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Taxonomy
- 1. I0018* Property ofSTI Taxonomy Classifying Living Organisms Kingdom Taxon Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia I0018 1 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy • Estimate of over 8.7 different million forms of life • 3/4 of the 8.7 million species live on land, 1/4 live in the waters • 1735 - Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) published a book, Systema Naturae, about the classification of living things in a hierarchical system according to their physical characteristics • Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the naming and identification of organisms Classifying Living Organisms 2 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Two Main Features of Linnaean Taxonomy Classifying Living Things • Binomial Nomenclature • Classification Categories 3 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Process of Classification of Organisms Classifying Living Things • Broad to specific • Based on similarities How a Human is Classified Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo 4 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 2. I0018* Property ofSTI Kingdom Taxon Taxonomy • Taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank below domain • Divided into smaller groups called phyla (in zoology) or divisions (in botany) • United States uses a system of six kingdoms while British, Australian and Latin American textbooks may describe five kingdoms 5 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Two Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus Life Regnum Vegetabile Regnum Animalia 6 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Three Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek led the outmoding of the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms • 1866 - Richard Owen, John Hogg, and Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom – Protista, to classify unicellular organisms Life Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 7 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Four Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • 1938 - a fourth kingdom was proposed by Herbert F. Copeland • Moved the two prokaryotic groups bacteria and “blue- green algae” into a separate Kingdom - Monera Life Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 8 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 3. I0018* Property ofSTI Four Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • 1960 - Distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes became apparent, led to the creation of a rank higher than a kingdom which is an empire (also called domain) • Popularized by Stanier and van Niel as originally proposed by Edouard Chatton Life Empire Prokaryota Kingdom Monera Empire Eukaryota Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 9 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Five Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • 1969 Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi • Based mainly on differences in nutrition • Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs • Animalia multicellular heterotrophs • Fungi multicellular saprotrophs • Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies • The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system Life Empire Prokaryota Kingdom Monera Empire Eukaryota Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi 10 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Eight Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • 1993 - Professor Thomas Cavalier-Smith proposed Eight kingdoms to include: o Eubacteria o Archaebacteria o Archezoa o Protozoa o Chromista o Plantae o Fungi o Animalia 11 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Six Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon • 1998 - Professor Thomas Cavalier-Smith revised his 1993 proposal to just include six kingdoms: • Bacteria • Protozoa • Chromista • Plantae • Fungi • Animalia Life Domain Prokaryota Kingdom Bacteria Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Protozoa Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Chromista 12 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 4. I0018* Property ofSTI Six Kingdoms with 3 Domains Kingdom Taxon • 1970s - developed by Carl Woese • Widely used system for classification of organisms Life Domain Bacteria Kingdom Bacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaea 13 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Protista Taxonomy • Organisms that do not belong to other kingdoms are placed in Kingdom Protista • Organisms are called protists • Common characteristics of protists: o Mostly unicellular (some are multicellular like algae) o Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic o Most live in water o All are eukaryotic Image source: jdocstoc.com 14 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista • Animal-like protists o Called protozoans o Act like animals o Heterotrophs o Unicellular o Classified by how they move: Sarcodines - move with pseudofeet Ciliates - move with cilia Mastigophorans - move with flagellates Sporozoa - Parasitic and do not move on their own Image source: glogster.com 15 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista • Fungus-like protists o Act like fungi o Heterotrophs with cell walls o Multicellular o Reproduce by forming spores o Change form during life- cycle o Live in damp locations Image source: glogster.com 16 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 5. I0018* Property ofSTI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista • Plant-like protists o Act like plants o Can live in soil, bark of trees, fresh water, and salt water o Produce a lot of oxygen o Form the base of food chain Image source: sixthgradeteamwiki.wikispace.com 17 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Importance of Studying Protists Kingdom Protista • About 40% of primary oxygen production here on Earth is done by Algae • Protists also serve as a main base of the microbial food chain • Protists recycle nutrients back to the environment for use by other organisms by consuming bacteria and decomposing dead plants and animals 18 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Importance of Studying Protists Kingdom Protista • Protists serve as an important food for many small aquatic animals • Some protists are responsible for deadly diseases like malaria, toxoplasmosis and amoeba • Some scientists believe that protists hold the key to unraveling the secrets of evolutionary history 19 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Taxonomy • The taxonomic division that comprises of all living or extinct plants • There are almost 300,000 different species of plants on Earth • Plants provide almost all the oxygen on Earth which is vital for most organisms • Plants are able to make oxygen through the process known as photosynthesis • Plants can make their own food that is why they are first in the steps to many food chains in the world Image source: shedexpedition.com 20 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 6. I0018* Property ofSTI Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae • Plants can be found on land, oceans, and fresh water • Plants have been on Earth for millions of years and even before the existence of animals • Three main features of plants that distinguish them from animals: o Plants have chlorophyll o Plants’ have cell walls which are made up of cellulose o Plants are fixed in one place Image source: justforus-health.blogspot.com 21 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Classification of Plants Kingdom Plantae Non- vascular Liverworts Mosses Vascular Seedless Ferns Seed- bearing Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocots Dicots 22 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Classification of Plants • Instead of phylum after kingdom, “division” is used for Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Plantae is split into two groups to make it easier to study some of the major groups: o Vascular o Non-vascular Image source: accessexcellence.org 23 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Plants Non-Vascular Plants • Called bryophytes • Do not contain vascular tissues so they grow close to the ground to obtain nutrition • Smaller in size as compared to vascular plants • Mosses and liverworts are under non-vascular plants Image source: sites.google.com 24 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 7. I0018* Property ofSTI Classification of Plants • Called tracheophytes • Contain vascular tissue and a complex system that helps them conduct water and minerals throughout the plant • Evolve into a large size as compared to non-vascular plants Vascular Plants Image source: en.wikipedia.org 25 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Plants • Seedless o Reproduce through spores o Ferns • Seed bearing o Majority species in the Kingdom Plantae o Have seeds that contain embryo, nutrient supply and a protective coat o Divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms Vascular Plants Image source: Google Image Source 26 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Vascular Plants Seed-bearing Plants • Gymnosperms o Non-flowering plants o Seeds that do not develop within an enclosed structure • Angiosperms o Flowering plants o Seeds in an enclosed ovary o Divided into monocots and dicots Image source: Google Image Source 27 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Seed-bearing Plants Angiosperms 28 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 8. I0018* Property ofSTI Kingdom Plantae Physical Characteristics of Plants • Life Cycle • Use and Location • Form • Foliage Retention • Plant Parts o Leaf o Flower o Bud and Stem o Shape o Color o Stem modifications o Roots o Fruits 29 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Life Cycle • Annuals o Complete lifecycle in one year • Biennials o Complete lifecycle in two years • Perennials o Live more than two years 30 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Plants Growth Form • Columnar • Spreading • Weeping • Round • Oval • Pyramidal Image source: Google Image Source 31 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Foliage Retention Deciduous Evergreen Image source: Google Image Source 32 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 9. I0018* Property ofSTI Plant Parts Leaf Arrangement Simple Arrangement Compound Arrangement Image source: Google Image Source 33 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Shapes Image source: www.ext.colo.edu 34 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Vein Pattern Image source: www.bio.miami.edu 35 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Margins Image source: www.forestry.about.com 36 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 10. I0018* Property ofSTI Plant Parts Leaf Surface • Glabrous • Pubescent • Villous • Tomentose • Scabrous • Glaucous • Rugose • Glandular Image source: Google image search 37 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Flower • Color • Shape • Size Image source: Google image search 38 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Bud and Stem • Shape • Color • Stem modifications: o Thorns o Spines o Prickles Image source: Google image search 39 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Roots Image source: Google image search Tap Fibrous Bulb 40 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 11. I0018* Property ofSTI Plant Parts Fruits • Cones • Nuts • Pomes • Drupes • Brambles • Capsules • Samara Image source: Google image search 41 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Use and Location • Not absolute but helpful • Indoor or outdoor • Altitude • Wet or dry • Hardiness zone • Sun, partial shade, or shade 42 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia • All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia • Characteristics of Animals: o Multicellular and heterotrophs o Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity o Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls o Made up of cells organized into tissues, each tissue specialized to some degree to perform specific functions o In most, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs Image source: www.bioweb.uwlax.edu 43 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia • Characteristics of Animals: o Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms o Most reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm o Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth o Animals range in size from no more than a few cells to organisms weighing many tons, such as blue whales and giant squid o Most animals inhabit the seas, with fewer in fresh water and even fewer on land 44 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 12. I0018* Property ofSTI Kingdom Animalia Properties of Animals • Complex eukaryotic cells • Tissue specializations • Aerobic respiration • Sexual reproduction • Mobility • Land and sea habitats Image source: Google image search 45 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Animals 10 Major Phyla of Animal Kingdom • Porifera • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes • Nematodes • Rotifers • Mollusca • Annelida • Arthropoda • Echinodermata • Chordata 46 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Porifera • Means pore bearer • Characterized by perforated interior walls • Group of salt-water sponges Image source: bioelevenncuevas.wordpress.com 47 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Cnidaria • Means stinging nettle • Characterized by stinging cells; development of tissue formation between the main body of the organism and tentacles • Composed of jellyfish, and other lower aquatic animals Image source: en.wikipedia.org 48 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 13. I0018* Property ofSTI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Platyhelminthes • From “platy” meaning flat, and “helminthes “ meaning worms • Characterized by flatness of the body, bilateral symmetry, and most are parasitic in nature • Consists of flatworms which inhabit both marine and freshwater habitats Image source: glogster.com 49 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Nematodes • Means thread-like • Characterized by round cross section and keratin- based cuticle • Consists mainly of parasitic worms, roundworm is a common example Image source: blog.biocision.com 50 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Rotifer • Means wheel-bearer • Consists of highly-mobile freshwater invertebrate animals Image source: innovations-report.com 51 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Mollusca • Means soft • Characterized by having muscular foot and mantle, and round shells • Consists of snails, clams, squid, and octopus Image source: en.wikipedia.org 52 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 14. I0018* Property ofSTI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Annelida • Means little rings • Characterized by multiple circular segments • Consists of segmented worms, leeches, etc. Image source: sharonapbio-taxonomy.wikispaces.com 53 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Arthropoda • Means jointed foot • Characterized by chitin exoskeleton • Very large group consists of insects such as ants, flies, spiders, scorpions, crabs, etc. Image source: vuvu90.webs.com 54 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Echinodermata • Means spiny skin • Characterized by five- fold symmetry in living forms and mesodermal calcified spines • Group of marine starfish, sea urchin, etc. Image source: seawater.no 55 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Chordata • Means cord • Characterized by having developed brain and spinal cord • Use extremities to aid movement • Consists of `vertebrates’ Image source: thaigoodview.com 56 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 15. I0018* Property ofSTI Taxonomy 57 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________