This document provides information about solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, saturated solution, and solubility. It explains that a solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances where one substance dissolves in another. Water is called the universal solvent because it can dissolve more substances than any other solvent. Not all substances are soluble and solubility depends on temperature, the nature of the solute and solvent, and other factors. The document also discusses different types of solutions and rates of dissolving.

1. Mrs Teo CC
Video clips taken from
YouTube.

2. Solutions
What is a solution?
Watch the video clip to find out.

3. Solutions
1. In a solution,
• substance that dissolves
- ________.
solute
• substance that does the dissolving
- ________.
solvent
2. A solution is made up of
________ and _________.
solute solvent
3. The ________ is usually present in greater
solvent
amount than the ________ .
solute

4. Solutions
Watch the following video for an
explanation on dissolving.

5. Solutions
Simple explanation of dissolving:
When a substance dissolves in another, it breaks up into
particles and go in between the particles of the other.
For example when common salt or sugar is added to
water, its particles separate and go in between the
particles of water.
The attraction between the common salt particles and
water particles is greater than the attraction of the
common salt particles themselves.

6. Solutions
What does it mean when we say
a solution is dilute or
a solution is concentrated?
Watch the video to find out.

7. Solutions
A dilute solution contains less
solute than an equal volume of a
concentrated solution.
For example, dilute sugar solution
is less sweet than concentrated
sugar solution because it contains
less sugar dissolved in it.

8. Solutions
When more and more sugar is dissolved in
some water,
- solution becomes more and more
concentrated
- soon some can no longer dissolve
We say a saturated solution has been
obtained.

9. Solutions
Are all substances soluble and is water the
only solvent?
Watch the video clip for the answer.

10. Solutions
Let’s listen to a song
-sung by a little kitten
who is very glad that
he's not soluble.

11. Solutions
Not all substances are soluble in water.
Some examples are:
• superglue dissolves in acetone
• grease dissolves in petrol
• some types of paint dissolve in turpentine
What is the solvent in a bottle of perfume?

12. Solutions
Examples of Solutions:
alloy-pewter (used to
make the objects)
copper(II) sugar solution
beer
sulfate solution
coca cola
Vinegar (ethanoic acid)
alloy-brass (used to wine
make the instrument)
What is your definition of a solution?

13. Solutions
A solutions is a homogeneous mixture
of substances.
• substances can be solids, liquids or
gases
• homogeneous means the colour
appearance, density and other physical
and chemical properties are the same in
in every part

14. Solutions
Water is called the universal solvent.
Why?
It can dissolve more substances than
any other solvent.
Solutions in which water is the solvent
are called aqueous solutions.

15. Solutions
There are other types of solutions
besides those consisting of solids
dissolved in liquids (e.g. sugar solution,
salt solution).

16. Types of Solutions
1. Solid-Liquid Solutions
e.g. sugar solution (sugar dissolved in water), common salt solution
iodine
(common salt dissolved in water, tincture of iodine (____________
ethanol
dissolved in ___________)
2. Liquid-Liquid Solutions
ethanol
e.g. beer, whisky, brandy, wine (consisting of ______________
dissolved in water)
3. Gas-Liquid Solutions
carbon dioxide
e.g. carbonic acid ( __________________ gas dissolved
hydrogen chloride
in water), hydrochloric acid ( ______________________ gas
sulfur trioxide
dissolved in water), sulfuric acid ( __________________ gas
dissolved in water),

17. Types of Solutions
5. Solid-Solid Solutions
e.g. brass, bronze, steel, coinage silver, nichrome,
solder and pewter
• alloys
also called ________
• usually prepared by mixing the molten metals
together and allowing them to cool
6. Gas-Gas Solution
e.g. air (consisting of oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble
gases and nitrogen)

18. Solutions
Interesting solutions
- amalgams
- made up of metals such as silver, tin, copper
or gold, dissolved in mercury
- used in dentistry to fill tooth cavities
- tincture of iodine
- made up of iodine dissolved in ethanol
- used as an antiseptic

19. Solutions
There is a limit to the amount of solute that can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
particular temperature.
For example, given some water in a beaker,
only a certain mass of sugar can dissolve in it
at a given temperature. Any extra sugar
added will be left undissolved
We say that a saturated sugar solution has
been produced.

20. Solutions
A solution that contains the maximum
amount of solute dissolved in it at a
given temperature is called a
saturated
___________ solution.

21. Solutions
Solubility is the maximum mass of a
solute that can dissolve in 100 g of a
solvent at a particular temperature.

22. Solubility
For example,
- 30 g of copper(II) sulfate can dissolve in 100 water
at 42 deg C,
so we say the solubility of copper(II) sulfate at
42 deg C is 30g.
- 66 g of copper(II) sulfate can dissolve in 100 g water
at 90 deg C,
so we say the solubility of copper(II) sulfate at
90 deg C is 66 g.

23. Solubility
The three factors affecting solubility:
1. Temperature of the solvent
Generally the higher the temperature of a solvent
the greater is the solubility of a solid.
However, gases are less soluble when the
temperature rises.
For example, sugar is more soluble in hot water than cold
water. However, oxygen is more soluble in cold water than hot
water.

24. Solubility
2. Nature of the solute
A substance can be more soluble than another
substance in a given amount of the same
solvent at the same temperature
For example, common salt is more soluble than
baking soda in the same amount of water at the
same temperature.

25. Solubility
3. Nature of the solvent
A substance can be soluble in one solvent but
insoluble or only slightly soluble in an equal
volume of another solvent at the same
temperature.
For example, iodine is soluble in ethanol but almost
insoluble in water.

26. Rate of Dissolving
The three factors affecting rate
of dissolving:
1. Rate of stirring
The faster a solution is stirred, the faster
a solute will dissolve .
Stirring sugar in water makes it dissolve more quickly than
not stirring it.

27. Rate of Dissolving
2. Temperature of solvent
The higher the temperature of a solvent,
the faster a solute will dissolve in it.
Sugar dissolves faster in hot water than an equal volume
of cold water.

28. Rate of Dissolving
3. Surface area of the solute
The finer the particles or the bigger the
surface area of a solute, the faster it
will dissolve in a solvent.
Fine sugar dissolves faster in water than an equal mass
of rock sugar as it has bigger surface area.

29. THE END