The document discusses different methods of manufacturing fuels from coal, including carbonization and briquetting. Carbonization involves heating coal in the absence of air to produce coke. There are three main types of carbonization: low temperature carbonization (LTC) at around 600°C, medium temperature carbonization (MTC) at 800-1000°C, and high temperature carbonization (HTC) at 1000-1400°C. HTC is used commercially in coke ovens and produces a higher yield of stronger coke but also more smoke, while LTC produces semi-coke, tar, and gas. Briquetting involves applying pressure to particles with or without binders to produce higher quality solid fuel
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Non recovery-heat recovery cokemaking - a review of recent developmentsJorge Madias
This paper is an update of a previous publication in Spanish [1]. One of the current trends in the production of
metallurgical coke is the comeback of non-recovery ovens. This is driven by less interest in byproducts, smaller investment per annual ton, better environmental performance. The development took place particularly in China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia and Colombia [2]. In the USA, one important factor promoting this technology was that EPA declared it as Maximum Achievable Current technology in 1990. This technology arises from the classic beehive ovens which supplied since the XVIII century the coke for the industrial revolution. Those ovens were manually operated, with small heat recovery, just for heating the oven. Now, non-recovery ovens are modern construction, with highly mechanized operation, and automated to a certain degree. Gases generated by the combustion of the volatile matter are sent through downcomers and further burnt to heat the oven bottom and sides; in many cases, mostly when the plant is built within or closed to a steelmaking facility, the hot gas is used for vapor generation and electric power production. Main differences between conventional and non-recovery/heat recovery processes are shown in figure 1. In conventional process, the coal charged receives the heat indirectly through the furnace walls, by combustion of external gas; inside the oven, positive pressure develops. Gas generated in the coking process is sent to the
by-products plant. In non-recovery ovens, coking proceeds from the top through direct heating by the partial
combustion of the volatile matter over the coal bed, and from the bottom by heat coming from full combustion of gases escaping from the oven. In these plants, the offgas is treated and sent to the stack, in many cases after recovering sensible heat to produce vapor and electric power. Installed capacity for these furnaces was esteemed in 2005 in 22 M metric tons per year, probably including
beehive ovens [2]. In table 1, some of the non-recovery coke plants currently operating are listed. Some plants
belong to companies with coal mining as its core business; others are independent coke producers, purchasing coal and selling coke; then there is some joint ventures between coke producers and steelmakers,
and finally, captive coke plants belonging to steel companies.
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
Non recovery-heat recovery cokemaking - a review of recent developmentsJorge Madias
This paper is an update of a previous publication in Spanish [1]. One of the current trends in the production of
metallurgical coke is the comeback of non-recovery ovens. This is driven by less interest in byproducts, smaller investment per annual ton, better environmental performance. The development took place particularly in China, India, USA, Brazil, Australia and Colombia [2]. In the USA, one important factor promoting this technology was that EPA declared it as Maximum Achievable Current technology in 1990. This technology arises from the classic beehive ovens which supplied since the XVIII century the coke for the industrial revolution. Those ovens were manually operated, with small heat recovery, just for heating the oven. Now, non-recovery ovens are modern construction, with highly mechanized operation, and automated to a certain degree. Gases generated by the combustion of the volatile matter are sent through downcomers and further burnt to heat the oven bottom and sides; in many cases, mostly when the plant is built within or closed to a steelmaking facility, the hot gas is used for vapor generation and electric power production. Main differences between conventional and non-recovery/heat recovery processes are shown in figure 1. In conventional process, the coal charged receives the heat indirectly through the furnace walls, by combustion of external gas; inside the oven, positive pressure develops. Gas generated in the coking process is sent to the
by-products plant. In non-recovery ovens, coking proceeds from the top through direct heating by the partial
combustion of the volatile matter over the coal bed, and from the bottom by heat coming from full combustion of gases escaping from the oven. In these plants, the offgas is treated and sent to the stack, in many cases after recovering sensible heat to produce vapor and electric power. Installed capacity for these furnaces was esteemed in 2005 in 22 M metric tons per year, probably including
beehive ovens [2]. In table 1, some of the non-recovery coke plants currently operating are listed. Some plants
belong to companies with coal mining as its core business; others are independent coke producers, purchasing coal and selling coke; then there is some joint ventures between coke producers and steelmakers,
and finally, captive coke plants belonging to steel companies.
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.
Review on modeling of coal blends for prediction of coke qualityJorge Madias
The operation of blast furnaces with coal/natural gas injection requires high coke quality. For lowest coke cost while keeping the necessary coke quality, the choice of coals and the formulation of the blend is a very important issue. A widely utilized tool for blend design is modeling, preceded by coal characterization and followed by pilot oven testing. In this paper, the development of models is reviewed, based on public literature. Three main stages are taken into account, form the sixties to current times.
Global Update for Metallurgical Coke and Coking Coal 2010Smithers Apex
Coal and Coke: The Global Scenario in 2010
- Global steel / coal and coke demand supply (macro view)
- Recent developments in the market
- What to expect in 2010?
- China's influence on the coal and coke markets
Author:
Asheesh Bhat, Manager - Coal & Coke, NOBLE ENERGY, UK
"IMPACT OF COAL BED METHANE MINING IN KORBA AND RAIGARH DISTRICT OF CHHATTISG...Neeraj Parashar
Neeraj Parashar, has presented a case study on Coal Bed Methane Mining in Korba and Raigarh District of Chhattisgarh State, India to draw attention how EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Reports are rigged to seek approval for greenfield projects in Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Currently, gas demand exceeds supply by 30 per cent. While the demand for natural gas in India is 118 million metric standard cubic meter per day (MMSCMD), the current supply from various sources is 80 MMSCMD, leaving a shortfall of 28 MMSCMD. That deficiency can be covered by CBM production.
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. they are also typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
Review on modeling of coal blends for prediction of coke qualityJorge Madias
The operation of blast furnaces with coal/natural gas injection requires high coke quality. For lowest coke cost while keeping the necessary coke quality, the choice of coals and the formulation of the blend is a very important issue. A widely utilized tool for blend design is modeling, preceded by coal characterization and followed by pilot oven testing. In this paper, the development of models is reviewed, based on public literature. Three main stages are taken into account, form the sixties to current times..
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
Manufacturer & Exporter of Petcoke Fired Aluminum Melting Furnace.
We offer highly efficient Petcoke fired aluminium melting furnace to save the running cost of the fuel from 20-60 % less comparison with Oil(HSD, LDO, FO) , Gas (LPG , NG ) and Electric type furnace . The Pet coke can also be used in the melting of Non Ferrous metal like Zinc, Brass, Copper, Lead etc.
These type of furnace are available in different capacity of the crucible with following features :-
- Capacity Range of the furnace from 50 Kgs. To 500 Kgs./Batch
- Quick Start High Efficiency
- Unique Fuel feeding system to prevent back firing
- Compact & user Friendly
- Very Low Running Cost
The Petroleum Coke also known as Petcoke, has several remarkable features from the usage point of view that are:
Petcoke can be a good replacement of coal/lignite.
It can be used in blend form along with coal/lignite or 100% in AFBC/CFBC boilers.
Ash content in Petcoke is much lower than coal/lignite. Hence particulate emissions are always lower as compared to coal.
All About Pet Coke
What is Petcoke ?
Cocking is a thermal cracking process characterized by long residence time and the production of petroleum coke (Petcoke), a heavy carbon residue. Petcoke is produced by thermal cracking of vacuum residue that is produced from crude oil.
In a petroleum refinery, atmospheric and vacuum distillation processes remove from the crude the oil the components that boil up to about 500oC. The distillation process separates the lighter part of the crude oil into fractions which are then processed into useful refined products such as LPG, petrol, kerosene, diesel, etc. The part of the crude oil which does not boil off during the distillation process even under vacuum is known as the vacuum reside. The vacuum residue consists of heavy, viscous, complex hydrocarbon molecules.
The coking process converts the vacuum residue into gas, liquid and solid products. In delayed coking, the heavy feedstock is heated in a tube still and pumped as rapidly as possible to insulated drums where it the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules and residue, producing gas, liquid products and coke. The term 'delayed' comes from the delay between heating and coking. As coke buiilds up in the drum, the lighter products of cracking are recovered as overhead vapours and are taken to a fractionator for separation into various products.
Petcoke yield is mainly dependent on the carbon content of the feedstock, while the structural quality of the Petcoke is influenced chiefly by the type of feed, i.e., virgin crude or cracked products. Fuel grade Petcoke is produced from vacuum residues that have high sulfur contents. High sulphur Petcoke is used as fuel whereas low sulphur Petocoke is used in producing anodes.
Fuel grade Petcoke generally replaces iignite and coal.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. CARBONISATION
• The process of converting coal into coke is called as
carbonization of coal.
• When a coking coal is heated in the absence of air, the
porous, hard and strong residue left is called coke.
• Coke is white, lustrous, dense porous coherent mass.
Depending on the behavior of coal, when heated in the
absence of air, the coal is classified into;
(i) Non-coking coal which undergoes practically no fusing
effect and also called as free burning coal.
(ii) Coking coal which gives porous, hard and strong residue
after heating in the absence of air. The residue is used for
metallurgical purposes and is known as coke. They are
quite strong and not crushed under the weight of
ore, flux and coal in big furnaces.
3. Properties of Coke
• Hard, Porous, Carbonaceous materials
• Three important properties of coke;
i)Purity
- Ascertained by moisture,ash, sulphur,phosphorus content
ii)Strength
-By Shatter and Micum test
iii)Reactivity
-By specified minimum porosity calculation
-It is also measured with respect to air,CO2,Steam,Sulphur
5. Low Temp.Carbonisation(LTC)
Generally used for production of soft coke or char or
semi coke.
High temperature gradient was employed for
carbonisation in reasonable time as coal a poor conductor.
Normally it is a economical upgradation method of low
rank coal like lignite.
The major products are semicoke, low temp.
liquor,crude low temp.spirit and gas.
8. Properties of Gas by LTC
• Specific gravity(in reference to air) - 0.6
• Calorific value - 6500Kcal/Nm3
Composition in percentage(%)
CO2 4.0
CO 7.0
H2 33.0
N2 7.0
CnHn 4.0
CnH2n+2 45.0
9. Application of Products by LTC
• Semicoke as highly reactive produce smokeless flame ideal
for domestic solid fuel.
• Also semicoke &char utilized for gasification into fuel or
synthesis gas for chemicals and fertilizers industries.
• The gas obtained is rich in HC’s(hydrocarbons)&poorer in H2
compared to that obtained by HTC(high temp.carbonisation).
• Calorific value is high although yield is low.
• Alternate source to biomass used for domestic hearths
providing clean fuel concept.
10. HIGH TEMP.CARBONISATION(HTC)
• Commercially practised in coke oven for coke and in gas retorts for
gas.
• Coke oven is of two types;
a. Beehive type (coke completely burnt)
b. By-product slot type (coke by product obtained)
• Similarly gas retorts are of three types producing coal gas;
a.Horizontal type retort
b.Intermittant vertical retort
c.Continuous vertical retort
13. Typical Yields from HTC
Products Amount(in %)
Coke 78-80
Tar 3.0
Crude benzol 0.8
Ammonium Sulphate 1.0
Coke oven gas 330Nm3 /tonne
14. Coke Oven gas Composition
Constituents Amount(in%)
H2 54
CH4 28
CO 7.4
N2 5.6
CO2 2.0
O2 0.4
CnHm 2.6
Gross calorific value =5020Kcal/Nm3 (dry condition)
=4450Kcal/Nm3 (wet condition)
15. Difference between LTC &HTC
Characteristics Low Temperature
Carbonisation
High Temperature
Carbonisation
1. Heating temperature 500-7000C 900-1200°C
2. Yield of coke 75−80% 65−75%
3. Volatile matter content 5−15% 1−3%
4. Mechanical strength Poor Good
5. Calorific value 6500−9500 kcal/m3 5400−6000 kcal/m3
6. Quantity of by-product
gases
130−150 m3/tone 300−390 m3/tone
7. Coke produced Soft Hard
8. Smoke produced Smokeless Smoky
9. In gas, percentage of
(a) Aromatic hydrocarbons
(b) Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Lower
Higher
Higher
Lower
10. Uses Domestic Metallurgy
16. BRIQUETTE
• A briquette is a block of flammable material used as fuel to
start and maintain a fire.
• Common types of briquettes are charcoal briquettes
and biomass briquettes.
Parameter Value
Briquette density, t/m³ 1.0-1.2
Heat content, MJ/Kg 19.3-20.5
Ash content, % 0.5-1.5
17. Briquetting
• Briquetting consists in applying pressure to a mass of particles
with or without addition of binders& converting to
agglomerate.
• Main objective is to convert low grade solid fuel to one of
higher quality.
(Generalised Briquetting Process)
18. Briquetting of Lignites
• Briquetting used because of structural quality & as is
obtained as fines during mining.
• Briquetting requires no binder & comparatively low pressure
suffices compaction of particles.
• Some important parameters for briquetting;
Particle size 8mm(after crushing from
250mm)
Moisture 9-11%(reduced from50-56%)
Pressure 1000kg/m³
Optimum temperature 70˚C
19. Briquetting of Bituminous Coal
• Briquetting of fine grade coals like bituminous takes place
with binders like coal,tar,pitch,petroleum bitumen .
( Typical Briquetting Process)
20. Parameters for briquetting:-
Size 80%lessthan0.5 mm(coal)
93%less than 0.88mm(pitch binder)
Moisture content 2-4%
Briquetting pressure 150kg/m³
Optimum temperature 150-160˚C
Pitch content(binder) 7-8%
