Image sensors contain millions of light-sensitive photosites that record brightness levels and allow digital cameras to capture images. The two main types are CCD and CMOS sensors. CCD sensors transfer the electric charge from each photosite to be converted to a digital signal, while CMOS sensors have transistors at each pixel to individually convert charge to voltage. Both have advantages like CMOS integrating additional processing circuits while CCDs have higher sensitivity. Image sensors are now widely used in applications like digital cameras, camcorders, biometrics, and more due to their small size and low power consumption compared to film.
CMOS and CCD are the two most popular types of image sensors. CMOS sensors use less power and operate at faster speeds than CCD sensors, but have higher noise levels. CCD sensors have lower noise but require more power and operate more slowly. Both sensor types convert light into electrical signals that are then processed into digital images. They are widely used in applications like digital cameras, video cameras, CCTV security cameras, and copiers.
- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. Sensors need to be calibrated against known standards for accuracy.
- There are different types of sensors including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and biological sensors. Image sensors convert an optical image into an electrical signal using photosensitive diodes.
- Key factors for choosing a sensor include the environment, required range of detection, and desired field of view. CCD and CMOS are the main types of image sensors, with CCD having higher sensitivity but CMOS being more power efficient and able to incorporate additional processing.
http://www.axis.com/
When an image is being captured by a network camera, light passes through the lens and falls on the
image sensor. The image sensor consists of picture elements, also called pixels, that register the amount
of light that falls on them. They convert the received amount of light into a corresponding number of
electrons. The stronger the light, the more electrons are generated. The electrons are converted into
voltage and then transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter. The signal constituted by the
numbers is processed by electronic circuits inside the camera.
CCD and CMOS are both integrated circuits that can detect light and convert it into electrical signals. They are commonly used in cameras and other devices. CCD sensors generally have better image quality in low light but are more expensive and use more power. CMOS sensors use less power, are cheaper to produce, and have image quality that is improving, but may be more prone to noise. The best sensor type depends on the user's needs and priorities around image quality, cost, and battery life.
This document discusses image sensors, including what they are, their history, types (CCD and CMOS), and applications. An image sensor converts light into digital signals and contains millions of photosensitive diodes. The two main types are CCDs, which store and transfer electrons, and CMOS sensors, which can incorporate additional circuits. While CCDs generally have better image quality in low light, CMOS sensors are smaller, cheaper, and more power efficient. Image sensors are now widely used in applications like digital cameras, camcorders, PDAs, fingerprint scanners, and more.
This document discusses k-space and how it relates to MRI image formation. It explains that k-space is a mathematical representation of spatial frequencies, not a real space, and that each point in an MR image is reconstructed based on all points in k-space. It also describes how MRI uses magnetic field gradients to spatially encode the nuclear magnetic resonance signal and fill k-space during the image acquisition process.
This document provides an overview of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the basic components and evolution of CT scanners from first to seventh generation machines. Key points include: CT uses X-rays and computers to produce 3D images of the body's soft tissues and organs. Early scanners moved in a linear path, while newer scanners allow continuous rotation. Detector arrays have expanded from single to multi-row designs for faster image acquisition. Helical and volume scanning allow imaging of entire regions rather than individual slices.
This document discusses various concepts related to radiographic image quality and measurements. It defines terms like radiographic contrast, spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how factors like the film, geometry, and subject can impact radiographic quality. It also discusses optical density, sensitometry, and how the characteristic curve relates exposure to density. The modulation transfer function and how it relates to spatial frequencies is explained. Overall, the document provides an overview of key technical factors and measurements that influence the quality of radiographic images.
CMOS and CCD are the two most popular types of image sensors. CMOS sensors use less power and operate at faster speeds than CCD sensors, but have higher noise levels. CCD sensors have lower noise but require more power and operate more slowly. Both sensor types convert light into electrical signals that are then processed into digital images. They are widely used in applications like digital cameras, video cameras, CCTV security cameras, and copiers.
- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. Sensors need to be calibrated against known standards for accuracy.
- There are different types of sensors including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and biological sensors. Image sensors convert an optical image into an electrical signal using photosensitive diodes.
- Key factors for choosing a sensor include the environment, required range of detection, and desired field of view. CCD and CMOS are the main types of image sensors, with CCD having higher sensitivity but CMOS being more power efficient and able to incorporate additional processing.
http://www.axis.com/
When an image is being captured by a network camera, light passes through the lens and falls on the
image sensor. The image sensor consists of picture elements, also called pixels, that register the amount
of light that falls on them. They convert the received amount of light into a corresponding number of
electrons. The stronger the light, the more electrons are generated. The electrons are converted into
voltage and then transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter. The signal constituted by the
numbers is processed by electronic circuits inside the camera.
CCD and CMOS are both integrated circuits that can detect light and convert it into electrical signals. They are commonly used in cameras and other devices. CCD sensors generally have better image quality in low light but are more expensive and use more power. CMOS sensors use less power, are cheaper to produce, and have image quality that is improving, but may be more prone to noise. The best sensor type depends on the user's needs and priorities around image quality, cost, and battery life.
This document discusses image sensors, including what they are, their history, types (CCD and CMOS), and applications. An image sensor converts light into digital signals and contains millions of photosensitive diodes. The two main types are CCDs, which store and transfer electrons, and CMOS sensors, which can incorporate additional circuits. While CCDs generally have better image quality in low light, CMOS sensors are smaller, cheaper, and more power efficient. Image sensors are now widely used in applications like digital cameras, camcorders, PDAs, fingerprint scanners, and more.
This document discusses k-space and how it relates to MRI image formation. It explains that k-space is a mathematical representation of spatial frequencies, not a real space, and that each point in an MR image is reconstructed based on all points in k-space. It also describes how MRI uses magnetic field gradients to spatially encode the nuclear magnetic resonance signal and fill k-space during the image acquisition process.
This document provides an overview of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the basic components and evolution of CT scanners from first to seventh generation machines. Key points include: CT uses X-rays and computers to produce 3D images of the body's soft tissues and organs. Early scanners moved in a linear path, while newer scanners allow continuous rotation. Detector arrays have expanded from single to multi-row designs for faster image acquisition. Helical and volume scanning allow imaging of entire regions rather than individual slices.
This document discusses various concepts related to radiographic image quality and measurements. It defines terms like radiographic contrast, spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts. It describes how factors like the film, geometry, and subject can impact radiographic quality. It also discusses optical density, sensitometry, and how the characteristic curve relates exposure to density. The modulation transfer function and how it relates to spatial frequencies is explained. Overall, the document provides an overview of key technical factors and measurements that influence the quality of radiographic images.
This document discusses different types of CT detectors. There are two main types: gas ionization detectors and scintillating crystal detectors. Gas ionization detectors use a gas mixture that produces electrons when struck by x-rays, while scintillating crystal detectors use crystals that produce light when struck by x-rays. Scintillating crystal detectors can be based on photomultiplier tubes or photodiodes, which convert the light into electrical signals. Detector features like quantum efficiency, response time, and cost must be considered when selecting a detector for a CT scanner.
Spatial resolution quantifies image blurring and the minimum separation required between two high contrast objects to resolve them as separate. Contrast resolution is the ability to demonstrate small changes in tissue contrast. CT image noise is the standard deviation of pixel values in a uniform region.
The document discusses key CT image quality parameters including spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and noise. It describes how these parameters are measured and affected by acquisition factors such as focal spot size, detector width, and slice thickness. Tests are outlined to validate equipment performance meets specifications for these image quality metrics.
Floroscopy new microsoft office powerpoint 97 2003 presentation (2)mr_koky
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It begins with a brief history of fluoroscopy, describing early techniques where radiologists viewed dim, fluorescent images directly. It then explains how modern image intensifiers work, increasing image brightness by converting x-ray photons to electrons that excite a phosphor, producing a brighter light image. The key components of an image intensifier - including input phosphor, photocathode, electron acceleration, and output phosphor - are identified. Factors affecting image quality such as unsharpness, noise, resolution and distortion are also outlined.
Digital fluoroscopy is most commonly configured as a conventional fluoroscopy system where the analog video signal is converted to digital format via an analog-to-digital converter. Alternatively, digitization can be done with a digital video camera or direct capture of x-rays with a flat panel detector. Digital fluoroscopy systems allow for digital image recording and processing using techniques like frame averaging and edge enhancement. Radiation protection for patients and staff is important for digital fluoroscopy and techniques like collimation, minimum source-to-skin distance, and lead shielding help reduce exposure.
This document discusses digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR). It describes the key components of DR imaging systems, including the capture element, coupling element, and collection element. Common collection elements are photodiodes, CCDs, and TFTs. CR uses an imaging plate that stores x-ray energy as latent images, which are then read by a CR reader/digitizer and processed into digital images. Direct and indirect DR differ in whether they use a scintillator to convert x-rays to light or use a photoconductor to directly convert x-rays to electron-hole pairs.
This document discusses IBOC (In-Band On-Channel) technology, which allows digital audio broadcasting without requiring new spectrum allocations. IBOC inserts a digital sideband signal within the existing AM and FM bands. There are three modes of IBOC operation: hybrid mode, extended hybrid mode, and all-digital mode. IBOC implementation can use either low-level or high-level combining of FM and IBOC signals. Benefits of digital radio include high quality audio and added services, but adoption has been delayed by issues like interference and costs.
The document summarizes the key components and parameters of fluoroscopy systems. It discusses the image intensifier, which converts x-ray photons into light photons and uses electrodes to focus electrons onto an output screen. Parameters like conversion coefficient, brightness uniformity, and spatial resolution are described. It also covers the image intensifier's connection to a TV system using cameras like vidicons or CCDs, and how this produces a video signal to display fluoroscopy images on a monitor in real-time.
Night vision technology allows humans to see in low-light conditions using either thermal imaging or image enhancement. Thermal imaging detects infrared radiation emitted or reflected from objects, while image enhancement devices like night vision goggles amplify available light below the visible spectrum. Night vision devices have progressed through several generations with improved resolution, sensitivity, and tube life. They are commonly used for military, hunting, wildlife observation, security, and automotive applications.
Fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images and is displayed on a monitor. It works by passing an X-ray beam through the body. The image intensifier converts the X-ray image into a brighter visible light image. It contains a photocathode that emits electrons when hit by X-rays, and an output phosphor that converts the electrons back into a magnified visible light image. This process amplifies and multiplies the number of photons. Fluoroscopy provides brighter images than older techniques and allows examinations to be done without complete darkness. It is used in procedures like cardiac catheterization, joint imaging, and IV catheter placement.
The resolution and performance of an optical microscope can be characterized by a quantity known as the modulation transfer function (MTF), which is a measurement of the microscope's ability to transfer contrast from the specimen to the intermediate image plane at a specific resolution.
This document discusses biomedical sensors that use optical fibers. It introduces fiber optic sensors and their advantages, such as flexibility, lightness, safety, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. It then describes several specific fiber optic sensors: a pressure sensor that uses a Fabry-Perot cavity, temperature sensors that use phase interference or fiber deformation, and a blood flow sensor that uses laser Doppler flowmetry. Commercially available products are provided as examples for the pressure, temperature, and blood flow sensors. The document concludes that fiber optic sensors are well-suited for a variety of medical measurements due to their low cost, ease of use, and performance comparable to electric sensors.
Digital radiography systems have replaced analog film-based systems. There are several types of digital radiography including computed radiography, scanned projection radiography, and indirect and direct digital radiography. Computed radiography uses a photostimulable phosphor plate to capture x-rays and a laser scanner to read the plate digitally. Scanned projection radiography functions similar to a CT scanner to produce digital radiographic images. Indirect and direct digital radiography use detectors like CCDs or photodiodes coupled with scintillators to directly convert x-rays to digital signals. Digital radiography allows for post-processing of images and reduces need for film and processing.
This document discusses the Radon transform and its applications in image processing. It introduces ridgelets as an extension of wavelets that are more effective for line and curve singularities. Ridgelets are derived from the Radon transform and wavelets. The Radon transform computes projections of an image along axes and is used in computed tomography (CT) scans to reconstruct tissue density images from X-ray measurements. Wavelets can localize the Radon transform for reconstruction. Ridgelets and the Radon transform have applications in tasks like line detection in images.
1. Computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction involves estimating digital images from measured x-ray projection data. Early methods included back projection, which was simple but produced blurred images.
2. Modern commercial CT scanners use analytical methods like filtered back projection or Fourier filtering to reduce blurring. These methods apply spatial or frequency domain filters to projection data before back projecting to reconstruct the image.
3. Iterative reconstruction methods were also developed and provide better image quality than analytical methods but are too computationally intensive for clinical use. Current research aims to make iterative methods fast enough for real-time medical imaging.
The document discusses the history and working of digital cameras. It explains that digital cameras trace their origins to inventions like the camera obscura in ancient times and developments in photography in the 18th-19th centuries. A key development was the invention of the first digital camera by Steve Sasson in 1975. The document then describes the basic components and working of digital cameras, including how light is focused onto sensors using lenses, how sensors convert light into digital signals, and how these signals are processed and stored as digital images. It also discusses different types of digital cameras and image sensors like CCD and CMOS.
This document discusses sensitometry, which is the quantitative evaluation of how a photographic film responds to radiation and processing. Sensitometry involves producing a sensitometric strip by exposing a film to different levels of radiation and then plotting the characteristic curve. The characteristic curve shows the optical density of the film plotted against the log of relative exposure. Key features of the curve include gross fog, threshold, contrast, latitude, speed/sensitivity and maximum density. Understanding a film's sensitometric properties allows for reproducing an invisible x-ray image with optimal contrast and detail.
This document discusses CMOS image sensors. It begins by defining a CMOS sensor as an electronic chip that converts photons to electrons for digital processing. CMOS sensors are used in digital cameras, video cameras, and CCTV cameras. The document then discusses the types of CMOS sensors, how they work, and their operation. CMOS sensors contain a color filter, pixel array, digital controller, and analog to digital converter. Each pixel sensor contains its own light sensor, amplifier, and pixel select switch. CMOS sensors have advantages over other sensors such as high frame rates, resolution, and low power consumption.
Fiber optic communication has several military applications due to its advantages over traditional copper wire. It allows for repeaters every 16km compared to 500m for coax, is lighter weight, and has higher bandwidth for transmitting multiple signals. Fiber optic cables are also more secure as they are not affected by electromagnetic or radio frequency interference and are very difficult to tap. One weapon application is the FOG-M missile, which uses a fiber optic cable to transmit video feedback to the gunner for guidance. Fiber optics are also used for optical computing, military surveillance and sensors due to their ruggedness, and aboard vehicles since they are lighter and immune to electromagnetic interference.
This document discusses liquid crystal thermography (LCT), a non-destructive testing technique. LCT uses thermochromic liquid crystals applied to a test specimen's surface. These crystals change color with temperature, allowing surface temperatures to be measured visually. The document explains that LCT provides a quick qualitative view of surface temperatures and can be used with video cameras. Some limitations are that it requires uniform lighting and surface preparation. The document also provides sample questions about LCT and liquid crystals.
An fMRI scan measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen levels. It uses the same MRI technology but produces images showing real-time functional changes rather than just anatomical structures. An fMRI scan is able to show which specific parts of the brain are active during different cognitive tasks by tracking blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain over time.
- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. Sensors need to be calibrated against known standards for accuracy.
- There are different types of sensors including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and biological sensors. Image sensors convert an optical image into an electrical signal using photosensitive diodes.
- Choosing a sensor depends on factors like the environment, required range of detection, and desired field of view. CCD and CMOS are two common types of image sensors that differ in their structure and power consumption.
A digital camera captures images using an image sensor, which converts light into electric signals. The image sensor is typically a CCD or CMOS chip containing arrays of light-sensitive photosites. When the shutter button is pressed, light from the photographed scene hits the image sensor, causing each photosite to generate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity. These charges are converted into digital values and stored as pixels in a memory card. The resolution, or clarity, of the captured images depends on the number of pixels in the image sensor. Common image sensors used in digital cameras include CCD and CMOS sensors.
This document discusses different types of CT detectors. There are two main types: gas ionization detectors and scintillating crystal detectors. Gas ionization detectors use a gas mixture that produces electrons when struck by x-rays, while scintillating crystal detectors use crystals that produce light when struck by x-rays. Scintillating crystal detectors can be based on photomultiplier tubes or photodiodes, which convert the light into electrical signals. Detector features like quantum efficiency, response time, and cost must be considered when selecting a detector for a CT scanner.
Spatial resolution quantifies image blurring and the minimum separation required between two high contrast objects to resolve them as separate. Contrast resolution is the ability to demonstrate small changes in tissue contrast. CT image noise is the standard deviation of pixel values in a uniform region.
The document discusses key CT image quality parameters including spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and noise. It describes how these parameters are measured and affected by acquisition factors such as focal spot size, detector width, and slice thickness. Tests are outlined to validate equipment performance meets specifications for these image quality metrics.
Floroscopy new microsoft office powerpoint 97 2003 presentation (2)mr_koky
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It begins with a brief history of fluoroscopy, describing early techniques where radiologists viewed dim, fluorescent images directly. It then explains how modern image intensifiers work, increasing image brightness by converting x-ray photons to electrons that excite a phosphor, producing a brighter light image. The key components of an image intensifier - including input phosphor, photocathode, electron acceleration, and output phosphor - are identified. Factors affecting image quality such as unsharpness, noise, resolution and distortion are also outlined.
Digital fluoroscopy is most commonly configured as a conventional fluoroscopy system where the analog video signal is converted to digital format via an analog-to-digital converter. Alternatively, digitization can be done with a digital video camera or direct capture of x-rays with a flat panel detector. Digital fluoroscopy systems allow for digital image recording and processing using techniques like frame averaging and edge enhancement. Radiation protection for patients and staff is important for digital fluoroscopy and techniques like collimation, minimum source-to-skin distance, and lead shielding help reduce exposure.
This document discusses digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR). It describes the key components of DR imaging systems, including the capture element, coupling element, and collection element. Common collection elements are photodiodes, CCDs, and TFTs. CR uses an imaging plate that stores x-ray energy as latent images, which are then read by a CR reader/digitizer and processed into digital images. Direct and indirect DR differ in whether they use a scintillator to convert x-rays to light or use a photoconductor to directly convert x-rays to electron-hole pairs.
This document discusses IBOC (In-Band On-Channel) technology, which allows digital audio broadcasting without requiring new spectrum allocations. IBOC inserts a digital sideband signal within the existing AM and FM bands. There are three modes of IBOC operation: hybrid mode, extended hybrid mode, and all-digital mode. IBOC implementation can use either low-level or high-level combining of FM and IBOC signals. Benefits of digital radio include high quality audio and added services, but adoption has been delayed by issues like interference and costs.
The document summarizes the key components and parameters of fluoroscopy systems. It discusses the image intensifier, which converts x-ray photons into light photons and uses electrodes to focus electrons onto an output screen. Parameters like conversion coefficient, brightness uniformity, and spatial resolution are described. It also covers the image intensifier's connection to a TV system using cameras like vidicons or CCDs, and how this produces a video signal to display fluoroscopy images on a monitor in real-time.
Night vision technology allows humans to see in low-light conditions using either thermal imaging or image enhancement. Thermal imaging detects infrared radiation emitted or reflected from objects, while image enhancement devices like night vision goggles amplify available light below the visible spectrum. Night vision devices have progressed through several generations with improved resolution, sensitivity, and tube life. They are commonly used for military, hunting, wildlife observation, security, and automotive applications.
Fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images and is displayed on a monitor. It works by passing an X-ray beam through the body. The image intensifier converts the X-ray image into a brighter visible light image. It contains a photocathode that emits electrons when hit by X-rays, and an output phosphor that converts the electrons back into a magnified visible light image. This process amplifies and multiplies the number of photons. Fluoroscopy provides brighter images than older techniques and allows examinations to be done without complete darkness. It is used in procedures like cardiac catheterization, joint imaging, and IV catheter placement.
The resolution and performance of an optical microscope can be characterized by a quantity known as the modulation transfer function (MTF), which is a measurement of the microscope's ability to transfer contrast from the specimen to the intermediate image plane at a specific resolution.
This document discusses biomedical sensors that use optical fibers. It introduces fiber optic sensors and their advantages, such as flexibility, lightness, safety, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. It then describes several specific fiber optic sensors: a pressure sensor that uses a Fabry-Perot cavity, temperature sensors that use phase interference or fiber deformation, and a blood flow sensor that uses laser Doppler flowmetry. Commercially available products are provided as examples for the pressure, temperature, and blood flow sensors. The document concludes that fiber optic sensors are well-suited for a variety of medical measurements due to their low cost, ease of use, and performance comparable to electric sensors.
Digital radiography systems have replaced analog film-based systems. There are several types of digital radiography including computed radiography, scanned projection radiography, and indirect and direct digital radiography. Computed radiography uses a photostimulable phosphor plate to capture x-rays and a laser scanner to read the plate digitally. Scanned projection radiography functions similar to a CT scanner to produce digital radiographic images. Indirect and direct digital radiography use detectors like CCDs or photodiodes coupled with scintillators to directly convert x-rays to digital signals. Digital radiography allows for post-processing of images and reduces need for film and processing.
This document discusses the Radon transform and its applications in image processing. It introduces ridgelets as an extension of wavelets that are more effective for line and curve singularities. Ridgelets are derived from the Radon transform and wavelets. The Radon transform computes projections of an image along axes and is used in computed tomography (CT) scans to reconstruct tissue density images from X-ray measurements. Wavelets can localize the Radon transform for reconstruction. Ridgelets and the Radon transform have applications in tasks like line detection in images.
1. Computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction involves estimating digital images from measured x-ray projection data. Early methods included back projection, which was simple but produced blurred images.
2. Modern commercial CT scanners use analytical methods like filtered back projection or Fourier filtering to reduce blurring. These methods apply spatial or frequency domain filters to projection data before back projecting to reconstruct the image.
3. Iterative reconstruction methods were also developed and provide better image quality than analytical methods but are too computationally intensive for clinical use. Current research aims to make iterative methods fast enough for real-time medical imaging.
The document discusses the history and working of digital cameras. It explains that digital cameras trace their origins to inventions like the camera obscura in ancient times and developments in photography in the 18th-19th centuries. A key development was the invention of the first digital camera by Steve Sasson in 1975. The document then describes the basic components and working of digital cameras, including how light is focused onto sensors using lenses, how sensors convert light into digital signals, and how these signals are processed and stored as digital images. It also discusses different types of digital cameras and image sensors like CCD and CMOS.
This document discusses sensitometry, which is the quantitative evaluation of how a photographic film responds to radiation and processing. Sensitometry involves producing a sensitometric strip by exposing a film to different levels of radiation and then plotting the characteristic curve. The characteristic curve shows the optical density of the film plotted against the log of relative exposure. Key features of the curve include gross fog, threshold, contrast, latitude, speed/sensitivity and maximum density. Understanding a film's sensitometric properties allows for reproducing an invisible x-ray image with optimal contrast and detail.
This document discusses CMOS image sensors. It begins by defining a CMOS sensor as an electronic chip that converts photons to electrons for digital processing. CMOS sensors are used in digital cameras, video cameras, and CCTV cameras. The document then discusses the types of CMOS sensors, how they work, and their operation. CMOS sensors contain a color filter, pixel array, digital controller, and analog to digital converter. Each pixel sensor contains its own light sensor, amplifier, and pixel select switch. CMOS sensors have advantages over other sensors such as high frame rates, resolution, and low power consumption.
Fiber optic communication has several military applications due to its advantages over traditional copper wire. It allows for repeaters every 16km compared to 500m for coax, is lighter weight, and has higher bandwidth for transmitting multiple signals. Fiber optic cables are also more secure as they are not affected by electromagnetic or radio frequency interference and are very difficult to tap. One weapon application is the FOG-M missile, which uses a fiber optic cable to transmit video feedback to the gunner for guidance. Fiber optics are also used for optical computing, military surveillance and sensors due to their ruggedness, and aboard vehicles since they are lighter and immune to electromagnetic interference.
This document discusses liquid crystal thermography (LCT), a non-destructive testing technique. LCT uses thermochromic liquid crystals applied to a test specimen's surface. These crystals change color with temperature, allowing surface temperatures to be measured visually. The document explains that LCT provides a quick qualitative view of surface temperatures and can be used with video cameras. Some limitations are that it requires uniform lighting and surface preparation. The document also provides sample questions about LCT and liquid crystals.
An fMRI scan measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen levels. It uses the same MRI technology but produces images showing real-time functional changes rather than just anatomical structures. An fMRI scan is able to show which specific parts of the brain are active during different cognitive tasks by tracking blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain over time.
- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. Sensors need to be calibrated against known standards for accuracy.
- There are different types of sensors including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, and biological sensors. Image sensors convert an optical image into an electrical signal using photosensitive diodes.
- Choosing a sensor depends on factors like the environment, required range of detection, and desired field of view. CCD and CMOS are two common types of image sensors that differ in their structure and power consumption.
A digital camera captures images using an image sensor, which converts light into electric signals. The image sensor is typically a CCD or CMOS chip containing arrays of light-sensitive photosites. When the shutter button is pressed, light from the photographed scene hits the image sensor, causing each photosite to generate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity. These charges are converted into digital values and stored as pixels in a memory card. The resolution, or clarity, of the captured images depends on the number of pixels in the image sensor. Common image sensors used in digital cameras include CCD and CMOS sensors.
Different types of imaging devices and principles.pptxAayushiPaul1
Digital radiography uses digital image receptors instead of film. Large digital radiographic images require significant storage space, network bandwidth, and high-resolution monitors. Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) provide economical storage and access to medical images across systems using DICOM standards. Common digital x-ray technologies include computed radiography, direct radiography using CCDs or flat panel detectors, and direct detection flat panel systems which directly convert x-rays to electron-hole pairs.
CCD cameras use charge-coupled device sensors to capture images as video signals. The document explains how CCD cameras work, focusing on the operation of the CCD imager chip at the heart of the camera. It describes how light is converted to electrical charge in sensor cells arranged in arrays, and how the charges are transferred and converted to a video signal. It provides information on camera resolution, spectral response, power requirements and other specifications to help select an appropriate camera.
A Presentation on Charged Coupled Device (CCD).
Presented By:
Adwitiya Biswas
Ankit Prasad
Priyanka Kumari
Students of Asansol Engineering College.
3rd Year Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
Digital imaging of head and neck of the animalssozanmuhamad1
Digital imaging in dentistry involves capturing images digitally using sensors rather than film. There are several types of digital detectors including direct detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors, and indirect detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates. Digital imaging has advantages over traditional film like immediate image availability, electronic storage and transmission, and improved diagnostics with tools like magnification and digital manipulation.
Digital imaging of the all body organ ofsozanmuhamad1
Digital imaging in dentistry involves capturing images digitally using sensors instead of film. There are three main types of digital detectors: direct, indirect, and semi-direct. Direct detectors like CCD and CMOS sensors directly convert x-rays to digital signals. Indirect detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates first convert x-rays to light, which is then converted to digital. Digital imaging has advantages over analog film like rapid access and storage of images.
The document discusses Charge Coupled Device (CCD) cameras. It describes CCDs as light-sensitive chips made of silicon that convert light into electrical signals. CCDs are used in digital cameras, video cameras, and optical scanners. The key components of a CCD camera are the CCD chip, camera body, and electronics. When taking an image, the CCD goes through clearing, exposure, and readout phases to capture and process the light information. CCDs have advantages over film, including immediate image review, digital storage, and lack of degradation over time and copying.
The document provides information about digital image processing and CCD and CMOS image sensors. It discusses the basic components and operation of CCD sensors, including how light is converted to electronic charge. It describes different CCD architectures like full frame, frame transfer, and interline CCDs. The document also covers CMOS sensors and compares them to CCDs. Additionally, it discusses fundamental steps in image processing and common image file formats.
This document discusses and compares CCD and CMOS image sensors. It begins by defining an image sensor as a device that converts light signals into digital data. It then explains that CCD and CMOS sensors are the main types used in digital cameras. CCD sensors use a grid of light-sensitive capacitors to store and transfer analog signals for conversion to digital, while CMOS sensors integrate analog-to-digital conversion circuits directly onto each pixel sensor. The document compares the advantages of each, noting CCD sensors generally have higher dynamic range and less noise while CMOS sensors allow for lower power consumption and faster image capture.
This document outlines a student project to develop a system to detect non-metallic weapons on passengers at airports using infrared light and image processing. The student aims to enhance airport security by detecting hidden plastic guns. The project proposes using a CCD sensor and infrared light to create digital images that can then be analyzed using particle analysis tools to identify threats. Initial testing showed some success in detecting plastic objects but identified challenges around orientation, lighting, and distance that need further refinement.
Introduction to digital radiography and pacsRad Tech
The document provides an overview of digital radiography and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). It defines digital imaging and describes the processes of conventional radiography, computed radiography, and direct and indirect digital radiography. PACS are defined as networked systems that store and allow access to digital images in DICOM format from multiple locations. Early adoption of PACS and digital standards helped facilities share images between systems.
This document discusses and compares two main types of image sensors - CCD and CMOS sensors. It provides details on how each works, including that CCD sensors use an analog shift register to transport charge signals while CMOS sensors perform analog to digital conversion locally in each pixel. The document also discusses uses of image sensors beyond digital cameras, such as in astronomy, machine vision, and spectroscopy. It provides animations and diagrams to illustrate the functioning of CCD and CMOS sensors.
This document discusses CMOS image sensors. It begins by defining an image sensor as a device that converts an optical image into an electrical signal. It then explains the basic operation of CCD and CMOS image sensors, describing how each type works at a pixel level. The document concludes by comparing CCD and CMOS technologies, noting advantages of CMOS such as lower cost and power consumption, while CCD provides better image quality for some applications.
Sensors are used by robots for various purposes like localization, obstacle detection, and gathering internal information. There are two main types of sensors - exteroceptors that detect external stimuli and proprioceptors that detect internal conditions. Contact sensors like touch and force sensors measure properties by physical contact while non-contact sensors like proximity sensors detect presence and position without touching. Proximity sensors can be optical, photoelectric, acoustic, or capacitive and precisely measure the distance to an object.
The document discusses different types of digital radiography technologies including computed radiography which uses photostimulable phosphor plates, indirect digital radiography using a scintillator and photodiode array, and direct digital radiography using photoconductive materials. It covers the processes of image acquisition, processing, display, and archiving for digital radiography systems. Key differences between direct and indirect digital radiography technologies are also outlined.
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1. IMAGE SENSORS
Guided By: Submitted By:
Dr. M.A. Ansari Pranav Haldar (40)
Assistant Professor Sumit Srivastava (52)
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering EN 3rd Year
2. Contents
What is a Sensor?
How to choose a sensor?
Types of Sensors
What is an Image Sensor?
What is a Pixel?
What is Fill Factor?
Image Sensor History
Types of Image Sensors
History of CCD
History of CMOS
What is CCD?
Basic Operation of a CCD
What is CMOS?
Basic Operation of a CMOS
CCD vs CMOS
Applications of Image Sensors
Conclusion
3. What is a Sensor?
A sensor is a device that measures a physical
quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument.
For example, a thermocouple converts temperature
to an output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter.
For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated
against known standards.
4. How to choose a sensor?
Environment: There are many sensors that work well
and predictably inside, but that choke and die
outdoors.
Range: Most sensors work best over a certain range of
distances. If something comes too close, they bottom
out, and if something is too far, they cannot detect it.
Thus we must choose a sensor that will detect
obstacles in the range we need.
Field of View: Depending upon what we are doing, we
may want sensors that have a wider cone of detection.
A wider “field of view” will cause more objects to be
detected per sensor, but it also will give less
information about where exactly an object is when one
is detected.
5. Types of Sensors
Thermal Energy Sensors
Electromagnetic Sensors
Mechanical Sensors
Chemical Sensors
Optical and Radiation Sensors
Acoustic Sensors
Biological Sensors
6. Thermal Energy Sensors
Temperature Sensors:
Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Bi-
metal thermometers and Thermostats.
Heat Sensors:
Bolometer, Calorimeter.
7. Electromagnetic Sensors
Electrical Resistance Sensors:
Ohmmeter, Multimeter
Electrical Current Sensors:
Galvanometer, Ammeter
Electrical Voltage Sensors:
Leaf Electroscope, Voltmeter
Electrical Power Sensors:
Watt-hour Meters
Magnetism Sensors:
Magnetic Compass, Fluxgate Compass, Magnetometer, Hall
Effect Device
8. Mechanical Sensors
Pressure Sensors:
Altimeter, Barometer, Barograph, Pressure Gauge, Air
Speed Indicator, Rate of Climb Indicator, Variometer.
Gas and Liquid Flow Sensors:
Flow Sensor, Anemometer, Flow Meter, Gas Meter,
Water Meter, Mass Flow Sensor.
Mechanical Sensors:
Acceleration Sensor, Position Sensor, Selsyn, Switch,
Strain Gauge.
9. Chemical Sensors
Chemical sensors detect the presence of specific
chemicals or classes of chemicals.
Examples include oxygen sensors, ion-selective
electrodes, pH glass electrodes, redox electrodes.
12. Biological Sensors
All living organisms contain biological sensors with
functions similar to those of the mechanical devices
described.
These include our eyes, skin, ears and many more.
13. What is an Image Sensor?
Unlike traditional camera, that use film to capture
and store an image, digital cameras use solid-state
device called image sensor.
Image sensors contain millions of photosensitive
diodes known as photosites.
When you take a picture, the camera's shutter
opens briefly and each photo site on the image
sensor records the brightness of the light that falls
on it by accumulating photons. The more light that
hits a photo site, the more photons it records.
14. The brightness recorded by each photosite is then
stored as a set of numbers (digital numbers) that
can then be used to set the color and brightness of
a single pixel on the screen or ink on the printed
page to reconstruct the image.
15. What is a Pixel?
The smallest discrete component of an image or
picture on a CRT screen is known as a pixel.
“The greater the number of pixels per inch the
greater is the resolution”.
Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where
more samples typically provide more-accurate
representations of the original.
16. What is Fill Factor?
Fill factor refers to the
percentage of a photosite
that is sensitive to light.
If circuits cover 25% of each
photosite, the sensor is said
to have a fill factor of 75%.
The higher the fill factor, the
more sensitive the sensor.
17. Image Sensor History
Before 1960 mainly film photography was done and
vacuum tubes were being used.
From 1960-1975 early research and development
was done in the fields of CCD and CMOS.
From 1975-1990 commercialization of CCD took
place.
After 1990 re-emergence of CMOS took place and
amorphous Si also came into the picture.
18. Types of Image Sensors
An image sensor is typically of two types:
3. Charged Coupled Device (CCD)
5. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS)
19. History of CCD
The CCD started its life as a memory device and
one could only "inject" charge into the device at an
input register.
However, it was immediately clear that the CCD
could receive charge via the photoelectric effect and
electronic images could be created.
By 1969, Bell researchers were able to capture
images with simple linear devices; thus the CCD
was born.
It was conceived in 1970 at Bell Labs.
20. History of CMOS
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
(CMOS), is a major class of integrated circuits.
CMOS technology is used in microprocessors,
microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic
circuits.
CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of
analog circuits such as image sensors, data
converters, and highly integrated transceivers for
many types of communication. Frank Wanlass
successfully patented CMOS in 1967.
22. What is CCD?
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are silicon-based
integrated circuits consisting of a dense matrix of
photodiodes that operate by converting light energy
in the form of photons into an electronic charge.
Electrons generated by the interaction of photons
with silicon atoms are stored in a potential well and
can subsequently be transferred across the chip
through registers and output to an amplifier.
23. Basic Operation of a CCD
In a CCD for capturing images, there is a photoactive
region, and a transmission region made out of a shift
register (the CCD, properly speaking).
An image is projected by a lens on the capacitor array
(the photoactive region), causing each capacitor to
accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light
intensity at that location.
A one-dimensional array, used in cameras, captures a
single slice of the image, while a two-dimensional array,
used in video and still cameras, captures a two-
dimensional picture corresponding to the scene
projected onto the focal plane of the sensor.
24. Once the array has been exposed to the image, a control
circuit causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to
its neighbor.
The last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into a
charge amplifier, which converts the charge into a
voltage.
By repeating this process, the controlling circuit converts
the entire semiconductor contents of the array to a
sequence of voltages, which it samples, digitizes and
stores in some form of memory.
25. Transformation of an image using a CCD array
1- CCD camera, 2- CCD detector, 3- Reading, 4- Amplifier, 5- A/D converter,
6- Digitization , 7- Download
26. Types of CCD Image Sensors
1. Interline Transfer CCD Image Sensor
3. Frame Transfer CCD Image Sensor
27. Frame Transfer CCD Image Sensor
Top CCD array used for photodetection (photogate) and
vertical shifting.
Bottom CCD array optically shielded – used as frame
store.
Operation is pipelined: data is shifted out via the bottom
CCDs and the horizontal CCD during integration time of
next frame.
Transfer from top to bottom CCD arrays must be done
very quickly to minimize corruption by light, or in the dark
(using a mechanical shutter).
Output amplifier converts charge into voltage,
determines sensor conversion gain.
28. How CCD works?
i h g Image pixel
f e d
c b a
i h g
f e d
i h g
Horizontal transport
register c b a
f e d
Vertical shift c b a Output
Horizontal shift
29. Interline Transfer vs Frame Transfer
Frame transfer uses simpler technology (no
photodiodes), and achieves higher fill factor than
interline transfer.
Interline transfer uses optimized photodiodes with
better spectral response than the photogates used
in frame transfer.
In interline transfer the image is captured at the
same time (`snap shot' operation) and the charge
transfer is not subject to corruption by
photodetection (can be avoided in frame transfer
using a mechanical shutter).
30. Frame transfer chip area (for the same number of
pixels) can be larger than interline transfer.
Most of today’s CCD image sensors use interlines
transfer.
32. What is CMOS?
“CMOS" refers to both a particular style of digital circuitry
design, and the family of processes used to implement
that circuitry on integrated circuits (chips).
CMOS circuitry dissipates less power when static, and is
denser than other implementations having the same
functionality.
CMOS circuits use a combination of p-type and n-type
metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs) to implement logic gates and other digital
circuits found in computers, telecommunications
equipment, and signal processing equipment.
33. Basic Operation of CMOS
In most CMOS devices, there are several transistors at each
pixel that amplify and move the charge using wires.
The CMOS approach is more flexible because each pixel can
be read individually.
In a CMOS sensor, each pixel has its own charge-to-voltage
conversion, and the sensor often also includes amplifiers,
noise-correction, and digitization circuits, so that the chip
outputs digital bits.
With each pixel doing its own conversion, uniformity is lower.
34. As shown above, the CMOS image sensor consists of a large
pixel matrix that takes care of the registration of incoming
light.
The electrical voltages that this matrix produces are buffered
by column-amplifiers and sent to the on-chip ADC.
35. Interline Transfer CCD Image Sensor
Photodiodes are used.
All CCDs are optically shielded, used only for readout.
Collected charge is simultaneously transferred to the
vertical CCDs at the end of integration time (a new
integration period can begin right after the transfer) and
then shifted out.
Charge transfer to vertical CCDs simultaneously resets
the photodiodes, (shuttering done electronically for `snap
shot' operation).
36. Types of CMOS Image Sensors
1. Active Pixel Image Sensor
3. Passive Pixel Image Sensor
37. Active Pixel Image Sensor
3-4 transistors per pixel.
Fast, higher SNR, but
Larger pixel, lower fill factor.
Lower voltage and lower
power.
38. Passive Pixel Image Sensor
1 transistor per pixel.
Small pixel, large fill factor,
but
Slow, low signal to noise
ratio (SNR).
39. CCD vs CMOS
CMOS image sensors can incorporate other circuits
on the same chip, eliminating the many separate
chips required for a CCD.
This also allows additional on-chip features to be
added at little extra cost. These features include
image stabilization and image compression.
Not only does this make the camera smaller, lighter,
and cheaper; it also requires less power so batteries
last longer.
40. CMOS image sensors can switch modes on the fly
between still photography and video.
CMOS sensors excel in the capture of outdoor
pictures on sunny days, they suffer in low light
conditions.
Their sensitivity to light is decreased because part of
each photosite is covered with circuitry that filters
out noise and performs other functions.
The percentage of a pixel devoted to collecting light
is called the pixel’s fill factor. CCDs have a 100%
fill factor but CMOS cameras have much less.
41. The lower the fill factor, the less sensitive the sensor
is and the longer exposure times must be. Too low a
fill factor makes indoor photography without a flash
virtually impossible.
CMOS has more complex pixel and chip whereas
CCD has a simple pixel and chip.
49. Conclusion
Image sensors are an emergent solution for
practically every automation-focused machine-vision
application.
New electronic fabrication processes, software
implementations, and new application fields will
dictate the growth of image-sensor technology in the
future.