1. HRM4710 Qualitative Research Methods Week 23 Thinking about ‘triangulation’ & other issues of mixing methods Dr. Maria Kapsali (m.kapsali@imperial.ac.uk) Imperial College London with Dr. Uracha Chatrakul Na Ayudhya
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4. Part 1: Theory Types of qualitative research Case study Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying indepth a single case example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual person, an event, a group, or an institution. Grounded theory Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a participant-observer. Phenomenology Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from other disciplines Ethnography Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of sociocultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a community. Historical Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events. (Gay, 1996)
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12. Subjectivist Projection of human imagination Social construction Contextual field of information Concrete process Concrete structure Objectivist Different assumptions about reality from Morgan and Smircich (1980). Quantitative vs Qualititive Researcher is independent vs Researcher is involved Large samples vs Small samples Testing theories vs Generating theories Experimental design vs Fieldwork methods Verification vs Falsification The choices of research design (Hassard, 2002).
13. Theory Empirical Generalization Deduction, induction and Retroduction representation of how deduction, induction and Retroduction work through the empirics and theory (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 1994). Empirical Deduction Induction Retroduction The four types of scientific abstraction – logical reasoning (as in Bertilsson, 2004). Ontology and epistemology Deduction Logical inferences from major and minor premises Formally correct but sometimes empirically flawed- it depends on the correctness of premises Induction The ability to form probability statements when all conditions being equal the higher past frequency the higher the probability Inductive thinking is susceptible to habit and expectation Abduction The act of seeing something anew to connect a case with an unexpected rule related to vague common sense Abductive reasoning is Perceptual judgments and their clarity is questionable Retroduction Aims to specify the necessary and sufficient causes and conditions to be produced or reproduced, for the phenomenon to come into existence.
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31. Research design Research Question: What is the effect of Policy on Project Management? Method: Multiple, explanatory comparative cross cases Instrumentation: Human In-depth, Semi-structured interviews Purpose: Building model Understand social interpretations of a phenomenon and built a model to represent it. Data: Subjective Data are perceptions of the people in the environment. Orientation: Causality Find how the issues involved interact. Focus: Holistic A total or complete picture is sought. Reality: Dynamic Reality changes with changes in people’s perceptions. Viewpoint: Insider Reality is what people perceive it to be Results: Valid The focus is on design and procedures to gain "real," "rich," and "deep" data. Analysis: Retroduction Deductively collecting inductively analyzing and abductively concluding and theorizing
32. Normative, Descriptive and Systems theories in Project Management Stakeholderism vs boundary roles Policy Project Management Operational Change Public Policy Implementation Strategy public sector - Institutions Managing projects in change – planned vs emergent approaches Relationality
33. Table 6.1: The ontological assumptions of CR (Downward, 2008: 314). The ontology of CR (the author from Modell, 2005) Core Ontological Assumptions Reality as a concrete process Assumptions About Human Nature Man as an adaptor Basic Epistemological Stance To study systems, process, change Favored Metaphors Organism Real Actual Empirical Contingent conditions Triggers Observation Experience Intrinsic objects Mechanisms Events and tendencies Patterns may or may not fire may or may not be observable
34. Real Actual Empirical Contingent conditions Instruments Observation Experience of participants Policy Mechanisms Programme actions and contexts Project Management
35. Epistemology Basic ideas Role of theory What is real is not given. The world has structure (there are levels of reality) and emergent structures. People’s involvement with structures is transformational. Subject matter has to reflect both its meaningfulness to actors and their location in a given network of relationships and structures. Knowledge is dualistic. Theory is a conjecture about the connectedness of events and the causal sequences produced by generative mechanisms. Nature of explanation Method of study Something is explained if it is allocated a place at the end of a causal sequence. There may be multiple causes of a single event, co-variation and feedback The aim is to produce a good theory which accurately identifies causal mechanisms. The ways these work themselves out in given cases will be complicated. Multiple data is required Ackroyd (2004: 150-1) on the characteristics of CR
41. ‘ Meshing’ methods? (III) Essentially, Mason (2006) argues for going beyond divides, including qual-quant; micro-macro; global-local, socio-cultural-individual in order to acknowledge the multi-dimensionality of contexts & how they intersect to shape social experience & lived realities
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