwe technology because they
thought that machines took
jobs from workers.
• They protested destroying
machines in the factories.

48. TRADE UNIONS
• This movement emerged in 1830s.
• This were associations of workers in
particular types of work, for example
miners or textile workers.
• They demanded:
• Improved working conditions.
• Better wages.
• Support in case of accident or
illness.

49. CHARTIST MOVEMENT
• This movement emerged in 1838.
• Chartist demanded:
• Political changes.
• Universal manhood suffrage.
• They petitioned Parliament to pass
laws which would imrpve workers´
conditions.

50. Results
• Factory owners and governments were
forced to introduce measures that
improved industrial working conditions.

51. LEFT-WING IDEOLOGIES
• In the mid-19th century, the working-class political
struggle led to the emergence of new left-wing
ideologies:
• Interests of the working class.
• Alternatives to industrial capitalism and the class-
based society.
• The most important:
• Marxism and Anarchism.

52. MARXISM
• The most important socialist theory.
• Aim:
• Analize the contradictions
of the capitalist system.
Engels Marx

53. MARXISM
Four principles:
•Historical materialism.
•Class struggle.
•The dictatorship of proletariat.
•Society without classes (Communism)

54. HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
• The economy is the foundation of the story.
• Society is mounted on relations of production.
• The economy affects the legal and political
superstructure and vice versa.
• The story is divided into certain modes of production
by their periods:
• In his day, mode of capitalist production.

55. «Capital»
• In his work "Capital" Marx notes that the extent of
exploitation of the worker by the employer was
expressed by the surplus value:
• the difference between what the worker receives
for support and the value of what it produces.
• The worker is alienated. (Theory of alienation)
• This surplus value is the basis of capitalist
accumulation.

56. CLASS STRUGGLE
• Classes are social groups that occupy a particular place in the material
production process.
• In the beginning of History there was a classless primitive community.
• With private ownership classes arise.
• History is a struggle between oppressors and oppressed:
• Master - Slave
• Feudal Lord - Servant
• In industrial societies:
• The bourgeoisie (owners of the factories) and workers.
The oppressed
proletariat would
organise itself and fight
its capitalist oppressor,
the wealthy bourgeoisie.

57. THE DICTATORSHIP OF
PROLETARIAT
• Marx thought that workers should carry out a revolution to
destroy capitalism and empower workers.
• The proletariat would conquer the state and impose a temporary
dictatorship to remove the structures of capitalism.
• The proletariat would seize political power. Once in the power, the workers´
dictatorship would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally among
all members of society.
• Once achieved, the state would gradually reduce its role.
• Marx defended the intervention of organizations and workers'
parties in the political struggle => gave rise to socialist parties,
from 1875.

58. SOCIETY WITHOUT CLASSES
• It is the last phase of the transformation of society.
• A communist society would be established:
• Classless: everybody would be equal.
• Without private property => collectivization of the means of
production (natural resources and machines).
• The State would disappear.

59. ANARCHISM
• Its main founder is Bakunin
• It extends to all oppressed sections of society.
• More radical Marxist social revolution:
• Anarchists proposed immediate and total
destruction of the bourgeois social order
and the state and its instruments of
control (police, military, government,
borders).
• They opposed the State => substitution by some
kind of voluntary association among people.
• They rejected politics, political parties and
participation in elections.

60. ANARCHISM
• Bakunin rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat and proposed an ideal
society based on:
• Individual freedom:
• People had to fight against any authority or institution (the State or the Church,
for example) that limited their freedom.
• Communes:
• Society would be reorganised into small, independent groups called communes.
• In these groups, all decisions would be taken by popular assemblies.
• Direct action:
• People had to defend their interests through their own actions, not through
political parties or elections.
• For some Anarchists, direct action included violent attacks and even murder.

61. THE INTERNATIONAL WORKINGMEN´S
ASSOCIATIONS (IWA)
• All labor organizations in the world tried to unite their struggles:
• 1864: the First International Workers Association (IWA)
was created:
• This meeting brought together workers´ organisations from various countries.
• 1889: some socialist leaders created the Socialist
International (Second International) => coordinate
programs and activities of labor organizations of Marxist ideology.
• The Second International created some of the symbols of the identity of the
labor movement:
• The First of May
• The Hymn of the International.

62. ACHIEVMENTS OF THE WORKING
CLASS MOVEMNT
• Governments developed labor laws to stop
abuse of employers:
• Prohibition of child labor.
• Maternity.
• Obligation on the employer to pay accident
insurance.
• Reduction of the working hours to 8 hours.

63. Prof. Isabel Aguña
Profesora de Geografía e Historia
Sección bilingüe