1. Japan and the Meiji Restoration
The Opening and Modernization of JapanThe Opening and Modernization of Japan
Period V: 1750-1900Period V: 1750-1900

2. Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
• ___________________
• Ruled by Shogun, Emperor as a figurehead
• Capital City of Edo (Tokyo)
• Rigid Social Structure (Daimyo Samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants)
• Belief Systems
- Shintoism
- Zen Buddhism
- Prohibited Christianity
Himeji Castle: Built in 1600sHimeji Castle: Built in 1600s
Centralized feudalism
“pacified, but not really unified”“pacified, but not really unified”

3. Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
• Highly regulated trade
• Limited trade with
China, Korea and Dutch
Arrival of the United States

4. Growing Commercialization
• By 1750, world’s most urbanized country
• Edo was largest city in world– 1 million people
• Emerging capitalist society – literate, educated
population due to Confucian influence
Problems
• Peasants/samurai lured into commerce –
ignored social “status”
• Corruption in government
• 1830 famine– people lost faith in Shogunate

5. 1853: The Arrival of the United States
_____________ Makes “Friends” with Japan_____________ Makes “Friends” with Japan
In July, 1853 Perry presented the
Japanese Emperor with a proposed
commercial and friendship treaty.
He would return a year later to receive
their answer.
In July, 1853 Perry presented the
Japanese Emperor with a proposed
commercial and friendship treaty.
He would return a year later to receive
their answer.
Matthew PerryMatthew Perry

7. Gunboat Diplomacy
Perry returned in 1854.
This time he appeared with seven ships - four
sailing ships, three steamers – and 1600 men.
So…what’s it
gonna be??

8. The Treaty of Kanagawa
In 1854 the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which established:
1. ___________________ friendship between the two countries
2. proper treatment for shipwrecked Americans
3. fuel for American ships
4. two ports opened for trade
In 1854 the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which established:
1. ___________________ friendship between the two countries
2. proper treatment for shipwrecked Americans
3. fuel for American ships
4. two ports opened for trade
Result:Result:
The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese ________.The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese ________.isolation
Permanent Friendship

9. The last Tokugawa Shogun
Sakamoto Ryoma
Unequal treaties were seen as humiliating
and some daimyo wanted to remove the
Shogun from power.
Unequal treaties were seen as humiliating
and some daimyo wanted to remove the
Shogun from power.
Sakamoto Ryoma created a plan for Japan to
modernize and unify under the rule of the Emperor.
He convinced the Shogun to resign. He was
assassinated shortly after by a pro-Shogun supporter.
Sakamoto Ryoma created a plan for Japan to
modernize and unify under the rule of the Emperor.
He convinced the Shogun to resign. He was
assassinated shortly after by a pro-Shogun supporter.
Shogun Yoshinobu
“Revere the
Emperor, expel
the
barbarians”

10. The Meiji Restoration
Over the next generation the whole society
and its institutions were transformed to
serve the needs of _____________.
Over the next generation the whole society
and its institutions were transformed to
serve the needs of _____________.
By 1868, a group of young samurai claimed
that they were restoring power to
___________, the 15 year old Japanese
Emperor.
By 1868, a group of young samurai claimed
that they were restoring power to
___________, the 15 year old Japanese
Emperor.
This period is known as the ______________
Meiji meaning ______________.
This period is known as the ______________
Meiji meaning ______________.
Mutsuhito
Meiji Restoration
modernization
Enlightened Rule

11. “When I saw a hospital [abroad], I wanted to know how
it was run – who paid the running expenses; when I
visited a bank, I wanted to learn how the money was
deposited and paid out. By similar firsthand
questions, I learned something of the postal system
and the military conscription (draft). A perplexing
institution was representative government.”
“When I saw a hospital [abroad], I wanted to know how
it was run – who paid the running expenses; when I
visited a bank, I wanted to learn how the money was
deposited and paid out. By similar firsthand
questions, I learned something of the postal system
and the military conscription (draft). A perplexing
institution was representative government.”
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Japanese Scholar
Selective Borrowing
Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
U.S. Civil War
1861-1865Suez Canal
1858-1869
World Events

12. 1. What Elements of traditional Japan can be seen in this scene?
2. List examples of Westernization.
1. What Elements of traditional Japan can be seen in this scene?
2. List examples of Westernization.

13. 3. Explain the Emperor’s dilemma (problem).3. Explain the Emperor’s dilemma (problem).

14. 4. What orders were issued against the samurai? Why?4. What orders were issued against the samurai? Why?

15. Analyze the strategy of each army and the reactions of those involved.Analyze the strategy of each army and the reactions of those involved.

16. How does this image show a change in the way the Japanese view the West?How does this image show a change in the way the Japanese view the West?
Hiking Through The West, 1870- Kanagaki Robun
Un-enlightened ManHalf-enlightened
Man
Enlightened Man
You guys are soooo
last year.
Hey, you’ve got to
keep up with the
times.
This fraud in the top
hat is a disgrace to
Japanese culture.

17. Political Reforms
“Rich Country, Strong Army!”
•Centralized Nation-State
•Equality under the law
•1889 – Emperor issues a
“voluntary gift” to the people –
a constitution
•Developed a Parliament called
the Diet
•Emperor still had power –
influenced by oligarchy
•Centralized Nation-State
•Equality under the law
•1889 – Emperor issues a
“voluntary gift” to the people –
a constitution
•Developed a Parliament called
the Diet
•Emperor still had power –
influenced by oligarchy
Military Reforms
•Abolished Samurai class
•No longer allowed to carry
swords
•Created modern army based on
conscription from all classes
•Created modern navy
•Abolished Samurai class
•No longer allowed to carry
swords
•Created modern army based on
conscription from all classes
•Created modern navy

18. Economic Reforms “Rich Country, Strong Army!”
• Newly developed State Banks funded new roads, railroads
• Guilds and road tariffs abolished to create national market
• Land reform/new agricultural techniques increased food
• Government dominated mines, shipyards, heavy industry
• Created postal system, commercial laws, schools
• Newly developed State Banks funded new roads, railroads
• Guilds and road tariffs abolished to create national market
• Land reform/new agricultural techniques increased food
• Government dominated mines, shipyards, heavy industry
• Created postal system, commercial laws, schools
Silk factories 1915
Private Enterprise in the Textile Industry
Silk factories 1915
Private Enterprise in the Textile Industry New Western style public educationNew Western style public education
State Sponsored Industry: Ministry of Industry 1870State Sponsored Industry: Ministry of Industry 1870

19. Reactions to Westernization
Some Samurai found new opportunities in political
and business areas
The Mitsubishi CompanyThe Mitsubishi Company
• 1868- Iwasaki Yataro won government
contracts for railroad and steamship lines
and competed with British
• Created a loyal management group
of former samurai
• Expanded business to include
shipbuilding, mining, transportation and
banking.
“Zaibatsu” families – Large firms
that owned most private industry
“Zaibatsu” families – Large firms
that owned most private industry
Iwasaki Yataro

20. Unquestioning Admiration Of The West?
What is the main idea of this picture?
What is the author’s point of view?

21. Reactions to WesternizationReactions to Westernization
The Satsuma Rebellion 1877The Satsuma Rebellion 1877
Takamori Saigo: The Last Samurai
Many samurai were desperate with their situation
and the loss of their former status.
They gathered under Takamori Saigo and fought the
battle of Satsuma In 1877. It was a clash of
traditional samurai weapons against a modern army.
60,000 government troops faced 40,000 rebels. The
battle was a short one. The samurai rebels were
completely defeated in a bloody battle.
Takamori Saigo was wounded and committed suicide
in samurai tradition. He became a hero for the
Japanese.

22. Rebellions/Reactions – Global Context
Can you recall similar reactions/rebellions during the age of imperialism?
Hints:
• All felt threatened by Western imperialism and the changes that modern life and technology
would have on their cultures.
• All made calls for a return to the “true” traditional values of their culture and to purify
themselves.
•All believed that by being truly traditional they would have the spiritual power to overcome
the immoral Westerners and their modern technology.
• All fought bravely even though it was essentially suicide to go up against the Western
powers.
• All failed.
Zulu Wars
Taiping
Rebellion
Boxer
Rebellion
Sepoy Mutiny

23. Social Changes and ContinuitiesSocial Changes and Continuities
• Universal _________ system
stressing science, technology, and
loyalty to the nation.
• Adopted western fashions in dress,
personal care, calendar, metric system
• ____________ led to smaller
families, high divorce rate, poor
treatment of workers
•High taxes caused poverty and violent
protests
•Efforts to create unions and strikes
were met with harsh repression
Changes: Continuities:
• _________ gained followers,
loyalty to the emperor.
• Women still seen as _______ -
some daughters were sold
• Confucian based moral
instruction, formalities, and diet
remained constant
•Tradition of selective borrowing
•Pride and honor in military power
education
Urbanization
Shintoism
inferior

24. Strains of ModernizationStrains of Modernization
•Poor living standards existed in crowded cities
•Political differences led to instability and frequent assassinations of leaders
•Constant questioning and debate about ______________
•Disgruntled _________ class
• Need for raw materials
Problems:Problems:
Solutions:Solutions:
•Urged loyalty to the Emperor as a
center of _______________
•Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
•Russo-Japanese War 1904
•Imperialism of Korea: Annexed in
1910
Westernizatio
n
Samuarai
national identity
Empire of the Rising Sun

25. Comparison to ChinaComparison to China
1. Compare the actions of Japan and China in these
two political cartoons.
2. What do you think led to the condition of each
nation?

26. Imperialism in East AsiaImperialism in East Asia
Which nation
surprisingly has
a sphere of
influence in
China?

27. Western ____________ was adopted which
allowed the Japanese to fully ______________
in less than 50 years. By the end of the Meiji
Restoration, the Japanese no longer feared
that they would be _____________. Rather,
they set out to practice imperialism
themselves to obtain power and ________
__________. Japan was quickly emerging as a
world-class power using western technology
and methods while still maintaining its
___________ _________ values.
Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts
technology
industrialize
imperialized
natural
traditional
resources
cultural
This period was known as the _____ _____________.Meiji Restoration

28. Landscape art of the 16th
Century displays
themes of isolation, reflection, and simplicity.
Japanese artists and scholars, emulated their
Chinese mentors. This reflective, somewhat
romantic ink landscape includes pale touches
of red and yellow.
Japanese Art Over Time