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PERIODS IN THE HISTORY
OF AL-ANDALUS AND ITS
ART
Almudena Corrales Marbán
Social Studies
2013/2014
DEPENDENT EMIRATE
Al-Andalus was
governed by an emir who was
under the authority of the Caliph
of Damascus. After occupying
the Iberian Peninsula, the Muslims

continued to advance. They
crossed the Pyrenees but they
were defeated by the Franks in
Poitiers (732).
INDEPENDENT EMIRATE

When the Abbasids
defeated the Umayyad
Caliphate, Abd-al-Rahman I, a
member of the Umayyad family,

escaped to al-Andalus and
proclaimed himself emir. This
region became politically
independent, although it
continued to recognise the
religious authority of the caliph.
CÓRDOBA CALIPHATE

The emir Abd-al-Rahman III
proclaimed himself caliph in 929, and so
al-Andalus became independent of
Baghdad both from a political and
religious point of view. This was the
high point of al-Andalus history.
CALIPHAL ARCHITECTURE
•
•
•
•
•

Semicircular arches
Horseshoe arches
Polylobed arches
Alfiz was applied
Caliphal ribbed vault

Distinctive buildings
Great Mosque at Córdoba

Medina Azahara
palace

Bib-al Mardum Mosque in
Toledo
TAIFA KINGDOMS
At the beginning of the

11th century, al-Andalus was split
into taifa kingdoms. The
Christians took advantage of this
weak position to conquer lands
from the Muslims.
NORTH AFRICAN DYNASTIES
In 1086, the Muslims

asked the Almoravids for help. As a
result, they controlled all of alAndalus again until the beginning of
the 12th century.
TAIFA ARCHITECTURE
• Basic materials (brick) covered
with very ornate decoration,
especially arabesque.
• Polylobed and mixtilinear
arches.

Distinctive buildings
Aljafería Palace in
Zaragoza
Zaragoza was one of
the most important
taifa kingdoms
The Nasrid dynasty (Arabic:
banū Naṣr) was the last
Arab Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to
power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at
the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different
emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232
by Mohammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when
Muhammad XII surrendered to the Christian Spanish
kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible
evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace complex built
under their rule.

THE LAST TAIFA AND NASRID
KINGDOM
After the disappearance of the
Almoravids, al-Andalus was again split into
taifa kingdoms. . In the middle of the 12th

century, the Almohads arrived on the
Peninsula and ruled Islamis territories, but
they were defeated by the Christians in the
13th century. Only the nasrid kingdom of
Granada survived until the year 1492, when it
was conquered by the Catholic Monarchs.
The Capitulation of Granada by the painter F. Pradilla y Ortiz,
1882: Muhammad XII of Granada confronts Ferdinand II of
Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs
ALMOHAD
ARCHITECTURE
• Tended to be more
austere.
• Panels composed of
diamond shapes.

Distinctive buildings
The Giralda
Old minarete of the
nowadays Seville
cathedral
The outside was
decorated with

sebka.
(paños de sebka
que simulan los
tapices árabes)

This is The Torre del Oro or golden tower, a
defensive watchtower built to control the access to
Seville via Guadalquivir river.
THE NASRID ART
The most important monument is the Alhambra in
Granada. It was built in the 14th century as a
fortress palace and it has a castle and a palace
complex.
NASRID
ARCHITECTURE
• Basic materials: brick
(exterior), plaster
(inside decoratons),
wood (roofs).
• Pointed horseshoe
arches.
• Stilted semicircular
arches.

• Very narrow columns.
• Muqarna vaults.

Simulating
palmtrees of
the Arbian
oasis .
Here you have the
palace complex.
Court of Lions

Partal
Gardens

Hall of the
two sisters

Royal
baths

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Periods in the history of al andalus and its

  • 1. PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF AL-ANDALUS AND ITS ART Almudena Corrales Marbán Social Studies 2013/2014
  • 2. DEPENDENT EMIRATE Al-Andalus was governed by an emir who was under the authority of the Caliph of Damascus. After occupying the Iberian Peninsula, the Muslims continued to advance. They crossed the Pyrenees but they were defeated by the Franks in Poitiers (732).
  • 3. INDEPENDENT EMIRATE When the Abbasids defeated the Umayyad Caliphate, Abd-al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad family, escaped to al-Andalus and proclaimed himself emir. This region became politically independent, although it continued to recognise the religious authority of the caliph.
  • 4. CÓRDOBA CALIPHATE The emir Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph in 929, and so al-Andalus became independent of Baghdad both from a political and religious point of view. This was the high point of al-Andalus history.
  • 5. CALIPHAL ARCHITECTURE • • • • • Semicircular arches Horseshoe arches Polylobed arches Alfiz was applied Caliphal ribbed vault Distinctive buildings Great Mosque at Córdoba Medina Azahara palace Bib-al Mardum Mosque in Toledo
  • 6. TAIFA KINGDOMS At the beginning of the 11th century, al-Andalus was split into taifa kingdoms. The Christians took advantage of this weak position to conquer lands from the Muslims. NORTH AFRICAN DYNASTIES In 1086, the Muslims asked the Almoravids for help. As a result, they controlled all of alAndalus again until the beginning of the 12th century.
  • 7. TAIFA ARCHITECTURE • Basic materials (brick) covered with very ornate decoration, especially arabesque. • Polylobed and mixtilinear arches. Distinctive buildings Aljafería Palace in Zaragoza Zaragoza was one of the most important taifa kingdoms
  • 8. The Nasrid dynasty (Arabic: banū Naṣr) was the last Arab Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Mohammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace complex built under their rule. THE LAST TAIFA AND NASRID KINGDOM After the disappearance of the Almoravids, al-Andalus was again split into taifa kingdoms. . In the middle of the 12th century, the Almohads arrived on the Peninsula and ruled Islamis territories, but they were defeated by the Christians in the 13th century. Only the nasrid kingdom of Granada survived until the year 1492, when it was conquered by the Catholic Monarchs. The Capitulation of Granada by the painter F. Pradilla y Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XII of Granada confronts Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs
  • 9. ALMOHAD ARCHITECTURE • Tended to be more austere. • Panels composed of diamond shapes. Distinctive buildings The Giralda Old minarete of the nowadays Seville cathedral The outside was decorated with sebka. (paños de sebka que simulan los tapices árabes) This is The Torre del Oro or golden tower, a defensive watchtower built to control the access to Seville via Guadalquivir river.
  • 10. THE NASRID ART The most important monument is the Alhambra in Granada. It was built in the 14th century as a fortress palace and it has a castle and a palace complex.
  • 11. NASRID ARCHITECTURE • Basic materials: brick (exterior), plaster (inside decoratons), wood (roofs). • Pointed horseshoe arches. • Stilted semicircular arches. • Very narrow columns. • Muqarna vaults. Simulating palmtrees of the Arbian oasis .
  • 12.
  • 13. Here you have the palace complex.
  • 14. Court of Lions Partal Gardens Hall of the two sisters Royal baths