2. Learning refers to any relatively
permanent change in behavior which
occurs as a result of practice or
experience.
Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for
worse.
It is a change that takes place through practice or
experience. (growth, maturation, injury)
The change must be relatively permanent. (fatigue,
diseases, drugs, hunger, thirst)
3. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
A type of learning in which a neutral
stimulus comes to bring about a response
after it is paired with a stimulus that
naturally brings about that response.
John Watson - Little Albert
4. Variables
Neutral stimulus - a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not
naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that naturally brings about a
particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned response - a response that is natural and needs no
training
Conditioned stimulus - a once-neutral stimulus that has been
paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response
formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response - a response that, after conditioning, follows
a previously neutral stimulus
5. A. Before conditioning
bell (NS) pricking of ears
food (US) salivation (UR)
B. During Conditioning
bell (NS) + food (US) salivation (UR)
C. After Conditioning
bell(CS) salivation (CR)
6. Applying Conditioning Principles to
Human Behavior
Dentist
McDonalds
Phobia - irrational fears
Posttraumatic Disorders of
veterans
Perfumes
7. Extinction
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a
previously conditioned response decreases in frequency
and eventually disappears.
Examples: you stop putting coins in a damaged pop
machine, stop writing with a pen once runs out of ink,
stop texting a friend who never answers, attention to a
crying child
8. Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a
period of rest and with no further conditioning.
Extinction Burst
initial increase in the response rate and magnitude or intensity,
especially if that response has an emotional or aggressive
component
Example: drug addiction, crying to get attention
9. Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus generalization
occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is
similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the
two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur
Examples: bell and buzzer, red lights (size, shape, shade)
10. Stimulus discrimination
the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct
from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but
the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
Examples: two teachers, growling dog and wagging of tail,
smile and frown
11. Operant Conditioning
Law of Effect
Edward Lee Thorndike
puzzle box for a cat
responses that lead to satisfying
consequences are more likely to be
repeated
example, class recitation
12. Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner
Skinner Box - learn to obtain food by operating on
their environment within the box
Laboratory rats
Learning in which a voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened, depending on its
favorable or unfavorable consequences.
13. Reinforcement: The Central Concept of
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement - the process by which a stimulus increases the
probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer - any stimulus that increases the probability that a
preceding behavior will occur again
14. Primary reinforcer - satisfies some biological needs and
works naturally
Secondary reinforcer - a stimulus that becomes reinforcing
because of its association with a primary reinforcer
15. Positive Reinforcement
reinforcement by the presentation of a
reinforcer
positive reinforcer - a stimulus added that
brings about an increase in a preceding response
16. Negative Reinforcement
reinforcement by the removal of an aversive
condition
negative reinforcer - unpleasant stimulus whose
removal leads to an increase in the probability that
a preceding response will be repeated in the future
17. Punishment
a stimulus that decreases the probability that a
prior behavior will occur again
Positive punishment
weakens a response through the application of an
unpleasant stimulus
Negative punishment (Penalty)
removal of something pleasant (penalty)
18. Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding
closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Examples: helping a mental hospital resident to speak again,
teaching a child with autism to play basketball
19. Behavior Modification
A formalized technique for promoting the
frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing
the incidence of unwanted ones.
Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
Shaping
Penalty
Behavior Contracting
Token economy
Time-out
Overcorrection/Flooding
Reprimands
20. Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses
on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Latent Learning
Observational Learning
Insight Learning
21. Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not
demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
It is said to occur but is not shown in behavior immediately, until
later, when conditions for its emergence are favorable.
Behavior of rats in a maze (control and experimental group)
Lessons in school
Failures in love
22. Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.
Albert Bandura
often referred to as social cognitive approach to learning
Bobo doll (children and an adult)
Four processes in Observational Learning:
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Reproduction
4. Motivation
23. Insight Learning
Sultan the chimpanzee and the banana
Wolfgang Kohler
Sudden appearance of a solution to a problem; AHA experience;
restructuring a perceptual world into a new pattern
A Catholic man who lived in a small town married
twenty different women in that same town. All of
them are still living, and he never divorced any of
them. Yet he broke no laws. How could she do
this?
