The document summarizes life in the Christian kingdoms in Spain at the end of the Middle Ages. It describes the consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal through conquest and marriage alliances. It then details the last Moorish kingdom of Granada being conquered by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492. Society was divided between privileged nobles and clergy, and non-privileged peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Cities grew in importance with fortified walls, guilds, and some founding universities. Art progressed from the thick-walled Romanesque to the tall Gothic cathedrals with pointed arches and stained glass windows.

1. The End of the Middle
Ages
The Christian Kingdoms

2. FROM THE CALIPHATE TO THE
KINGDOM OF GRANADA
In the 11th century conquered terrirories and modified
their borders (toward the south).
In 1031 Al-Andalus was divided into Taifas (small
Kingdoms) and the caliphate desappeared.
New group of Moors arrived from África to figth, the
Almoravids and the Almohads, they reunirte the Taifa
Kingdoms.
In 1212, the Battle of Navas de Tolosa took place,
Navarre, Castile and Aragon defeated the Moorish
troops.
King Ferdinand III and Alfonso X conquered all the AlAndalus except the Kingdom of Granada.

3. THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
The Christian Kingdoms and counties won
territory and became united.
In 1137, Petronila (heiress of Aragon) and
Ramon Berenguer IV married and the Crown
of Aragon created. The flirts King was Alfonso
I.
The Kingdom of Portugal (years later) became
independent from the Kingdom of Leon.
In 1230, Castile and Leon ( during the reign of
Ferdinand II) formed the Crown of Castile.
The Kingdom of Navarre lost Its territorios to
Castile and in the 13th century became ruled by
French Kings.

4. THE CROWNS OF CASTILE AND
ARAGON
In the 13th, 14th and 15th, the Crown of Castile and
Aragon conquered territories and extended their borders.
James I, the Conqueror added the Balearic Islands and
the taifa kingdom of Valencia to the Crown of Aragon. It
was goberned by one king and It was its own political
institutions.
Ferdinand III added Extremadura and almost the whole of
Andalusia.
The Crown of Castile conquered the Canary Islands (for
100 years). It was ruled by a king and councillors.
In 1479, the Catholic Monarchs (Isabella of Castile and
Ferdinand II) married and united the two Crowns.

5. THE CONQUEST OF THE KINGDOM OF
GRANADA
In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle
Ages, the Christian Kingdoms conquered all
the Peninsula.
Only one Moorish territory remained: The
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada .
It was known for its buildings and culture.
The Granada rulers opposed having to pay
taxes and having to help them in case of war.
Catholic Monarchs conquered the Nasrid
Kingdom of Granada in 1492.

6. Life in the Christian Kingdoms
SOCIETY
There are two groups of people: the privileged
and no-privileged.
PRIVILEGED were the noblemen and the
clergy. They did not pay taxes. Noblemen lived in
castles, owned great properties and were very rich.
Clergy (monks and nuns) lived in monasteries and
the priest and bishops who looked after the
churches.
NO-PRIVILEGED had to pay taxes. They were
pleasants, craftsmen and merchant. The
pleasants formed the largest group. They lived in
villages near the castles and cultivated the
noblemen's land. Craftsmen and merchant lived in
the cities.

7. THE CITIES AT THE END OF
MIDDLE AGES
Medieval cities became important in the 12th century.
Characteristics: They were fortified, sorrounded by walls,
gates closed at night, organised into districts. Narrow streets,
houses made of wood, main square where merchants sold the
products and a cathedral.
The main inhabitants were merchants and
craftsmen( bakers, carpenters, dyers, weavers...). They
formed associations called guilds (gremios) which controled
the quality and the price of its products.
In some cities trade fairs were held once or twice a year,
people from all over the world traded their products.
Universities were founded in the main cities (Salamanca,
Palencia...)

8. ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC ART
In the Middle Ages there are two Styles:
ROMANESQUE: At the begining the
buildings were not very tall, with thick walls
and few and small windows. They were dark
inside. The doors and Windows had round
arches.
GOTHIC: In the 13th century, architects
started to build cathedrals and palaces in
this Style. They were tall with thinner walls,
large doors and a lot of big Windows
decorated with stained glass. The main arch
was the pointed arch.