Behaviour is learned. any behaviour can be changes to adaptive behaviour. should apply techniques in a effective way.

1. Mrs.SHILPA RANI R
ASST.PROFESSOR

3.  Way of acting
 Response to the given stimuli
 A behavior is considered to be maladaptive when it is
age inappropriate, when it interferes with adaptive
functioning, or when others misunderstand in terms
of cultural inappropriateness

4. A behavior is considered to be maladaptive
when it is age inappropriate, when it
interferes with adaptive functioning, or
when others misunderstand in terms of
cultural inappropriateness.

7.  It is a form of treatment for problems in which a
trained person deliberately establishes professional
relationship with the patient, with the objective of
removing or modifying existing symptoms and
promoting positive personality, growth and
development

8.  Harming self
 Harming others
 Disturbing environment
 Age inappropriate behavior
 Difficulty in learning process

9. Pavlov-classical conditioning (1927)
Skinner-Operant conditioning (1938)

11.  Introduced by Russian physiologist Pavlov.
 He experiment with dog while studying the
physiology of digestion..
 He found that behavior can be classically
conditioned.

12.  Food was placed in the mouth of a hungry dog,
that automatically caused salivation.
Food-Unconditional or natural stimulus
Salivation-Unconditional response
 Later on only bell was rung without offering food
to the dog that caused no salivation.
Bell- neutral stimulus
No salivation-No conditional response

13.  Next, a bell was rung for each time before offering
food that caused salivation.
Salivation-Unconditional response
 Lastly Pavlov found that dog started to salivate at
the sound of bell even though food was not offered.
Bell-Conditional stimulus
Salivation-Conditional response

14.  In later studies Pavlov noticed that if he did not provide
food after a bell was rung, the dog eventually stopped
salivating called “extinction” and demonstrated that
reinforcement is essential both to acquire and maintain
respondent learning.
 Pavlov also found that if the dog is given prolonged rest
period during extinction, it will once again salivate when
bell is rung. This is called “spontaneous recovery”

15.  Skinner said that man is an active organism, and
not a victim of his environment. He doesn’t wait for
stimulus; he acts or operates on the environment, so
as to bring change in some or other way. Thus he
called “operant behavior”.

16.  According to Skinner, Behavior is determined by events
or consequences that do not follow responses.
 If consequences are favorable, the individual will
repeat the same behavior [ here consequences have
provided positive reinforcement and causes repetition
of behavior]

17.  Alternatively If consequences are unfavorable, they
reduce the chances of the same behavior from getting
repeated [ here consequences have provided negative
reinforcement and reduce the chances of the behavior
from recurring again]

19.  A hungry rat was placed in a box designed by
Skinner [operant chamber or skinner box]
 The chamber contained lever which would drop
food pellets into the chamber if pressed.
 In the beginning the experimenter himself dropped
the food pellets into the chamber and later stopped.

20.  The rat, being hungry, began to explore the box and
pressed the lever accidentally. The food pellet was
released into the box and the rat ate it up.
 After a while, it pressed the lever again and ate the
food pellet, which got released.

21.  After the third or fourth time, the rat began to press
the lever more rapidly.
 The food has said to have provided positive
reinforcement to the rat and operant behavior got
established.
 He concluded that behavior is shaped and
maintained by its consequences and it is operated by
the organism and maintained by its results.

23.  All behavior is learned (adaptive and
maladaptive)
 Human being are passive organisms that can
be conditioned or shaped to do anything if
correct responses are rewarded or reinforced
 Maladaptive behavior can be unlearned and
replaced by adaptive behavior

24.  Behavioral assessment is focused more on the
current behavior rather than on historical
antecedents.
 Treatment strategies are individually tailored.

25. Systematic desensitization
Flooding
Aversion therapy
Operant conditioning procedures for
increasing adaptive behavior
• Positive reinforcement
• Token economy

26. Operant conditioning procedures to
teach new behavior
Modeling
Shaping
chaining

27. Operant conditioning procedures for
decreasing maladaptive behavior
Extinction/Ignoring
Punishment
Timeout
Restitution(Over-correction)
Response cost
Assertiveness and social skill training

28.  It was developed by Joseph Wolpe
 In this patient attain a complete relaxation and
are then exposed to the stimulus that elicits
anxiety response.
 The negative reaction of anxiety is inhibited by the
relaxed state.

29. It consists of 3 steps
Hierarchy construction
Relaxation training
Desensitization of the stimulus

30. Indications
Phobias
Obsessions
Compulsions
Certain sexual disorders

31. The patient is directly exposed to the phobic
stimulus where the escape is made impossible.
By prolonged contact with the phobic stimulus, the
therapist guidance and encouragement and his
modeling behavior reduces anxiety
Indication
Specific phobias

32. Pairing of pleasant stimulus with an unpleasant
response, so that even in the absence of the
unpleasant response the pleasant stimulus becomes
unpleasant by association.
Aversion therapy helps to reduce unwanted but
persistent maladaptive behaviors. It uses unpleasant
or noxious stimuli to change inappropriate behavior.

33. Punishment is presented immediately after a
specific behavioral response and the response
eventually inhibited.
The stimulus may be chemical such as ant abuse
used to treat alcoholics, electrical, such as the using
of a pad and buzzer apparatus to treat a child who
has urinary problems, visual, such as the films of an
auto accident shown to drivers who are arrested for
speeding/driving under the influence of alcohol or
drugs.

34. Indications
Alcohol abuse
Paraphilias
Homosexuality
Transvestism

36. Behavioral response is followed by rewarding an
event such as food, gifts.
It tends to be strengthened and occurs more
frequently than before the reward.
This technique is used to increase the desirable
behavior.

37. Giving token rewards for appropriate or desired target
behaviors performed by the patient.
The token can later be exchanged for other rewards.
Ex: In inpatient ward patient receives reward
(token)for performing desirable
behavior, later which can be used to
purchase things

39. It’s a method of teaching by demonstration, where
therapist shows how a specific behavior is to be
performed.
Behavior can be learned by seeing other patients
indulging in target behavior and getting reward for
those behavior.

40. This will make the patient to repeat same behavior
Learning of new behaviors by imitating the
behaviors in others
Ex:
 Role models
 Seeing by TV, or in Family , environment

41. In this component of a particular skill, the
behavior is reinforced by step by step
The therapist starts shaping by reinforcing the
existing behavior
Ex: To establish eye to eye contact, the
therapist sits opposite the patient and
reinforces him even move his upper
body towards him, once its
established he directs head movement

42. E.g.. In eliciting speech from an autistic child, the
teacher may first reward the child for
 Watching the teacher lips
 For making my sound in imitation of the teacher
 Forming sounds similar to the word told by the
teacher

43. Its used when a person fails to perform complex task.
The complex task is broken into a number of small
steps and each step is taught to the patient.
2 types
Forward chaining
Backward chaining

45. It’s a removal of attention rewards permanently,
following a problem behavior.
It includes
◦ Not looking at patient.
◦ Not talking with patient
◦ Having no contact with patient

46. This is commonly used when patient exhibit
odd behavior

47. Punishment is presented upon the undesirable
response.
The punishment should be given immediately and
consistently following the undesirable behavior with
clear explanation.

48. Differential reinforcement of an adaptive or
desirable behavior should always be added when a
punishment is used to decrease undesirable
behavior. Otherwise problem behaviors tend to get
maintained.

49. This method includes removing the reward from
the patient for a particular period of time following
a problem behavior.
This is commonly used for the treatment of
childhood disorders.

50. Ex
the child is not allowed to go out of the ward to
play if he fails to complete the given work.

51. It is restoring the disturbed situation to a state
that is much better than what it was before the
occurrence of problem behavior.
Eg:
If the patient passes urine in the ward he
would be required to clean not only dirty area but
also mop the entire ward.

52. This is used with individuals who are on token
programs for teaching adaptive behavior.
When undesirable behavior occurs a fixed number
of tokens are deducted from what he has already
earned.

53.  Assertive training is a behavior therapy technique
in which the patient is given training to bring about
change in emotional and other behavioral pattern
by being assertive.
 Patient is encouraged not to be afraid of showing an
appropriate response, negative or positive, to an
idea or suggestion.

54.  Social skill training helps to improve the social
manners like encouraging eye contact, observing,
speaking , maintain communication properly