summative assignment

1. SBI3U-Z
BY: MARIYAM ALI
The Medical
Importance of
Biodiversity
Cinchona
trees

2. Intro
Welcome to my presentation on Cinchona
trees and the importance of Cinchona trees
to Sci-Ents medical research department!
introduction

3. of Cinchona tree
Figures
This is the Cinchona tree with the straightforward, oppositely oriented leaves
and petals of the flowers having distinctively hairy borders produced in terminal
clusters.

4. Ecology
1.
Cinchona is a genus of roughly 23 species of plants, primarily trees, belonging to the madder
family, in other words, the Rubiaceae family. Bedstraw, Cruciata laevipes, and coffee plants
are members of the same family.Evergreen cinchona trees have tiny and often cream white or
rose in colour; the tubular blossoms are tubular.
Geographically diverse distributions may be seen in the natural populations of Cinchona
species throughout Andes South America.
The Andes mountains get up to 4000 mm of precipitation annually. Based on different
Andean slope heights, several species tend to develop in their corresponding, distinct
geographic regions. Because they grow in "Cinchona woods," where they are grouped
together, they are also often not difficult to discover.
The Cinchona is a South American native and a sizeable shrub or small tree. It was
widespread along the west coast in the 19th century, from Venezuela in the north to Bolivia
in the south. They reach heights of 5 to 15 m (16 to 49 ft). The opposing, 10–40 cm long
leaves range in shape from rounded to lanceolate.
Out of 50 species, only a few in the Cinchona Genus generate significant levels of quinine,
while the rest produce little or none. C. succirubra and C. calisaya are two other species that
yield enough quinine for crop production. Contrarily, C. pubescens produces relatively little
quinine. While trying to harness antimalarial qualities during crucial historical periods,
humans had several tries and mistakes in the cultivation and quinine manufacture of these
diverse plants.

5. In Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things, we learned about species evolution as a cluster of organisms that is
unique from other clusters and demonstrates a relationship pattern among organisms (phylogenetic
species idea). In this part of the assignment, I was asked to look into the evolution of Cinchona trees
recalling unit one.
Additionally, it ties what we learned about biodiversity to our concern over the extinction of species. For
instance, I discovered that the extinction of species is a result of natural processes. Biologists say a new
species typically goes extinct after around a million years. This knowledge I gained also applies to
Cinchona trees. Knowing that human activity is speeding up the rate of extinction, according to experts,
government negligence is putting the cinchona tree at risk of going extinct, and many people can no
longer tell it apart from fig trees or quinoa plants. Due to the burning of vast swaths of land to produce
coffee and other crops and the quality of their wood, their environment is extremely vulnerable, and they
are at risk of extinction. In humid forests between 1,300 and 2,900 meters above sea level, primarily in the
northwest but also in the middle of Peru, cinchona trees may reach heights of up to 15 meters (50 feet).
The ecology of Cinchona trees also connects with unit two, Genetics Processes; researching Cinchona
trees, I learned that their physical characteristics are similar since they carry information for the same
genes. In unit two, we learned about genetic material.
2. Unit connetions

6. The cinchona tree bark is used to create medication by people. Cinchona is used to treat bloating,
fullness, and other stomach issues, as well as to stimulate the flow of digestive fluids and increase appetite.
In addition, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and leg cramps are all treated with it. Cinchona is sometimes
used to treat fever, malaria, the common cold, and moderate cases of influenza and swine flu. Other uses
include treating muscular cramps, enlarged spleen, cancer, and mouth and throat conditions.
Cinchona is used as an astringent, a germ-killer, and a painkiller in eye treatments. Cinchona extract is
also administered topically to treat varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and ulcers and stimulate hair growth.
History of use: The sole treatment for malaria throughout the 300 years among its introduction to
Western medicine and its application in World War I was quinine from cinchona. Before the advent of
Europeans, malaria in the New World was probably unheard of, buying Cinchona's effectiveness as a
malaria remedy was rapidly discovered. By 1650, Spain's colonies were routinely sending cinchona bark
supplies to the country. One of the first examples of targeted medication therapy was the clever use of
"Peruvian bark" by the English physician Thomas Sydenham (1624–89) in separating malaria from other
fevers. Some species' bark contains quinine and is effective against malaria.
Cinchona tree may increase digestive system and other systems issues in our body due to its side effects.
According to the information I learned in unit five, the cinchona trees are a dicot, meaning they have two
seed leaves. Depending on whether angiosperm seeds contain one or two cotyledons, angiosperms are
typically classified as monocots or dicots.
3. Potential medical
benefits/solutions

7. potential risks
When used properly, Cinchona bark appears to be safe for
the majority of individuals. Cinchona is nonetheless
dangerous and UNSAFE in excessive doses. Ringing in the
ears, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, and visual abnormalities are
all signs of an overdose. Additionally, Cinchona can lead to
bleeding and allergic responses such as rashes and fever. The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) forbade quinine
from being used over-the-counter because it has detrimental
side effects. Quinine and quinidine are found in cinnamon,
and they have the potential to worsen long QT syndrome
patients' risk of having an irregular heartbeat.
4. Threats/

8. Conclusion
One of the numerous plants that have contributed to human
development and wellness is cinchona trees. Without
Cinchona, malaria may have expanded and destroyed colonies,
which might have affected global commerce and population
distribution throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
Currently, it is probable that the population distribution in
areas with malaria and insufficient supplies might alter.
Cinchona is a wonderful illustration of the intricate
connections we have with plants and how dependent we will
always be on them. Therefore it should be useful to Sci-Ents
medical research department Grant Advisor -Ms. Ahmed.

9. Works Cited
“Cinchona.” BIONITY.COM,
www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Cinchona.html. Accessed 27 July 2022.
“Cinchona | Description, History, and Facts.” Encyclopedia
Britannica, www.britannica.com/plant/Cinchona. Accessed 27 July 2022.
“Cinchona: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose and Precautions.” RxList, 11 June 2021,
www.rxlist.com/cinchona/supplements.htm
“CINCHONA: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews.” WebMD,
www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-
406/cinchona#:%7E:text=Cinchona%20is%20a%20tree.,varicose%20veins%2C%20and%20leg%20cramps.
Accessed 27 July 2022.
Gachelin, G., et al. “Evaluating Cinchona Bark and Quinine for Treating and Preventing Malaria.” Journal of the Royal
Society of Medicine, vol. 110, no. 1, 2017, pp. 31–40. Crossref,
journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0141076816681421.
Nature and Culture International. “A Tree That Treats Malaria.” Nature and Culture International, 28 Aug. 2020,
www.natureandculture.org/field-notes/cinchona-tree.
Watercolour. “The Cinchona Tree, Malaria and Colonisation.” Wellcome Collection, 7 June 2022,
wellcomecollection.org/articles/YlWWVBAAACIAfkjd.

10. end!
The
I hope you enjoyed!