The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded

1. The early history of Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms
2ºC

2. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
By the early 8th
century, muslims
expanded on the
Arabian Peninsula, and
controlled most of
North Africa. In 711
they crossed the
Iberian Peninsula.
Muslims conquest
of the Iberian
Peninsula was a
continuation of
Islamic expansion
across the
Mediterranean
region.
It was also made
possible by a civil war
between rival groups of
the Visigoth nobility. In
711, one faction
requested help from
Musa, a Muslim ruler in
North Africa.

3. The Muslim defeated
the Visigoth king
Roderic in the Battle
of Guadalete.
However the Muslim
ruler Musa and his
leading general Tariq
did not hand power
over to their Visigoth
allies.
In just a few years
they occupied
nearly all of the
Iberian Peninsula
Muslims never
conquered the
mountainous
regions of the
North-West.

4. Muslims called the new territory Al-Andalus, and made Córdoba its capital.
The emirate of Al-Andalus was dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in
Damascus

5. In the mid 8th Century,
most members of the
ruling Umayyad family in
Damascus were killed
when the new Abbasid
dynasty took power.
The emirs of Córdoba
established a state on
the Iberian peninsula,
bur local leaders still held
considerable power.
Abd al-Rahman
founded the Emirate
of Córdoba in 756.
The emir of Córdoba
was independent, but
he accepted the
religious supremacy of
the caliphate.
Ummayad prince called
Abd al-Rahman escaped
to the Iberian
peninsula.
The indepent emirate of Córdoba (756-926)

6. https://youtu.be/q7-gGNvnBuw
VIDEO!

7. exercises
1
3
2
Describe the invasion routes taken by the muslims.
Which parts of the Iberian peninsula were not conquered by the muslims?
Why do you think the muslims chose Córdoba as their capital?

9. The fragmention of Al-Andalus.

10. THE TAIFA STATES (1031-1086)
INTRODUCTION
After the collapse of the Caliphate
of Córdoba in 1031, there was
significant ethnic and political
division in Andalusi society. Al-
Andalus split into small
independent Muslim states called
taifas.
CHARACTERISTICS
·The larger states, like Seville and
Toledo fought with each other, to
take control of the smaller taifas.
·The Christian kingdoms in the north
took advantage of the lack of unity
of Al-Andalus. They attacked the
taifas and forced their rulers to pay
parias, or tribute.
The Christian kingdoms where a growing threat to
the taifas, especially after they took Toledo in 1085.
The following year the Muslims called for help from
the Almoravids, who had established a Berber
empire in northern Africa.

11. TAIFA KINGDOM
CALIPHATE OF CÓRDOBA

12. THE ALMORAVIDS AND THE ALMOHADS (1086-1212)
Twice, Al-Andalus recieved military assistance from Berber Muslim
empires in North Africa, where a much stricter version of Islam was
practised.
·The Almoravids crossed over to the
Iberian Peninsula in 1086. Request of
Muslim rulers took over most of the
taifa states. Won some victories, did
not mantain the domination of Al-
Andalus for very long, and it
fragmented once again into many
small taifa states in the 1140s.
·The Almohads were the successors of
the Almoravids in North Africa, and
crossed over in 1147. They, too,
conquered the taifa states as well as
resisting the Christian
kingdoms.Despite Almohad resistance,
the christian kingdom continiued to
expand in the 12th and 13th centuries.
In early 13th century, the Christians created a large army,. They achieved a great
victory over the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).

13. BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA
The army formed by the Castilian, Aragonese, Navarras and Portuguese troops
fought against the army of the caliph almohade Muhammad an-Nasir. On Monday,
July 16 of 1212 they attacked the Almohad forces in the location of Saint Elena.
The Christian coalition formed by 70,000 soldiers, led by Castile, defeated the
120,000 Muslims of the Almohad empire.
With this historical victory of the Christian alliance had begun the slope of the
Muslim dominion of Spain.
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, was undoubtedly the most important battle of
the Reconquest.

14. ACTIVITIES
PAGE 83 ACT 5
·Explain the following terms:
TAIFAS: Small independent
Muslim states.
PARIAS: Taxes that the Muslim
kings of Spain paid to Christian
kings in the Middle Ages.
PAGE 83 ACT 6
·Who fought in the Battle of Las
Navas de Tolosa? Who won? What
were its consequences?
The Castilian, Aragonese, Navarras
and Portuguese troops against the
army of the caliph almohade
Muhammad an-Nasir. The Christian
coalition won the battle. The
immediate consequences of this
battle were limited, and did not
suppose the aim of the Almohad
Empire. The Christians kingdoms
conquered all of the Iberian
Peninsula by the mid-13th century,
except for Granada.
VIDEO:
http://www.bing.com/videos/sear
ch?q=videos+of+the+battle+de+las
+navas+de+&&view=detail&mid=3
45012658BB5CB70517C345012658
BB5CB70517C&FORM=VRDGAR

15.  Religion:
Christians & Jews
were allowed to
practise their
religion as long as
they paid taxes:
• The Mozarabs were
people that didn’t
convert to Islam.
• The Muladis were
christians who
converted to Islam and
adopted their customs.
• The Jews were
merchants,
artisans and scholars.
They lived in Jewish
Quarters
The Arabs
held political
power. They
came from
the Middle
East.
The Berbers came from
north Africa, helped to
conquer the Iberian
Peninsula. They recived
less land and wealth
than the Arabs. They
rebelled against the
authority
Populatio
n:
Vocabulary:
Muladis

16. Caliphate
Architecture:
 Horseshoe
arches
 Mosques and
palaces
Mosque of
Córdoba
Palace of Medina
Azahara
Taifa Architcture:
 Triobulated
arches
 Fortresses &
palaces
Castle of
Málaga
Aljafería palace
Almohad
Architecture:
 Plane buildings
 Mosques and
fortresses
Tower of Gold
(Part of a
fortress)
The Giralda (Minaret of a
mosque)
Nasrid Architecture:
 A lot of decoration
 Walls covered in
plasterwork & ceramics
 Palaces
Generalife
palace
Alhambra palace

17. The emergence of the
Christian kingdoms
By: Sergio Román,
Paula Martínez and
Alicia Ruiz

18. During the 11th, 12th
and 13th centuries
the Kingdoms of Leon
and Castile were
closely linked to each
other.
They expanded when
they conquered new
territories, but they
were also divided as
the result of royal
inheritance
They were sometimes
ruled by the same
monarch and
sometimes formed
separated Kingdoms
INTRODUCTION

19. Leon was an important Christian
Kingdom. Fernan González was a
vassal of the king of Leon but also
has authority over Castilla.
LEON

20. Castile was a sparsely populated group
of counties in the east of the kingdom.
It was near the frontier with Al-Andalus
so it was a zone of conflict where
numerous castles were built.
CASTILE

22. Fernando III
He was the king of Castile in
1217 and the king of Leon in
1230 as well as the king of
Galicia in 1231. He was the
son of Alfonso IX of Leon
and Berenguela of Castile.
He inherited the Kingdom of
Castile and the Kingdom of
Leon and he united both
kingdoms into the Crown of
Castile

23. ACTIVITIES
3) Explain the difference between the kingdom of Castile and the
Crown of Castile and say when it happened.
The kingdom of Castile was inherited by Fernando III and the Crown
of Castile was when the kingdom of Castile and Leon were
defectively united. It happened in 1230.
4) Which event marks the beginning of the kingdom of Asturias?
The battle of Covadonga in 722.

24. THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRE AND
THE KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN TO
THE CROWN OF ARAGÓN
By: GONZALO, LORENA AND IVÁN

25. INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Navarre:
From the 10 th century, Navarre
was ruled by the Jimena dynasty.
Under Sancho III, the Kingdom of
Navarre briefly became the largest
Christian power of the Peninsula.
Sancho III acquired the counties of
Aragón, Castile and part of León.
After Sancho´s death in 1035 the
kingdom was divided among his
sons
STAGES AND PERIODS:
- His oldest son, García Sánchez,
inherited Navarre.
- Fernando I inherited Castile, which
became an
independent Kingdom.
- Ramiro I inherited Aragón.
- Gonzalo inherited the counties of
Sobrabe and
Ribagorza.
The last king of the Jimena dynasty was
Sancho VII the Strong, who died without
descendants in 1234. In 1512, Navarre
was conquered by Fernando the
Catholic.

26. INTRODUCTION
The Kingdom of Aragón to the crown of
Aragón:
In the 10th century, the County of Aragón
became part of the Kingdom of Navarre.
When Sancho III of Navarre died in 1035,
his son Ramiro became Ramiro I (1035-
1063), the first King of Aragón.
In 1076, Ramiro´s son, Sancho Ramírez,
reunited the kingdoms of Aragón and
Navarre. In the 12th century, the Kingdom
of Aragón increased its territory
considerably.
In 1137, Ramón Berenguer IV, became
enganged to marry Petronilla of Aragón,
who was just a year old. This united
Aragón and the Catalan counties, and led
to the creation of the Crown of Aragón.
STAGES AND PERIODS:
- 10th century: Aragón became part
of Navarre.
-1035: Ramiro I became the first
king of Aragón.
-1076: Sancho Ramírez reunited
Aragón and Navarre.
-1137:Ramón Berenguer married
the one-year old Petronilla of
Aragón, and the Catalan counties
and Aragón were unified creating
the crown of Aragon

27. CHARACTER
SANCHO III
https://wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=j2JlRtgEJs8.

29. ACTIVITIES
-What do the striped areas on the timeline indicate?
What happened to the kingdoms of Navarre and
Aragón when Sancho III died?

33. THE RECONQUEST

34. • The Duero. In the 9th and 10th
centuries, Asturias and then León
advanced towards the Duero river
valley. The Muslims had always
preferred the Mediterranean
landscape and climate, and never
settled in the north-west in large
numbers.
1st stage of the Reconquest

35. 2nd stage of the Reconquest
•The Tajo and the Ebro. The break-up of the Caliphate of
Cordoba in 1031 was followed by rapid Christian
advances because taifas could not offer united
resistances. The Muslims rulers made tribute payments
(or parias) to reduce Chistian attacks. But the Christian
kings used the gold that they received to build castles
and form strong armies. In the 11th and 12th centuries :
• Castile and León advanced beyond
the Central System and into the Tajo
river valley.
• The Crown of Aragón advanced into
the Ebro river valley, and conquered
Zaragoza.

36. 3rd stage of the Reconquest
• 13th century advanceds. The
Christian kingdoms united their forces
and won a great victory against the
Muslims in the Battle of Las Navas
de Tolosa in 1212. The fall of Al-
Andalus began. In this period:
• Potugal conquered the
Algarve.
• Castile conquered
Andalusia and Murcia.
• The Crown of Aragón
conquered Valencia
and the Balearic
Islands.

37. ACTIVITIES
Page 100 ex 1 and
2.
VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pmtzmqLOAVA

38. SETTLEMENT IN THE CONQUERED TERRITORIES
REPOPULATION
DATE: 9th and 10th
PLACE: River Duero
and part of the
Ebro valley
CHARACTERISTICS:
In order to attract
settles, the kings
granted them
privileges and
charters.
PEOPLE: Free
peasants
LAND
DISTRIBUTION
PLACE: Catalonia
CHARACTERISTICS:
Land was given to
nobles in return for
their role in the
Reconquest. They
created large
estates.
PEOPLE: Muslims
MILITARY ORDERS
PLACE: Castile
CHARACTERISTICS: The
Christian kings gave the
military orders of
warrior – monks the
responsability for
conquering and
defending territories.
PEOPLE: Military orders
(Alcantára, Calartrava,
Santiago and Montesa
ACTIVITIES
Page. 101
exercise. 4
As the king advanced southwards, Christian
population settled in the new territories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzGYqAXq
ess