Ultimate Analysis of Coal
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Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
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Proximate & ultimate analysis of coal
Fixed carbon from proximate analysis measures non-volatile carbon remaining after combustion, while total carbon from ultimate analysis includes some organic carbon lost as emissions. Fixed carbon content rises with increasing coal rank, and is used to define ranks above medium-volatile bituminous coal based on the non-volatile carbon percentage.
Analysis Procedures of Coal
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
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The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
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Carbonisation is the heating of coal in the absence of air to produce coke. There are two main types of carbonisation: low temperature carbonisation (LTC) and high temperature carbonisation (HTC). LTC occurs at lower temperatures (around 700°C) and produces weaker coke and more by-products but with a higher coke yield. HTC occurs at higher temperatures (around 1,100°C) and produces stronger metallurgical coke and less by-products but with a lower coke yield. Modern coke making uses by-product coke ovens which allow for the recovery of coke oven gas and other by-products.
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Carbonization is the process of heating coal in the absence of air to produce coke. There are two types of carbonization: low temperature (500-700°C) which produces semi-coke and more liquid byproducts, and high temperature (>900°C) which produces denser coke and more gaseous byproducts. Coking coal undergoes carbonization to produce strong, porous coke for metallurgical purposes, while non-coking coal leaves a powdery residue and is not suitable for coke production.
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1. Visual classification based on color, structure into categories like lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
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This document provides details about a student project analyzing cheaper binders for coal fines. The objectives are to evaluate various binders for binding coal fines, develop a process to produce robust coal briquettes using a binder, and test the combustion properties. It outlines the methodology which involves making mixtures of coal fines, additives like calcium carbonate, and different binders like lignin, molasses, and dairy waste. The mixtures will be heated, pressed into molds, and the resulting briquettes will undergo analysis and testing to compare the properties. Progress so far includes coal analysis, collecting binders, and fabricating a mold for mechanical pressing. Future plans include briquetting trials with different binders and testing
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COAL BRIQUETTING-use of coal fines using suitable binder
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The document discusses coal analysis techniques. It describes proximate analysis which determines fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash percentages through simple tests like heating samples. Ultimate analysis chemically determines carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen contents. It discusses performing these analyses on Indian coal samples and compares average compositions to other countries. The analyses provide valuable data on coal properties, classifications, and suitability for industrial applications.
Fuels and combustion.pptdfunxcvljnf lkvxvc
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Coal utilization
There are four main types of coal defined by their carbon content and heat value: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. Coal is extracted through surface mining methods like strip mining, open-pit mining, and mountaintop removal mining, or through underground mining. After mining, coal is shipped by train or barge to power plants where it is pulverized and burned to produce electricity. Thermal decomposition of coal is a complex process that occurs in stages as temperature increases and involves the evolution of volatile matter and gases through physical and chemical changes to the coal substance.
Ch 2,3 & 4 soild fuels
Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities
Fuels and Combustion: Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal
and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of
combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values,
gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System: Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution
losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam
recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories: Insulation-types and application, economic
thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractory types, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery: Classification, advantages and applications,
commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
fuel cycles.pptx
Fuel is a combustible substance that generates heat when burned in the presence of oxygen. Carbon and hydrogen are the main constituents of fuel. Solid fuels include wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, and artificial solid fuels like coke and pulverized coal. Liquid fuels come from crude petroleum and include gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Gaseous fuels include natural gas, blast furnace gas, producer gas, and water gas. The calorific value is a measure of the heat generated during combustion and is higher for liquid and gaseous fuels compared to solid fuels. Bomb calorimetry and Junker's gas calorimetry are common experimental
Metallurgical coke
Its the complete characterization and specification of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical coal or the coke made from this.
Coal
There are two main ways to classify coal: by rank and by type. Coal rank refers to the degree of coalification, ranging from peat to anthracite. Lower rank coals like lignite are softer with higher moisture and lower energy content, while higher rank coals are harder and stronger. Coal can also be classified by type, such as coking coal or thermal coal. Destructive distillation of coal produces coal tar, from which useful chemicals like benzene, naphthalene, and creosote can be obtained. Gasification and the Fischer-Tropsch process provide routes to convert coal into synthetic fuels and hydrocarbon products.
4.1.3 properties of coals
This document discusses the properties and classification of coal. It describes the three main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on their composition and properties like carbon content and volatility. It also discusses the physical and chemical properties of coal that are important for combustion, including heating value, proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, ash), and ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur content). The proper sizing of coal for efficient combustion in different firing systems is also covered.
4.1.3 properties of coals
Coal is classified into three main types based on carbon content and geological age: anthracite, bituminous, and lignite. Bituminous and sub-bituminous coals are most commonly used in Indian industry. Coal properties are analyzed through proximate analysis, which determines moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash percentages, and ultimate analysis, which identifies elemental composition. Proximate and ultimate analyses provide information about coal quality and combustion characteristics. Preparation steps like sizing, conditioning, and blending help ensure efficient combustion of coal in industrial boilers.
Unit IV.ppt
Fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon as its main constituent. During combustion of fuel, carbon and other elements combine with oxygen while releasing heat. Coal and crude oil are the main fuel sources, formed from fossilized remains of plants and animals. A good fuel is cheap, safe to store and transport, does not spontaneously combust, has a high calorific value, moderate ignition temperature, and is easily controllable with low moisture and non-harmful combustion products. Fuels are classified as primary (coal, oil, natural gas) or secondary (coke, gasoline) based on occurrence, and as solid (coal, coke), liquid (gasoline, diesel) or gaseous (coal gas, natural gas
1. study of sources of energy
This document provides an introduction to mechanical engineering and energy engineering. It discusses different forms of energy including mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, and chemical energy. It describes conventional sources of energy like fossil fuels including coal, petroleum and natural gas. It discusses different types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. It also covers topics like coal composition and rank, classification of fuels, requirements of good fuels, and coal analysis.
SOLID FUEL.pdf
This document discusses solid fuels, with a focus on coal and coke. It defines primary and secondary fuels, and how they are classified based on physical state as solid, liquid, or gas. Coal forms from decayed vegetation over millions of years and is composed mainly of carbon. Coke is produced from coal through carbonization and is preferred for metallurgical processes due to its strength, porosity, and removal of undesirable sulfur. The document covers proximate and ultimate analysis methods to determine the composition of coal and evaluates quality based on factors like moisture, volatile matter, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. High-temperature carbonization is used to produce strong, porous metallurgical coke while retaining purity.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
Solid Fuels 1A
Solid fuels such as wood, peat, lignite, coal, and other fossil fuels are combustible energy sources formed from ancient plant matter. Coal represents the largest fossil fuel reserves and was instrumental in powering the Industrial Revolution, though its use has declined relatively due to increasing costs. Coal is a sedimentary rock primarily made of carbon that is formed over millions of years from compressed plant material. It exists in various forms from lignite to anthracite depending on its carbon content and energy value. Pakistan has significant coal reserves concentrated in Sindh province.
Manufactured fuel
The document discusses different methods of manufacturing fuels from coal, including carbonization and briquetting. Carbonization involves heating coal in the absence of air to produce coke. There are three main types of carbonization: low temperature carbonization (LTC) at around 600°C, medium temperature carbonization (MTC) at 800-1000°C, and high temperature carbonization (HTC) at 1000-1400°C. HTC is used commercially in coke ovens and produces a higher yield of stronger coke but also more smoke, while LTC produces semi-coke, tar, and gas. Briquetting involves applying pressure to particles with or without binders to produce higher quality solid fuel
Solid fuel and its properties
This document discusses various properties of solid fuels, specifically coal, that are important in determining its quality and suitability for different uses. It describes proximate analysis which measures moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon content. Ultimate analysis measures the elemental composition. Gross calorific value measures the total energy released during combustion, while net calorific value excludes the energy of condensing water vapor. Other properties discussed include ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, caking index and swelling index. Understanding these various analytical measurements and properties is important for the scientific, technical and commercial evaluation and application of coal.
Similar to Ultimate Analysis of Coal (20)
Solid fuel student copy - engineering chemistry.ppt
Solid fuel student copy - engineering chemistry.ppt
CT Unit 1-coal.pdf Coal and coal technology Chemical technology unit 1 Power
CT Unit 1-coal.pdf Coal and coal technology Chemical technology unit 1 Power
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purification
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By installing and successfully operating 10 MW photovoltaic (PV) power plants will deliver electricity for consumption by the owners, the relevant peoples in the project assessment place will be made aware of the technical and economic potential of solar power generation. Furthermore, the power required from the public grid will be reduced, and overall expenditure on electric power will be lowered & our project aims to create the necessary awareness among the population, and especially among policy-makers and large investors, Youngsters.....
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Mass and Flow duration curves
Hydrologic data generally consist of a sequence of observations of some phase of the hydrologic cycle made at a particular site. The data may be a record of the discharge of a stream at a particular place, or it may be a record of the amount of rainfall caught in a particular rain gage.
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Hydro Power Plants
Most efficient means of producing electric energy & do not create the air- pollution, the fuel falling water is not consumed. This favourable conditions to make hydroelectric projects attractive sources of electric power.
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques.ppt
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdf
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Presentation on Food Delivery Systems
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
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Ultimate Analysis of Coal
- 1. Ultimate Analysis – Constituents of coal Fossil Fuel Engineering – ERG 252 (1+1) S.Vignesh – BTG-12-037
- 2. Introduction A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, then bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period of time. Heat and pressure acts on it to finally convert into coal.
- 3. Ultimate Analysis • Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. • Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
- 4. Need For Analysis • It is essential to understand the properties of biomass materials to evaluate their utility • As chemical feedstock's and also design suitable gasifies systems. The analysis is carried out to find the oxygen required for combustion for efficient production of energy. • Two types-proximate and ultimate analysis • Proximate-it determines moisture content, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon content of a fuel. It is reported as dry weight.
- 5. Determination of carbon & hydrogen • About 0.2g of accurately weighed coal is burnt in oxygen in apparatus shown above. • CCO2 & HH2O • KOH & CaCl2 absorb CO2 & H2O respectively. • Increase in weights of the tubes are noted.
- 6. % of C: increase in weight of KOH tube*12*100 weight of the coal sample taken*44 % of H: Increase in weight of CaCl2 tube*2*100 weight of coal sample taken*18
- 7. Determination of Nitrogen • 1g of accurately weighed powdered coal is heated with conc.H2SO4 in kjeldahl flask. • It is treated with excess KOH.
- 8. • Liberated ammonia is distilled over and absorbed in a known volume of standard solution of acid. • Unused acid is determined by back titration with standard NaOH. % of N is volume of acid used*normality*1.4 weight of coal sample taken
- 9. Determination of sulphur • Sulphur is converted into sulphate. • The washings are treated with BaCl. • BaSO4 is precipitated. • Precipitate is filtered, washed and heated to constant weight. • % of S = weight of BaSO4 obtained*32*100 233*weight of coal sample taken
- 10. Determination of ash and oxygen • Coal sample of accurate weight in a crucible is heated in muffle furnace at 700+50 degree Celsius for ½ an hour. Crucible is taken out and cooled first in air and then in desiccators and weighed. • % of ash = weight of ash left*100 weight of coal taken • % of oxygen is 100-percentage of (O+H+S+N+Ash)
- 11. carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen Sulphur 55-60 6-6.5 30-35 1.5-2 0.6-1 Peat
- 12. Carbon hydrogen Oxygen nitrogen Sulphur 70-73 4.6-5.5 22-26 0.6-1.0 0.6-1.5 Lignite
- 13. Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 80 6 15 Bituminous
- 14. Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 93 4 3 Anthracite
- 15. Total carbon • Fixed carbon+carbon present in volatile matter • High total carbon represents high calorific value of the fuel.
- 16. Hydrogen • It increases calorific value-H2 remains as coke oven gas • Associated with volatile matter of coal • Peat to bituminous contains 4.5-6% H2 • Anthracite contains only 1-2%
- 17. Nitrogen • Present up to 1-3% • Comes from protein us matter in vegetable matter. • Inert nitrogen decreases calorific value. • As coal matures, extractable nitrogen decreases. • Its proportion does not depend on rank. • It varies from 1-2% in all.
- 18. Sulphur • It increases calorific value but is undesirable. • Its oxidization product in presence of moisture cause corrosion of equipment and pollution. • When used in steel making it badly affects properties of iron and steel. • Sulphur exists in 3 forms-pyritic, organic & sulphate • World coal contains 1 to 3% sulphur.
- 19. Oxygen • Less the oxygen-better is the coal. • Decreases from lignite to anthracite. • As oxygen content increases, moisture holding capacity increases and caking power decreases.
- 20. Phosphorus • Undesirable in metallurgical as it badly affects properties of metals. • Indian coking coals have less than 0.15% phosphorus.
- 21. Fuels % C % H % O % N % S % Ash Peat 23 10 59 1.5 0.5 6 Lignite 42 7 43 1 1 6 Bituminous 77 5 5 1.5 0.5 11 Sub- Bituminous 59 6 29.5 1 0.5 4 Semi- Anthracite 80 3.5 4.5 1.5 0.5 10 Anthracite 86.5 2.5 3 0.5 0.5 7 Ultimate Analysis – Constituents of Coal
- 22. Thank You