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Memory
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- 2. Memory the process bywhich we encode, store, and retrieve information 3 Basic Processes: Encoding Storage Retrieval
- 3. Three-System Memory Theory Sensorymemory the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant types are dependent on the source of sensory information (iconic memory, echoic memory) can store information for only a very short time, but its precision is high can be destroyed or replaced with a new one
- 4. Short - termmemory memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds Long - term memory memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
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- 6. Chunk a meaningful groupingof stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory can be individual letters or numbers, or may consist of larger categories such as words or meaningful units
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- 9. Rehearsal the repetition ofinformation that has entered short-term memory information is maintained in the short-term memory or may transfer into long-term memory Elaborative rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion expanding, linking to another memory, turning to image, transforming to some other way Mnemonics formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered
- 10. Semantic Networks mental representationsof clusters of interconnected information Spreading activation activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories
- 11. Serial position effect theability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears primacy effect items presented early in the list are remembered better recency effect items presented late in a list are remembered best
- 12. Improving Memory keyword encoding specificity organizationcues effective note taking practice and rehearse don’t believe claims about drugs that improve memory
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- 14. Declarative memory memory forfactual information Semantic memory for general knowledge and facts about the world as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used infer other facts Episodic memory memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context Procedural memory memory for skills and habits
- 15. Forms of Memory Explicitmemory intentional or conscious recollection of information Implicit memory memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior unclear dislike for an acquaintance prejudice and discrimination
- 16. Neuroscience of memory Hippocampus aidsin the initial encoding of information Cerebral Cortex where information is stored Amygdala involved with memories involving emotion
- 17. Recalling Long-Term Memory Tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows - a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory Retrieval Cue is a stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory
- 18. Recall memory task inwhich specific information must be retrieved Recognition memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
- 19. What are thenames of the seven dwarves in the Disney Movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs? Which of the following are the names of the seven dwarves in the Disney Movie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs? Goofy Bashful Sleepy Sneezy Smarty Happy Scaredy Doc Dopey Crazy Wheezy Donald
- 20. Priming a phenomenon inwhich exposure to a word or concept (prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept Name the moon of Mars. _ _ obos
- 21. Flashbulb Memories memories centeredon a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event memories that are exceptional are more easily retrieved (although not necessarily accurate) than are those relating to events that are commonplace romantic experience, witnessing car accident, first airplane flight
- 22. Source amnesia when anindividual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it before
- 23. Schemas organized bodies ofinformation stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled are based not only on the specific material to which people are exposed, but also on their understanding of the situation, their expectations, and awareness of motivations of others
- 24. Why We Forget Failureof encoding Decay - loss of information in memory because of nonuse Interference - the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Cue-dependent forgetting - forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to revive information that is in memory
- 25. The Before andAfter of Forgetting Proactive interference interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material Retroactive interference interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material
- 26. Memory Dysfunctions Alzheimer’s disease anillness characterized in part by severe memory problems Amnesia memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties retrograde amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event anterograde amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury