The Origin Of Potato Shaped Pottery

The Origin Of Potato Shaped Pottery
1.Introduction
Potato belongs to the Solanaceae herbaceous perennial plant, tuber edible, is the world 's third most
important food crop, after wheat and corn. artificial cultivation of potatoes, as can be traced back to
around 8000 BC to 5000 BC in southern Peru.
2.Background Potatoes have been one of mankind 's most important food staples for the past
millennium. First cultivated on the Titicaca Plateau in the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia
where they formed the basis of both the Inca and Aymara Indian diet. The Aymara Indians developed
more than two hundred varietes of the potato at elevations higher than 10,000 feet.
Potatoes were also an important influence on the Inca culture. Potato–shaped pottery are commonly
found at excavated sites and there is actually some evidence that the Inca units of time correlated to
how long it took for a potato to cook to various consistencies. Potatoes were even used to predict the
weather and to decide what was true and what was not.
Even though the Spanish conquistadors did not find the gold and silver they were looking for in
South America they did find the potato and brought it with them to Europe. The spanish noticed that
the sailors who ate potatoes did not suffer from scurvy and potatoes were soon a standard supply
item on the Spanish ships.
3.Geography & Resources In 2010, the world of the potato production has reached 324.18 million,
1889 tons, the People 's Republic of China is the world 's largest
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Pepino Mosaic Virus: PepMV
Pepino mosaic virus
Pepino mosaic virus, also called PepMV is a relatively new virus found in plants. It has become a
wildly and fast spread virus. This virus is wide throughout and especially in tomato production.
Thus pepino mosaic virus has become a significant commercial and agronomical problem. The first
finding of this virus dates back to 1974 in field sample of pepino plants (Solanum muricatum)
located in the Canete valley in coastal Peru. The symptom of the plant is yellow mosaic in young
leaves. However this virus has not call any significant attention until 1999 when it was detected in
protected commercial tomato crops in the UK and the Netherlands. Since 2005, new strains of the
virus have rapidly spread through tomato producing region. (1) Pepino mosaic is a member of the
genus Potexvirus within the family Flexiviridae. It has filamentous particles of around 510 nm in
length which contains one genomic ssRNA molecule (6410nt). The particles are compromised of a
single 26 kDa capsid protein. The observation under UV light appears to be arrays of virus–like
filamentous particle. No vector has been identified. Studies have been made within a common aphid
species (Myzus persicae) failed to detect any transmission. PepMV natural host range appears to be
restricted to the Solanaceae family of which many species become infected systematically. But
symptomless infections develop in inoculated leaves of Tetragonia expansa and Cucumis sativus.
Natural infection

Foods That Influenced The World Essay
On November 25, we celebrated Thanksgiving. Most people had turkey and dressing, cranberry
sauce and pumpkin pie. While most people think of foods like pecan pie and cornbread stuffing as
being southern in origin, they don't realize that what their eating has it's roots in the native American
culture. I intend to show how much of the food we eat today was first cultivated by the native people
of the Americas. Moreover, the impact this food has had upon the world.
When the early explorers sailed back to Europe, they took with them plants and food native to the
new world. Foods like the tomato, corn, potatoes, chili peppers and chocolate. Through Spain, they
made their way through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vodka today commands 20% of the U.S. liquor market, and is one of the most popular drinks
worldwide. In America today the potato is a facet of everyday life from the mashed potatoes we eat
with our fast food chicken, to the potato that is a staple with pot roast, to everybody's favorite
McDonalds french fries.
The tomato is another plant that has acquired global prominence from humble origins. It originated
with the Inca and migrated north to the Maya and the Aztecs, where the Spanish brought it to
Europe, and like its cousin the potato, it is a member of the Nightshade family. The tomato took
sometime to gain a foothold as people believed it to be poisonous, but when it took off, it took off
energetically. The Italians and French were the first to embrace it. Today the tomato is taken for
granted as a common menu item. We consume it everyday in pizza, Italian food, and in almost any
salad you can think of. It is the main ingredient of two of the world's most popular condiment's
ketchup and salsa.
There is another member of the Nightshade family that has made an incredible journey from its
humble origins member is the capsicum or chili pepper. When the Spanish came to the new world
there were only four types of pepper the Cayenne, Bell, Jalapeno, and the Tabasco. The pepper then
began its long strange journey of transformation, and worldwide

Nursery Raising Of Horticultural Cropsunder Hill Condition...
AMITY UNIVERSITY
Report of Summer project
TOPIC–:"Nursery Raising of Horticultural cropsunder hill condition"
ORGANIZATION–: Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry
Advisor–: Dr JS Butola
Submitted to–: Submitted by–:
Mr Abhishek Chauhan Sarthak Rana Enrollment no.–: A1425913002 Bsc. Agriculture &
FoodBusiness(2ndSem) , Batch 2013–17
05/05/2014 , Monday ( 1st day )
Visiting the farms
I visited all the farms where different horticultural crops are cultivated –:
 Horticulture farms
 Polyhouses
 Plant Nursery
OBSERVATIONS
There were several crops planted in the farms.
Off season vegetables were grown in the polyhouses.
Several crops are sown in the nursery
Climate was cool , generally chilly during night .
These are some images which will describe the crop cultivation over here in a more better way–:
crops for seed production
Polyhouses or protected structures for the production of off season vegetables. Onion crop at its
maturity stage. Garlic crop Potato crop
Terrace farming is generally practiced in hilly areas. Nursery beds
Automatic power systems for farm irrigation Farm machinery
06/05/2014, Tuesday(2nd day)
LECTURE byDr. vivek pandey(Phd. in vegetable sciences) about

Analysis Of Datura Stramonium As A Medicine
Analysis of Datura Stramonium as a Medicine
Levi Phillips
Dr. Mark Watson University of Charleston
Taxonomy Datura stramonium is a plant that can be as helpful as it is deadly. A member of the
Solanaceae family, the plant contains three different types of alkaloids. These alkaloids are atropine,
hyoscamine, and scopolamine. Some members of the Solanaceae family are potatoes, coffee,
peppers, and tomatoes. (Gaire & Subedi, 2013) This essay will focus primarily on uses of
scopolamine from the Datura stramonium for medicinal uses. Negative effects will focus on the
entirety of the plant, such as in poisoning cases. The format used for the essay will be APA.
Diseases, Conditions, and Plant Preparation Scopolamine is a tropane ... Show more content on
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Those in the research group were split into two groups. Both groups were given methadone for the
first three days. One group would be giving gradually less methadone over the days, while the other
group was given a combination of scopolamine and chlorpromazine intravenously. Depression,
heroin cravings, anxiety, and first heroin use after the experiment were significantly lower for the
scopolamine and chlorpromazine users than the methadone users. (Liu, et al., 2013)
Negative Effects of Plant Anticholinergic poisoning can still occur, however. Two children, aged
five and four, swallowed a tea blend made with leaves and flowers of Datura stramonium. The first
child had no reaction to light, had a temperature of 37.9°C, and hallucinogenic delirium. The second
child had similar complications, with a weak reaction to light, and a temperature of 37.6°C,
Babinski reactions on both feet when prompted. The first child was treated with benzodiazepine
medication, and transferred to a quiet room. The second child was treated with activated charcoal,
and placed under intensive care. The first child was discharges in 48 hours, and the second child was
discharged in 72 hours. (Rakotomavo, Andriamasy, Rasamoelina, & Raveloson, 2014)
Conclusion
Datura stramonium can be dangerous if taken directly. However, scopolamine can be properly
extracted from the plant, and used in a variety of cases. Its effectiveness against heroin

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prunus
Introduction
Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs, which includes the plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines,
apricots and almonds. Around 430 species are spread throughout the northern temperate regions of
the globe. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for fruit and ornament. The fruit from
this genus are commonly called the stone fruit (Browiz 1996; Browiz and Zohary 1996).
Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are short, tandemly repeated DNA regions that
are ubiquitously present in the genomes of pro– and eukaryotes. Because of their abundance,
multiallelic behavior, high polymorphism, codominant inheritance and excellent reproducibility,
PCR–amplified SSRs have become the markers of choice for many applications, including genetic
mapping and population genetics (Powell et al. 1996). Among the few disadvantages of SSR
markers are the often tedious and costly cloning and enrichment procedures required for their
generation (Zane et al. 2002; Squirrell et al. 2003; Weising et al. 2005).
Since about a decade, computational methods have been applied ... Show more content on
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The genomic SSRs were analyzing by GMATo, graphic and command line application. The program
and manual is freely available at http://sourceforge.net/p/GMATo (Table 1.). The minimum motif
repeat size were set to 8 for mononucleotide, 5 for dinucleotide, 3 for trinucleotide, tetranucleotide,
pentanucleotide and hexanucleotide heptaanucleotide, octaanucleotide, nonaanucleotide and
decanucleotide in locating the microsatellites with maximum differences two SSRs was 100. SSRs
were searched in full chloroplast genome as well as separate coding and non–coding regions for
each species. Also, GC content was

Reaction Paper For Dengue
Mosquitoes can transmit a bigger number of illnesses than other variants of arthropods and have an
impact on a large number of human population all throughout the world. WHO has declared that
mosquitoes are the "public enemy number one" (Geneva, 1996). Dengue is a mosquito–transmitted
disease created by the virus itself. It is transmitted by many types of mosquitoes on the Aedes genus,
essentially Aedes Aegypti. The Department of Health (DOH) said, the quantity of dengue cases in
the Philippines is nearly 100,000. There is still no vaccine against dengue, however it is prescribed
to give adequate amounts of water to rehydrate the patient. The National Dengue Prevention and
Control Program was initially started by the Department of Health (DOH) in 1993. Central Visayas
and the National Capital Region served as the pilot destinations. It was not until 1998 when the
project was executed across the country. The target populations of the system are the overall public,
the LGUs, and the local health workers (Lee Suy, n.d.).
Plant extracts against mosquito larvae
Many studies have reported the viability of plant extracts as the supply pool of bioactive operators
against mosquito larvae. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The real instrument in mosquito control operation is the use of synthetic insecticides, for example,
organochlorine and organophosphate mixes. In any case, this has not been extremely fruitful
because of varying factors. Recently, utilization of a large portion of the previous engineered
insecticides in mosquito control program has been restricted. It is because of the absence of novel
insecticides, high cost of synthetic insecticides, dealing towards ecological manageability,
destructive impact on human health, and other non–target populations, higher rate of organic
amplification through environment, and expanding insecticide resistance on a worldwide

The For Joint Pains From Tribal Areas Of Nandurbar Tahsil
"ETHNOMEDICINES FOR JOINT PAINS FROM TRIBAL AREAS OF NANDURBAR TAHSIL
OF NANDURBAR DISTRICT "
ABSTRACT
The paper deals with the study of ethnomedicinal plants of the Nandurbar Tahsil of Nandurbar
district, used against joint pains by various tribes. The paper reveals the methods of preparation and
dose of administration as suggested by tribal doctors.
KEY WORDS: Ethnomedicinal plants; Joint pains; Nandurbar Tahsil; Maharashtra.
INTRODUCTION
Nandurbar Tahsil is a Tahsil of Nandurbar districts, with an area of 1082.24 Km2. The Bhils,
Gamits, Gavits, Kokanis, Mavachis, Padvis, Pawaras, Valvis and Vasaves are the various ethnic
groups of the tribals dominated in the hilly regions of the Tahsil. The tribes of various ethnic groups
have their own dialect viz. Bhili, Kokani, Mavachi, Pavari etc. The total population of the
Nandurbar Tahsil is 2,93,833 while the rural population is 1,99,468 making 67.88 % of the total
population (2001) living in 152 villages. Climate on the whole is dry except during south–west
monsoon which begins in June and lasts till about September – October. The average rainfall of the
area is 718 mm. The temperature rises in the later part of February, May being the hottest month of
the year. The maximum temperature recorded is 470 C in May 2001 and minimum temperature is
250 C. Relative humidity in monsoon period is 60% and 25.30% in other months. Many areas are
inaccessible and devoid of basic

Drying Of Potato Slices : Effect Of Pretreatments
DRYING OF POTATO SLICES: EFFECT OF PRETREATMENTS AND
MATHEMATICAL MODELINGjfpp_594 310..319
I˙BRAHIM DOYMAZ1
ABSTRACT
The effect of pretreatments on drying characteristics of potato slices was investigated in a cabinet
dryer. The experiments were conducted on potato slices with thickness of 8 mmat 65Cwith an air
velocity of 2.0 m/s.Prior to drying,potato sliceswere pretreated with citric acid solution (1:25 w/w, 3
min, 20C) or blanched hot water
(3 min, 80C). Besides, the untreated samples were dried as control. The shortest drying time was
obtained with potatoes pretreated with citric acid solution. The drying data were fitted with ten
mathematical models available in the literature. The results indicated thatMidilli et al., ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A possible method of storing potatoes and avoiding further deterioration is by drying treatment of
the product. Decreasing the moisture content guards against degradative reactions, fromboth the
physicochemical and microbiological points of view (Rosselló et al. 1992).
Drying is a classical method of food preservation, which provides an extension of shelf life,
lighterweight for transportation and less space for storage (Okos et al. 1992; Teles et al.
2006; Pardeshi et al. 2009). The main objective of any drying process is to produce a dried product
of desired quality at minimum cost and maximum throughput, and to optimize these factors
consistently (Teles et al. 2006). This process improves the food stability, since it reduces
considerably the water and microbiological activity of the material and minimizes physical and
chemical changes during its storage
(Hatamipour et al. 2007). Sun drying is the most common drying method of agricultural product in
the tropical and subtropical countries. This method is cheapest and is successfully employed in
various agricultural products.Moreover, it is traditionally practiced because there is negligible cost
in processing and work of spreading and turning the crop.
However, the long drying time is undesirable for economic reasons and because of the danger of
contamination and spoilage of the product exposed to the open environment
(Sacilik et al. 2006; Adedeji et al. 2008). To improve the quality of products,

Atropa Belladonna or the Deadly Nightshade
Atropa Belladonna, or more commonly known as "Deadly Nightshade", is a medicinal plant that can
be used both for the good and the bad of the people. Many people think of this herbaceous plant to
be very deadly, and people have a good reason for it. The Atropa Belladonna holds the most
incidents than any other plant per year. This paper will give a background on this plant and much
more information on this specific medicinal herb. The history of Atropa Belladonna was around
before humans first appeared on Earth. It is indigenous to most of Europe, Western Asia, and North
Africa. Though it is widely known and popular in Europe, it is not common in countries such as
England and Scotland. The plant is also becoming rarer over the past few years. Deadly Nightshade
is found in the shade of trees, in wooded grasslands, and on top of limestone rock. These round,
bushy plants grow to be several feet in the air.
Deadly Nightshade received its official name from the late 16th century in Europe. Other traces of
how the name was created were from Greek Myths. The term "Atropa" comes from the Greek figure
Atropos, who is one of the three Fates who handled the thread of life. At anytime Atropos could cut
the thread and end one's life. The term "Belladonna comes from the Greek Goddess Bellona, who is
the Goddess of War.
The Atropa Belladonna plant is cultivated in England, France, and North America. The cultivation
process can very long and strenuous. This herb is a perennial plant,

Hydroponics Chapter 1 Study Guide
Introduction to Hydroponics and Controlled Environment Agriculture
by Patricia A. Rorabaugh, Ph.D. University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center
1951 E. Roger Road Tucson, AZ 85719 Revised December, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Controlled Environment Agriculture and Hydroponics: Past, Present and Future The
Plant How to grow greenhouse crops Plant Protection: Insects and Diseases Basic Principals of
Hydroponics Transplant Production Pollination, Fertilization and Bee Management Fruit
Harvesting, Grading and Storage Plant Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders Fertigation Systems and
Nutrient Solutions Greenhouse Site Selection Greenhouse Structures Greenhouse Control Systems
Greenhouse Energy and Resource ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*~300 A.D. Rome – Roses were forced to flower early by the addition of warm water into the
irrigation ditches twice a day. This would warm the roots and stimulate growth.
1–1
THEREFORE, up to ~300 A.D., the ancients had perfected protected agriculture (terraced
growing areas, mulches and compost heating), greenhouses, hot air and hot water heating systems
and had experimented with plant nutrition, water culture and more. THEN: The Great Library in
Alexandria Egypt was burned. Rome fell. Enter the Dark Ages! What was learned before was
forgotten... When people forget their "history" they are doomed or, in this case, required to repeat it!
1300's 1400's 1500's – European Renaissance: revival of art, literature & learning.
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTED AGRICULTURE AND GREENHOUSES: People want to
"grow out of season" (i.e., have tomatoes in Winter) or grow plants where they don't normally grow
(i.e., lettuce, a cold weather crop, in Tucson in the Summer!). Therefore, move the plant from the
natural environment to an artificial one... using protected agriculture and/or greenhouses. Modify or
control the temperature, relative humidity, CO2, light, etc., to provide optimum conditions to grow
any crop any time anywhere! What discoveries had to be made in order to develop the modern
greenhouse? *1385 – The French built "glass pavilions" oriented toward the south to grow flowers
(though mainly for the wealthy to

Walter Groundcherry
Introduction
Walter's groundcherry (Physalis walteri) is a wildflower that is native to the Northeastern United
States and found throughout Florida (7). Additionally, it has been listed as a species present in a site
profile of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (3). It was cataloged
as present in Duval county as far back in June of 1958 and in St. Johns County in April of 2000 (8).
The genus of groundcherry belongs to the family Solanaceae, which refers to the potato family (7).
Walters groundcherry is a small shrub that grows throughout pinelands and coastal strand habitats
(4). It is an evergreen perennial flower, therefore it will keeps foliage in the wintertime and can
flower year round. Flowers are trumpet–shaped ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lane 3 contained the initial PCR product, which was not successful. Lane 4 showed the nested PCR,
which was successful and resulted in three distinct bands. The accompanying table (table 1) showed
what was loaded into each lane, the number of bands, and the approximate base pairs (bp) present in
relation to the molecular ruler. The gel was loaded with samples from the entire lab table. Lane 1
and 2 showed Lydia's results for initial and nested PCR on the same plant, but from a different
original

Nicotine Research
My research question is does consumption of nicotine containing food products and beverages lower
the risk of develop of Alzheimer's disease. Burton, B.R. (1998). Detection of Nicotine in Foods and
Plant Materials. Journal of food science. 53 , 1572–1573. Burton, B.R. (1998) paper's findings were
that there was detection of nicotine in the dehydrated fresh produce such as tomato, potato peel and
green pepper of the Solanaceae species as well as in green tea and instant tea samples. The nicotine
was detected in ppm, several in the dehydrated fresh produce and 2– 23 ppm in the tea samples.
There was not detection of nicotine in any fresh produce not of Solanacae origin or in other
processed foods. The detected nicotine was suggested to be attributable to insecticide contamination
in relation to the tea samples. For the presence in nicotine in the plant sampled, a biosynthetic origin
was hypothesised. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
& Zeillin, R. (2012). Cotinine A potential new therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. CNS
Neuroscience & therapeutics. 18(7), 517–523 The findings of the paper conducted by Echeveria, V.
& Zeillin, R. (2012) were that in mice cotinine (the primary metabolite of nicotine) inhibits Abeta
aggregation and the pro–apoptotic factor glycogen synthase , as well as the simulation of pro
survival factor Akt. Conitine has a positive positively modulation role on these factors due to
stimulation of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor in which continine binds to. The positive modulation of
the above factors has a neuroprotective role in memory. Wylie, K.P., Rojas, D.C., Tanabe, J.M.,
Martin, L.F. & Tregellas, J.R. (2012). Nicotine increases brain functional network efficiency.
Neurolmage. 63(1),

Cigarette Smoking : The Deadliest Artifact Ever Invented
The cigarette is the deadliest artifact ever invented. Cigarettes execute around 6 million individuals
consistently, a number that will develop before it contracts. Smoking in the twentieth century
slaughtered just 100 million individuals, though a billion could die in our century unless we turn
around course.1 Even if present rates of utilization drop consistently to zero by 2100, we will in any
case have around 300 million tobacco passing this century. The cigarette is additionally a blemished
item, which means risky as well as absurdly perilous, slaughtering a large portion of its long haul
clients. The usage of cigarettes is the real reason for preventable and sudden passing and sickness
around the world, as per the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarettes smoking harms
nearly every organ within the body, making it harder for the body to function, which will cause
some type of environmental problem. Cigarette smoking should be banned, period, because it leads
to health risks of yourself and others.
Cigarettes are a cylindrical roll of finely cut tobacco cured of smoking, considerably smaller than
most cigars and usually wrapped in thin white paper. At the point when a cigarette is lit and begins
to blaze it discharges more than 4000 diverse chemicals. The cigarette is lighted toward one side and
permitted to seethe; its smoke is breathed in from the flip side, which is held in or to the mouth; at
times, a cigarette holder might be utilized, also. "The first

Essay On How To Grow Tomato From A Seedling
How to Grow Tomatoes from a Seedling
Growing tomatoes is a simple and rewarding task, and more people should be growing them. This
paper walks readers through the main steps for growing and maintaining patio tomatoes from a
seedling.
The first step in growing tomatoes is determining if you have the appropriate available space and
sunlight to grow them. All tomato varieties require full sunlight, which means at least six hours of
direct sun every day. If you have south–facing windows or a patio or backyard that receives direct
sunlight, you should be able to grow tomatoes. Choose the location that receives the most sun.
Next, you need to find the right seedling. Growing tomatoes and other vegetables from seeds can be
more complicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The containers can be used in the house, on a patio, or anywhere in the backyard, and they are
portable. Containers also tend to better regulate moisture and drain excess water. Choose a container
that is at least 10 inches in diameter and at least 1 foot deep. This will provide sufficient room for
root development.
In addition to the container, you also need the appropriate soil mixture and draining mechanisms.
For the best drainage, fill the bottom of your container with 2 or 3 inches of gravel. On top of the
gravel, fill ¾ of the container with soil. Choose a well–balanced organic soil. The three main
ingredients you will find described on soil bags are N–P–K–that is, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. Without going into too much detail about the role of each element in plant growth, I will
tell you that an average vegetable will grow fine in a 10–5–5 mixture. This ratio, too, will be easy to
find at your local nursery.
Once you have the gravel in the bottom of the container and the soil on top, you are ready to
transplant the tomato. Pick up the tomato in the plastic container it comes in from the nursery. Turn
it upside down, and holding the stem between your fingers, pat the bottom lightly several times, and
the plant should fall into your hand. Next, you should gently break up the root ball that formed in
the nursery container with your hands. Be gentle, but be sure to

Collonization And Their Effects Of The Civilization Of...
When the new world was first discovered by Europeans, many ships filled with people were brought
over to colonize. With these new people, came new ideas, animals, or materials that the people in
the new world had never seen. When people from the old world came over, the natives also shared
what they had from their land with the Europeans. The Americas were filled with many plants and
animals that the Europeans had never seen. This caused many trades between the people and the
mixture of cultures. When the Europeans came to America they traded many ideas, such as
weapons, and religion, gave each other animals and crops that were native to their land, and spread
many diseases that were not known of in their native lands.
When the Europeans came to America, the Indians offered many gifts. They gave the Europeans
survival tips, crops, and animal fur to help them start colonizing. The Indians saw the Europeans as
visitors, some even seeing them as Gods. Therefore, they treated them with respect and showed
them all they needed to know about the land. One change that the native Americans had to make
when the Europeans came over was the idea of owning land. The Indians shared everything they had
and never thought about what land belonged to which tribe. When the Europeans came over and
started claiming land, the Indians were shocked and did not understand why the Europeans were
doing this. The native Americans had to get used to this idea along with many others that the
Europeans

Smoking on College Campuses
The days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of
Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting
colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made
amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight
more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual
is going to do what he/she pleases if there is no enforcement. Smoking should be banned from
college campus, except where there is a designated smoking area away from others on the campus!
Smoking is the use of tobacco or nicotine. Tobacco is made up of more than 70 plant species ...
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E–Cigarettes are battery operated nicotine inhalers. (Neporent) Instead of a harmful chemical
floating into the air, it is said to be just a "water vapor". E–cigarettes contain many different fills.
Some consist of vanilla flavored nicotine, chocolate flavored nicotine, and even as far as to making
them taste like mountain dew without any nicotine. Although research shows that bystanders aren't
exposed to the secondhand smoke, they are still being exposed to the nicotine! (Keilman) The
American Lung Association's found the chemicals formaldehyde and acetone in the e–cigarette
vapor that is exhaled. (Keilman) Should the use of e–cigarettes be allowed in a public smoke free
zone? If you took a moment to consider the facts about the many harmful chemicals inside of
cigarette smoke and what it does, not only to the smoker's body, but to those around them as well,
could you see why smoking is banned from many places such as: restaurants, schools, shopping
centers, and most public places? Although, there is one place in particular where officials are
attempting to get smoking banned, but haven't fully done it yet, college campuses! College
campuses are a prime place for encountering someone who smokes considering the fact that people
of all ages attend college.
Now, one could argue that to ban smoking from a college campus is against their constitutional
rights. The first amendment clearly states that "Congress shall

Is The Tomato Overrated : The Power Of The Little Red Fruit
Is the Tomato Overrated: The power of the little red fruit
How much do we really know about the tomato other than its savoring juices and bright reddish
color? Have we the least bit concern for the origin or even the nature of its mere existence? The
tomato plays a big role in our economy, in terms of wealth, resources, production, and consumption.
Botanically, the tomato is a fruit and as common as the air we breathe. This particular fruit is loaded
with tiny seeds, low in sugar, and therefore not as sweet when compared to other fruits. Here in
these United States it's used as a culinary vegetable. The tomato is tossed in salads, added to entrées,
strained as a juice, tucked into sandwiches and the list continues.
The Beginning
The tomato, native home is Central and South America (Ades now called Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and
Ecuador) existed in the wilderness prior to discovery. The Aztecs and Incas were first to cultivate the
tomato around 700 AD. Solanum Lycopersacum is the binomial name for the tomato and during that
time people thought it to be poisonous simply because it belongs to the Solanaceae family and
resembles the poisonous nightshade plant. It was later labeled edible by Mexico and widely spread
throughout the world first to Europe and back to North America during the 16th century.
Inspiring news of this exciting fruit wasn't shared by our fellow territorial colleagues, but fact
introduced to the United States by the European immigrants during the mid– 18th century. By the
19th century the tomato found Asia and China and consequently grew fame at a rapid rate that it
gained monetary popularity throughout the world. People started profit–making the tomato into an
instant success and it became necessary for the government to change the botanical status from a
fruit to a vegetable. It was finally determined by the Supreme Court of Justice that the tomato is a
vegetable. This decision was solely based on a tariff convenience.
Municipals
The tomato is one fruit so loved around the world that it's been taken for granted, if we only knew
how extraordinary it really is, the knowledge alone will knock our socks off. Nevertheless, the
tomato plant also serves as an imperative purpose. The plant leaf and

Irish Potato Famine Essay examples
In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn't easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying
on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish
would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of
the Great Irish Potato Famine.
The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine
would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of
emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect
countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1845 a crop disease known as 'blight' would be introduced to Ireland. It was a disease that would
cause potatoes to rot while they grew. It was from guano, which was part of a fertilizer that was
imported from South America. The contaminated fertilizer was also distributed to other countries in
Europe such as France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England. It was responsible for thousands of
deaths in these countries but was soon eliminated, as these countries were not as dependent on the
potato as the Irish were.
The Irish discovered the problem when they found that they were harvesting black potatoes. At first
they blamed the problem on poor weather, or insects. They just figured that it was another poor
farming season. The actual spreading of the disease was that its pores were carried in the wind and
land in pits where potatoes were to be planted. The disease would not die in the extreme winter cold
and would double the problem for the next spring's crop.
The first year, the Irish only saw it as another crop failure because it only effected a third of the
harvest. It was later that season that they realized that they were about to face a famine. The Irish
government would not give out aid to farmers because they felt that it would make the country look
bad showing other people that the citizens could not care for themselves. The

Sphinx Moth Research Paper
Pollinator common name: Commonly known as Blackburn's Sphinx Moth, Hawaiian Tobacco
Hornworm, and Hawaiian Tomato Hornworm. It is related to the Tomato Hornworm (M.
quinquemaculata) however, it is a separate species (Wikipedia). Scientific name: Manduca
blackburni, Manduca blackburni Butler Family: Sphingidae Figure 1. Manduca blackburni. (A)
Unhatched M. blackburni egg, eaten or parasitized based on damage to egg shell. Found on N.
glauca. (B) Hatched egg. Most larvae quickly ate the entire eggshell after hatching; in this case, it
was only partially eaten. Consumption of the eggshell, in part or whole, can be indicative of a
successful hatch. (C) Late first instar larva; note the red color and prominence of the horn. (D)
Second instar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data regarding its habitat affinities and population status are lacking. Larvae of Blackburn's sphinx
moth feed on plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The native host plants are trees within
the genus Nothocestrum (aiea) on which the larvae consume leaves, stems, flowers, and buds. Many
of the host plants recorded for this species are not native to the Hawaiian Islands. The non–natives
include: commercial tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), eggplant
(Solanum melongena), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and possibly, Jimsonweed (Datura
stramonium). Blackburn's sphinx moth adults have been documented feeding on nectar of the native
Hawaiian morning glory species, Ipomoea indica. The Hawaiian native caper (Capparis
sandwichiana) and wild leadwort (Plumbago zeylanica) are also likely food sources. All three plant
species bear flowers that possess some characteristics favorable for moth pollination, such as
opening at night, pale coloration, or a strong fragrance (Xerces Society 2014). Most historical
records were from coastal or lowland dry forest habitats in areas receiving less than 127 centimeters
(50 inches) annual

Growing National Demand for Herbal Material
Results of a survey carried out in 2000 showed that there were 104 Ayurvedic Drug Production
Units in the country, using herbal materials valued at Rs. 176 million of which 68% is currently met
by local supply. The national demand for herbal materials was 3,864,759 kg and approximately
1,509,201 kg of this amount was imported to meet the national demand at a cost of about Rs. 13
million (IUCN, 2001). Total requirement of certain Medicinal Plants are completely imported where
the department of Ayurveda records show that in 2013 there were 86 raw materials (486,071 Kg)
imported at the cost of Rs. 159.3 million. The figures very clearly demonstrate a significant drop of
importation comparing to year 2000. According to the gazette notification No. 1660/15 dated
2009.05.05 there are 73 plant raw materials, 21 minerals, 7 animal drugs under Ayurveda section
and 55 Unani raw materials declared as duty free for importation. In other study Withania
somnifera, Trachyspermum roxburghianum, Hemidesmus indicus and Curculigo orchioides which
have the highest imported percentages, were accounted for 95.45%, 90%, 73.68% and 72.22%
respectively (Kankanamalage et al. 2013).
In 1970s only 18 different plant materials were imported by Sri Lanka and these imports cost Sri
Lanka about Re. 1 million in foreign exchange each year. The apparent reason for importing plants
that are already available on the island is that they grow in remote areas and it is less expensive to
import them than to

The Renaissance: The Challenges Of Women In The Renaissance
Women in the Renaissance
The Renaissance was a time where women were not looked at as any importance to the people
around them higher up the line. While researching the common theory and searching for further
explanation to clear why women in the Renaissance period had to deal with regarding the benefits of
being a woman as well that hardships it entailed. Most importantly what women had to face, how
they overcame the difficulty and the solutions that were made to over come their struggles daily.
Problems women back in the Renaissance faced were their appearance on a daily bias and how they
lived their lives. During the Renaissance period women had a very strict look to try to achieve this
look to people in modern day times might ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Works Cited
Artist, Leza The Makeup. "Ideals of Beauty – The Renaissance." Lezamakeup, 22 Jan. 2013,
lezamakeup.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/ideals–of–beauty–the–renaissance/.
"Citelighter is the fast, fun, and easy way to do research." Citelighter, www.citelighter.com/film–
media/fashion/knowledgecards/womens–fashions–of–the–medieval–era.
Caterina van Hemessen, www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/vanhemessen–c.html.
"Women's biographies: Distinguished Women of Past and Present." Women's biographies:
Distinguished Women of Past and Present, www.distinguishedwomen.com/.
Detrick, Tamera. "Western Notes." Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Rapids.
"Renaissance Women." Renaissance Women: Their New Role in Society, renaissance–
spell.com/Renaissance–Women.html.
Women from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment,

The Cause Of The Irish Potato Famine
In this 21st century we are heavily consumed by technology and food. We constantly see
advertisements of eating healthy and what these nutrients that these food provide for our benefits.
Eating fresh organic food nowadays is a crucial part of our daily living. From sowing to harvesting
and selling the produce a lot goes on backstage that not many people are aware about. Rice,
potatoes, milk and eggs are some of the staple foods that most people use. When a staple food is
destroyed is can effect many people economically and by health. An invasive pathogen that was
originated in Central Mexico that was very detrimental for potatoes was Phytophythora infestans.
The disease is also known as potato late blight. Phytophythora infestans are ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They then gradually spread and form ring of necrotizing tissue (Sedlakova et al 2011). At first the
plant will look healthy before the lesions are visible on the outside. This is also a challenge for the
farmers because they will not know if their produce is unhealthy until it is visible. By the time they
can cut of the plant the disease would have spread to the neighboring plants as well. P. infestans are
produced through sexual and asexual mating. The two mating types are known as A1 and A2 (
Nowicki et al 2012). When mycelia of both types interact they produce oospores sexually. Mycelia
is the branched filament of fungi (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). Oospores are spores that have a
thick coating that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions for a long period (Nowicki
et al 2012). When both these types mate they produce a worse isolate compared to only if A1 mating
occurs. The production of these more harmful isolates was detected by researchers in United States
which has made controlling this pathogen more difficult (Fall et al 2015). Sporangia of P. infectans
also produce zoospores through asexual mating. Sexual and asexual mating is influenced by the
environment. Asexual is mating is encouraged when the weather is a warmer and oospores are
produced in cooler weather hence for the thick coating of oospores. Some biosecurities that are
implemented in controlling the pathogens are by spraying fungicides, removing any infected
potatoes from the

Irish Potato Famine Essay
In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn't easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying
on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish
would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of
the Great Irish Potato Famine.
The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine
would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of
emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect
countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, Canada,
and Australia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This resulted in more unsanitary conditions.
Eventually the federal government imported Indian corn from America to be distributed to the most
desperate people. Although it was for good intentions, it didn't comply with Irish expectations for
food. The corn was difficult to mill on the small number of mills in Ireland, it was difficult to digest,
and it was not very filling, leaving many Irish hungry. It eventually became accepted and the Irish
learned to deal with it.
In 1846 due to no effort to rid the infected potatoes of the previous year the new season provided
enough food to feed the country for only one month. This caused people to eat what ever they could
get their hands on. People ate dogs, horses, birds, mushrooms, roots, flowers, and anything that was
believed to have a nutritional value. Fish was a food that involved a risk to obtain due to the rough
Irish seas and rocky coast. Shellfish and seaweed were eaten but after many people died from eating
poisonous varieties of both.
Crime rates rose, and because of overcrowed prisons and expensive costs of keeping prisoners alive,
convicted prisoners were sent to Australia. This caused for people to break laws just to escape the
danger of living in Ireland.
Other diseases began such as the typhus fever, bacilli dysentery, ophthalmia, an

Sin Tax in the Philippines
SIN TAX (HOUSE BILL 5727) SHOULD BE LAGALIZED IN THE REPUBLIC OF
PHILIPPINES (+)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
Of the subject PHIN11A
Submitted by:
Ceejay Martinez
Abby Padua
Merene, Myka Kim
Villareal, Peter James
On
October 3, 2012
To:
Ms. Violeta Tabin
PREMISES
1. Smoking cigars and drinking liquors are bad to health. 2. Number of accidents will be lessen. 3.
Lessen the number of users. 4. It may cause air pollution. 5. It may stop the production of cigars and
liquors.
I. Introduction
Sin tax is a tax levied on a certain goods and services that are seen vices, such as alcohol, tobacco
and the like. Sin tax is used for taxing activities that are considered undesirable. These types of taxes
are levied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The taxes collected from alcoholic drinks and tobacco were called "sin taxes," presumably because
these items were considered as "sin products." The manifest and most dominant objective of
Executive Order No. 22 was clearly economic. In the rationalization of the imposition of the
increased taxes, this objective was paramount. At the time, there was an urgent need to increase
revenue collection to help rebuild a plundered economy which was on the brink of collapse when
Aquino assumed office as the new President of the country. With the passage of the tax measures on
tobacco and alcohol, the govemment hoped to collect by the end of 1986 an additional P2.9 billion
from cigarette factories alone, and another I750 million from the beer and liquor companies
(Yoingco 1985, 50). Although unstated and only vaguely hinted at, it is safe to say that the policy

makers anticipated that the subsequent increases on the prices of these "sin products," considered
hazardous and nonessential, would also influence the consumption behavior of the public. More
specifically, the policy makers thought that with the increase in the prices of tobacco and alcohol,
people would be compelled to rechannel expenses from the hazardous practice of smoking and
drinking to other more healthful and

Personal Statement In System Biology
Since the encounter to 'Network Motifs' by Uri Alon's book 'Design Principles of Biological
Networks' during my Integrated Masters at University of Hyderabad; systems biology has
immensely captivated me. Further in time; academic courses, workshops and projects guided me to
unearth this as the area that I want to pursue as my research. Although new, this field gives a holistic
perspective to the historically reductionist outlook of the biological systems.
While living organisms are interesting and exciting to think about, yet they have baffled scientists
since the beginning. Now interdisciplinary groups are working together address questions in these
systems. I want to work on complexity of biological systems using dynamical systems theory and
network analysis. These approaches in systems biology give an insights into intricate events such as
cell functions and diseases.
Though we have come a long ahead in 21st century, we still have before us an ordeal of the most
grievous kind: disease. Diseases affect not only the person physically, but also whole family
emotionally and economically. Brief suffering from reactive arthritis stimulated me to join the
search for an answer to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
R. Ramaswamy, Nonlinear Dynamics Lab, Jawaharlal Nehru University. The current internship
under him has given me opportunities to look at some interesting mathematical models in diverse
fields. For instance, first project gives an insight into a portion of the current research being carried
out in dynamics of Complex Networks, in collaboration with Prof. B. Biswal, Delhi University. The
project involves construction of mathematical model of dynamics of social networks incorporating
Hebbian learning. With this, we are also working on multilayered network in ecological system with
Dr S. Prasad, JNU. Project aims at finding optimum time of Amla crop harvesting using agent based
model simulations of Amla–Deer–Human network on the top of field

How China Has The Richest Woody Plants Of 95 Families
Zhang ,Jian Xin (2005) summarized that China have the richest woody plants of 95 families,338
genera and 1128 species.
Kucuk and Erturk (2013) surveyed Protected Areas in Turkey reported that flora and fauna are very
rich with a high endemism and wider genetic diversity with more than 90000 species including flora
and fauna which cover approximately 9500 vascular plants, 4000 lower plants.
Shrestha (2003) presented an appraisal report on Oaks in Himalayan region which are evergreen,
mostly gregarious, medium to large sized tree, distributed at elevations of 800 to 3800 m asl . Out of
35 species reported in this region abundantly in temperate forests (Negi and Naithani,1995) ,8
species occur in Nepal (DPR, 1997) Quercus floribunda , Q. glauca , Q. lamellose , Q. lanata., Q.
leuchotrichophora, Q. mespilifolioides, Q. oxyodon and Q. semecarpifolia .
DPR.1997. Flora of Nepal: Fagaceae, Vol 1, Part 20. Kathmandu: Department of Plant Resources,
Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, HMGN. 12 p
Negi SS and HB Naithani.1995. Oaks of India, Nepal and Bhutan. Dehradun: International Book
Distributors
Musselman (2003) referred prominence of Trees from mythological quotes from Koran and Bible.
These holy books reflect the place of trees in cultures of millennia ago, their uses, the local species
of importance and moreover their inspirational and symbolic significance, based on the perception
of the tree as symbol of the life given by the Creator.
Indreica and Kelemen

Depression Of A Herbal Clinic
Depression in a Herbal Clinic Understanding depression is vital in modern and stressful times.
Depression is not an exclusive condition and affects people from all walks of life. From the word
Depression – one can instantly visualise the "burden" (WHO, 2012) of this endemic condition.
Churchill "affectionately" called it his "black dog" (WHO, 2012). Is it widely known that October
10 is World Mental Health Day? (WHO, 2014) Given the prevalence, death toll and disease burden
– mental health is of great significance in a modern herbal practice. By 2030, depression alone is
projected to be the single leading cause of overall disease burden in high–income countries (Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). Aristotle pinpointed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short–lived emotional responses to
challenges in everyday life. Especially when long–lasting and with moderate or severe intensity,
depression may become a serious health condition. It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly
and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide.
Suicide results in an estimated 1 million deaths every year." (WHO, 2012) Types of depression
(Mental Health Foundation , 2014) Mild depression Mild Depression is said to have limited negative
effect on a patient's daily life. For example, patients having difficulty concentrating at work or
motivation to engage in activities normally enjoyed. Major depression Major depression is said
interferes with a patient's daily life – including activities like eating and sleep. Patients may lose
their appetite or are said to comfort eat and thus over–eat (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013).
Patients may experience only a single episode but several episodes in a lifetime are common.
Hospital admission maybe necessary if there is a risk of self–harm. Bi–polar disorder Mood swings
in bi–polar disorder can be extreme – oscillating from mania to complete despair, lethargy and
suicidal feelings. Post–natal depression It is said that new mothers experience 'baby blues ' a few
days after the

Essay On Garlic Pesticide
CHAPTER 1
I. INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays ,people can't oppose the boosting of the countless pests and insects that disturb our daily
habits. Controlling of insects and pests is one of the main problems of most farmers and gardeners.
So, instead of buying commercial and expensive inorganic insecticides, an alternative and
economical insect repellant made up of the sap of euphorbia plant, garlic, and siling labuyo, all
natural insecticides derived from different plants which could kill insects and pests. The garlic
(alluim sactium) that used for both ordinary and medicinal purposes and even as natural flavoring,
could also be a benefit to make an insecticide. The property of garlic that is considered as an
effective chemical that can kill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THE ULTIMATE GARLIC SUPPLEMENT ALLICIN
The chemistry of garlic is extremely complex, but research has shown that it is the unusual organ
sulfur compounds relatively unique to garlic that promote its broad range of lipid–lowering,
antithrombotic, anti–blood coagulation, anti–hypertension, anti–cancer, anti–oxidant and anti–
microbial effect. The most well known and widely studied garlic compound is "allicin", yet
ironically allicin does not exist in fresh, undamaged garlic cloves. The predominant garlic sulfur
compound is Alliin. Garlic also contains high levels of an enzyme called allinase. Cavallito and
Bailey first reported in 1944 that allicin is the garlic compound chiefly responsible for the broad–
spectrum anti bacterial action of garlic. They noted that various actions of garlic, such as its
cholesterol–lowering and anti bacterial effect are primarily due to its allicin content.
ALLIIN
Alliin is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is a derivative of the amino acid
cysteins. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme allinase converts alliin into allicin
which is primarily responsible for the aroma of fresh garlic. Garlic has been used since antiquity as a
therapeutic remedy for a certain conditions now associated w/ oxygen toxicity, and when this was
investigated, garlic did indeed show strong anti oxidant and hydroxyladical scavenging properties,
possibly owing to the alliin

Is Withaferin A, A Magic Bullet For Metabolic Syndrome?
Is Withaferin A, a magic bullet for metabolic syndrome?
A recent and exciting new study shows that withaferin A, a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania
somnifera plant, which is very commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng or Indian
winter cherry, can exert profound therapeutic beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome (increased
body weight, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and hypertension) in mice.
A recent article which was published in nature medicine by Lee and colleagues1 on antidiabetic
properties of Withaferin A by leptin sensitization potential is an important contribution to the current
therapeutic understanding of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Withaferin A is a natural steroidal
lactone present in roots, berries, bark and leaves of Withania Somnifera plant which belongs to
Solanaceae family2. Withania Somnifera or Ashwagnadha is a very well–known medicinal plant in
Indian System of Ayurvedic medicine 3. Ayurvedic system of traditional medicine practiced in India
can be traced back as long as up to 6000 BC and Charaka mentioned about this plant in his Charaka
Samhita and many people still follow this system of medicine 4. The roots from this plant smells
like horse, therefore, the name Ashwagnadha which is synonymous and literal translation (horse
smell) to its smell or odor (In Sanskrit, Ashwa means Horse and Gandha means smell) 5. Also, from
past 6000 years this plant roots, berries and leaves extracts has been used as a Rasayana

Taking a Look at Solanine
solanine
It is a glycoalkaloid. It is a poison. It is present in the nightshade family i.e Solanaceae especially in
species tomato and potato. Solanine is found naturally in many parts of plants e.g tubers, leaves and
fruits. It also has pesticidal and fungicidal characteristics. It also act as a natural defence system of
plant. Firstly it was extracted in 1820 from a berry i.e Solanum nigram.
Solanine poisoning and it's symptoms primary symptoms of solanine poisoning are neurological and
gastrointestinal disorders.
Other symptoms may be vomiting,burning of throat, nausea, cardiac dysrythmia, diarrhea,
nightmare, dizziness, stomach cramps and a common symptom headache.
Hypothermia, fever, dilated pupils, hallucination,paralysis and losss of sensation occur in very
severe cases and somtimes death can also accur.
Way of action
A result of a study show that the mechanism of solanine toxicity is mainly due to it's chemical
interaction with the membranes of mitochondria. It is shown by experiments that when solanine is
exposed, it result in opening of pottassium channels of mitochondrial membrane, in it's result the
membrane potential is decreased and then Ca 2+ are transported from mitochondria to the cytoplasm
due to which concentration of Ca 2+ is increased in the cytoplasm which result in the apoptosis i.e
cell death and cell damage.
Solanine in potatoes solanine is found naturally in the speacies of genus Solanum e.g egg plant,
tomato and potato
In potatoes, 2 type

French Cayenne Pepper
Spices are aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavor food. Herbs are any plant with
leaves, seeds, or flavors used for flavoring food, medicine, or perfume. What makes them different
is that spices are used for color and preservation and herbs are used for flavoring and used for
medical reasons. My topic is considered a herbs because it used for medical and flavoring foods.
Cayenne pepper is herb know to the French as poivre de Cayenne and is named for the city of
Cayenne in French Guiana. The cayenne peppers can traced to seven thousand year in history to
Central and South America as a hot and spicy flavor. The cayenne was first used as a decorative item
then introduced to food and medicine. During the 15th and 16th centuries the cayenne was
introduced to the rest of the world by Christopher Columbus when he explored the Caribbean
Islands and brought them back to Europe. The cayenne pepper has been used to substitute black
pepper and was very expensive. The cayenne pepper at that time since it had to be imported from
Asia. Ferdinand Magellan is credited for introducing cayenne pepper to Africa and Asia cuisines and
their pharmacopeias. Now cayenne is now grown on all continents, today China, Turkey, Nigeria,
Spain and Mexico are among the largest commercial producers.
When purchasing cayenne pepper it best to by in the cayenne pepper is also known as the "The King
of Herbs" Guinea spice, cow–horn pepper, Aleve, bird pepper, or the powdered form as red

Atropine Synthesis
Drug class and naming Atropine's Therapeutic class is considered Antiarrhythmic. It's
Pharmacologic class is Anticholinergic and Antimuscarinic. (Bendall.J. 2012) Primary Use Atropine
is a Non–selective, competitive and reversible Muscarinic receptor antagonist or blocker. Atropine is
a naturally occurring Tropane Alkaloid which is extracted from Jimson weed, deadly nightshade,
mandrake and other various Solanaceae plants. (Bendall.J. 2012) It's primary uses, are for
Symptomatic Bradycardia and Organophosphate poisoning. (Dyller, L. 2013) Mechanism of Action
What Atropine does, it is inhibits the effects of the Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) by
specifically inhibiting the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine which is an essential component of the
PNS 'fight or flight' mechanism. (Bendall.J. 2012) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Dyller, L. 2013) (The Atropine does not distinguish between the M1, M2 and M3 receptor
subgroups) By decreasing the effects of these Muscarinic receptors, the Atropine is essentially
decreasing the capacity of the PNS. (Bendall.J.

How Belladonna Is The Most Important Poison By...
Atropa belladonna has proven itself to be the most culturally important poison by infiltrating
ancient, ritualistic practices and popular media across time. In an age where poisoning was deemed
romantic and was rather commonplace, Belladonna found a place amongst the dark corners of
history and literature; From witches looking to help their sinister plots or transcend godly
communication to bored and abused wives looking to escape a dire situation. It continues to be one
of the most commonly referenced poisonous plants in culture, gifting the ability of choosing life and
death to those who possess it. Belladonna grows in the shades of Europe during the spring. With
visually appetizing berries and deep purple flowers, the plant itself is beautiful. When crushed the
berries emit a foul odor, similar to decay–the first sign that something about this plant is not as
pretty as it seems. (Grieve, 1971) If a full grown man was to consume 10– 20 berries or one of the
more potent leaves, a poisonous compound referred tropane alkaloids will begin to make the user
feel the onsets of fever and hallucinations. In higher doses, Belladonna will lead to vomiting, coma
and eventually death by respiratory failure. (Casken, et al. 2003) Although the plant is beautiful, it is
its effect on the body that has elevated it to international acclaim and brought about the attentions of
artists, witches and schemers alike. The history of Belladonna as the sinister beacon of death that we
know it to

Germination of Eggplant, Okra and Rice Seeds Soaked in...
Germination of Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linn.), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench),
and Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) Seeds Soaked in Alkaline Water
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In Bi 160 and Bi 160.1
First Semester, AY 2012–2013
A Research Paper
Presented to
Anneke Padolina, Ph.D
Department of Biology
Ateneo de Manila University
Submitted by:
Medina, Kryzka
August 2012
I. Introduction
The life cycle of plants is characterized by the change in ploidy of generations; with diploid
generations giving rise to haploid generations and vice versa. The diploid generation, commonly
called the sporophyte, produces spores via meiosis. Through mitosis these haploid cells develop into
a multicellular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The utilization of expired alkaline water that purportedly stimulates germination will provide an
alternative use for the undrinkable water.
II. Materials and Methodology
Assay Location
The experiment proper was carried out inside a room in the Medina Residence, which is located at 5
Capt. Miyong St., San Roque, Marikina City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The room experienced
limited sunlight with temperatures that vary from 18°C to 28°C. The set–up was placed on top of a

table to eliminate the possibility of animal foraging.
Species Selection
The experiment entailed the utilization of three species of plants. The first species, Oryza sativa
Linn., was preselected while the last two species were left to the discretion of the proponent of the
study. Prudent seed selection was done to ensure the preservation of the diversity of the plant
species that will be utilized for the experiment.
O. sativa, commonly called rice, is a monocot plant. It belongs to the family of grasses, Poaceae,
and is the main source of carbohydrates in Asian countries. Solanum melongena Linn., commonly
called eggplant, in contrast is a dicot plant. The shrub belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae,
and is used as a source of vitamins and minerals in tropical and temperate countries. Abelmaschus
esculentus (L.) Moench, commonly called okra, is a herbaceous dicot plant. It belongs to the
hibiscus family, Malvaceae, and is also used as a source of vitamins and

How Does Nicotine Affect Living Organisms
Nicotine, one of the most addicting drugs in the world, does more damage to living organisms than
the human eye can see. It not only affects organisms physically but also mentally. Nicotine has
spread to a wide range of tobacco products, from cigarettes to skoal to even vapes. This widespread
epidemic of nicotine is being passed down from generation to generation causing a steady increase
in the number of smokers everywhere. This increase is due to the thought of nicotine being "cool",
but people do not realize the effect nicotine has on humans and other living organisms. Nicotine is a
chemical produced in some plants, one plant being the tobacco plant. "There is considerable
evidence that nicotine is present in certain human foods, especially

Native American Tobacco
In 2010, in the Maranon river basin in northeastern Peru, paleontologists from the Meyer–
Honninger Paleontology Museum found fossilized tobacco that dated back to 2.5 million years ago
to the Pleistocene era. Even though there has been nicotine found in some old world plants, in the
remains of people, and as residue in pipes, there is no evidence of habitual use in ancient times.
Chemical Composition
Indigenous to North and South America, Australia, Southwest Africa, and the South Pacific,
Nicotiana one of many species of the tobacco plant and is part of the nightshade family or
Solanaceae. Tobacco is produced from the leaves of the Nicotiana plant. There are more than 70
species of tobacco and nicotine is the addictive compound.
Tobacco ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include tobacco cravings, headache, nausea, fatigue, drowsiness,
insomnia, irritability, anxiety, and depressed mood. Tobacco addiction often takes several tries to
quit and a doctor should be seen if needed. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse a
combination of both behavioral interventions and medication to help people quit smoking are more
affective then either alone. Behavioral treatments range from self–help skills to counseling, as well
as help in identifying high risk situations and how to deal with them. Nicotine replacement
treatments like nicotine gum, nicotine patches, lozenges and inhalers can help to relieve withdrawal
symptoms. There are now medications that can help with smoking cessation, they can target nicotine
receptors in the brain, easing withdrawal and blocking the effects of nicotine

Argumentative Speech On Nightshade
Today, we have a new contender in nightshade lore. Edible nightshades – some very common in our
diets – are said to cause inflammation. The following are members of the nightshade family that
may be in your kitchen as we speak: Tomatoes White or gold potatoes Bell peppers Banana peppers
Chili peppers Tomatillos Okra Red peppers used in seasonings (namely paprika) Eggplants Goji
berries Aside from these, an herbal supplement or two belong to the nightshade family. Specifically,
ashwagandha, a common adaptogenic supplement used for mental clarity, anxiety, and adrenal
support. Now we've come to the moment of truth. Is one of nightshade deadly secrets that it does, in
fact, cause inflammation? Personally, I'm leaning towards saying no, absolutely not. For one, there
are no studies drawing any kind of link between the two. And for what it's worth, none disproving
the belief. Furthermore, the scientific community largely doesn't see cause to perform future studies
exploring this. For now, edible nightshades like tomatoes, and their link to inflammation remains
firmly in the "myth" category. However, that doesn't mean that they're fine for everyone. Certain
people can indeed be sensitive to nightshades. As usual, there are a few areas of discussion you'll
find around this. One is alkaloids. A lot of flowering plants contain natural alkaloids in the flowers
and foliage, as well as the fruit. But when the fruit ripens, the alkaloid levels drop off. The purpose
of the presence of alkaloids is thought to be as a protective agent for the plant in the wild. As a
matter of fact, we extract alkaloids all of the time for drugs. Even in modern times, plants are still
essential to medicine. For instance, morphine and nicotine are both alkaloids from plants (poppies
and tobacco, respectively). Alkaloids are even the subject of study for use in easing depression, and
can be part of cancer treatment. As we can see from the examples above, plant alkaloids can be
either healing and harmful. From strychnine to novocaine, plant alkaloids can inspire very different
reactions in humans. But with the common nightshades we eat, the primary alkaloids of concern are
solanine, tomatine, and capsaicin. Capsaicin is the

The Origin Of Potato Shaped Pottery

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