Visual pathways and optic nerve.
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Anatomy of visual pathways,its lesions, How to approach a patient with specific visual field defect brief overview of optic neuropathies
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Visual pathway and lesion
The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It carries signals from the retina to the brain. The second order neurons are the retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. The optic chiasm allows fibers from the nasal retina to cross to the opposite side. The optic tracts relay signals from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate bodies. The optic radiations then carry signals from the LGBs to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe where visual perception occurs. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway cause specific visual field defects.
Ocular circulation
The eye receives its blood supply from two vascular systems - the retinal vessels and the ciliary (uveal) vessels. The retinal vessels include the central retinal artery and vein, which arise from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. The ciliary vessels include the anterior and posterior ciliary arteries. Both systems anastomose to form circulations in the retina and choroid. The choroid has a dense capillary network called the choriocapillaris that supplies the outer retina. The retina and optic nerve have autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure, while the choroid has limited autoregulation.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE AND ORBIT
This document discusses the blood supply of the eye. It begins by outlining the main arteries involved - the ophthalmic artery, cerebral arteries, circle of Willis, and external carotid artery. It then provides detailed descriptions of each artery's origin, course, branches and clinical significance as they relate to supplying structures of the eye. This includes descriptions of the central retinal artery and its branches within the retina, as well as the conjunctival and episcleral arteries. It also briefly discusses the arteries of the brain including the internal and vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and circle of Willis.
Gaze palsy
This document summarizes various types of gaze palsies, including their causes and clinical presentations. Supranuclear gaze palsies can result from lesions in areas that control eye movements, like the brainstem or cerebral cortex. Clinical exams help localize lesions and differentiate organic from functional disorders. Specific syndromes discussed include Parinaud's syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and one-and-a-half syndrome. The document provides details on symptoms, locations of lesions, and distinguishing features of different supranuclear gaze palsy conditions.
PUPIL - ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REFLEXES
1. The pupil is a circular opening located in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
2. Pupil size and reaction are controlled by two sets of muscles - the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in response to light, and the dilator pupillae dilates the pupil under sympathetic stimulation.
3. Abnormalities in pupil size, shape, reaction to light and near response can indicate underlying pathologies affecting the complex neurological pathways and muscles that control the pupil. Assessment of pupillary reflexes is important for localizing lesions in the afferent visual pathways or efferent autonomic pathways.
Orbit anatomy
The document discusses the anatomy of the orbit, including:
1. The orbit develops from mesenchyme between the 6th and 7th week, with bones forming around the optic vesicle.
2. The bones that make up the orbit include the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bones.
3. The orbit contains the eyeball, orbital fat, connective tissue system, blood vessels, and nerves including the extraocular muscles.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
This document provides information on anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), which is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in older age groups. It can be divided into two types: arteritic AION, which is due to giant cell arteritis; and non-arteritic AION, which makes up most cases. Both types present with sudden painless vision loss and optic disc swelling. Arteritic AION carries a worse prognosis and requires high-dose steroid treatment to prevent loss of vision in the fellow eye. Non-arteritic AION has a variable course but generally a poor rate of recovery without any proven effective treatments.
Abnormalities of pupil
Abnormalities of pupil
Written By - Kh. Md .Imrul Morshed
B.Optom
Institute of community Ophthalmology, Chittagong , Bangladesh.
Recommended
Visual pathway and lesion
The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It carries signals from the retina to the brain. The second order neurons are the retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. The optic chiasm allows fibers from the nasal retina to cross to the opposite side. The optic tracts relay signals from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate bodies. The optic radiations then carry signals from the LGBs to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe where visual perception occurs. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway cause specific visual field defects.
Ocular circulation
The eye receives its blood supply from two vascular systems - the retinal vessels and the ciliary (uveal) vessels. The retinal vessels include the central retinal artery and vein, which arise from the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery. The ciliary vessels include the anterior and posterior ciliary arteries. Both systems anastomose to form circulations in the retina and choroid. The choroid has a dense capillary network called the choriocapillaris that supplies the outer retina. The retina and optic nerve have autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure, while the choroid has limited autoregulation.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE AND ORBIT
This document discusses the blood supply of the eye. It begins by outlining the main arteries involved - the ophthalmic artery, cerebral arteries, circle of Willis, and external carotid artery. It then provides detailed descriptions of each artery's origin, course, branches and clinical significance as they relate to supplying structures of the eye. This includes descriptions of the central retinal artery and its branches within the retina, as well as the conjunctival and episcleral arteries. It also briefly discusses the arteries of the brain including the internal and vertebral arteries, basilar artery, and circle of Willis.
Gaze palsy
This document summarizes various types of gaze palsies, including their causes and clinical presentations. Supranuclear gaze palsies can result from lesions in areas that control eye movements, like the brainstem or cerebral cortex. Clinical exams help localize lesions and differentiate organic from functional disorders. Specific syndromes discussed include Parinaud's syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and one-and-a-half syndrome. The document provides details on symptoms, locations of lesions, and distinguishing features of different supranuclear gaze palsy conditions.
PUPIL - ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REFLEXES
1. The pupil is a circular opening located in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
2. Pupil size and reaction are controlled by two sets of muscles - the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in response to light, and the dilator pupillae dilates the pupil under sympathetic stimulation.
3. Abnormalities in pupil size, shape, reaction to light and near response can indicate underlying pathologies affecting the complex neurological pathways and muscles that control the pupil. Assessment of pupillary reflexes is important for localizing lesions in the afferent visual pathways or efferent autonomic pathways.
Orbit anatomy
The document discusses the anatomy of the orbit, including:
1. The orbit develops from mesenchyme between the 6th and 7th week, with bones forming around the optic vesicle.
2. The bones that make up the orbit include the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bones.
3. The orbit contains the eyeball, orbital fat, connective tissue system, blood vessels, and nerves including the extraocular muscles.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
This document provides information on anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), which is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in older age groups. It can be divided into two types: arteritic AION, which is due to giant cell arteritis; and non-arteritic AION, which makes up most cases. Both types present with sudden painless vision loss and optic disc swelling. Arteritic AION carries a worse prognosis and requires high-dose steroid treatment to prevent loss of vision in the fellow eye. Non-arteritic AION has a variable course but generally a poor rate of recovery without any proven effective treatments.
Abnormalities of pupil
Abnormalities of pupil
Written By - Kh. Md .Imrul Morshed
B.Optom
Institute of community Ophthalmology, Chittagong , Bangladesh.
Optic atrophy
Primary optic atrophy occurs due to direct damage to the optic nerve and results in chalky white disc color with well defined margins and normal cupping and vessels. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema that cause swelling first, resulting in a filled cup and dirty white color. Consecutive optic atrophy occurs after other retinal conditions and shows waxy pallor, normal cup and grossly thinned vessels.
Visual pathway and its defects
The document describes the neural pathway for vision, including the retina, optic nerve, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. It notes that the pathway involves three orders of neurons. It discusses how the nasal and temporal halves of the retina project to different sides of the brain, causing visual field defects when different areas are damaged. Common lesions that can cause visual field defects include those of the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, and occipital lobe.
Anatomy and Lesions of Visual Pathways
This document discusses the anatomy and manifestations of lesions along the visual pathway, including the optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. Key points covered include the structures of each component of the visual pathway and the visual field defects that result from lesions in different locations, such as optic neuropathies, chiasmal syndromes, and homonymous hemianopsias from retrochiasmal lesions. Specific conditions like cortical blindness, dyschromatopsia, alexia without agraphia, and palinopsia that can arise from lesions in different areas are also mentioned.
Blood Supply Of Eye and Optic Nerve
The document summarizes the blood and nerve supply of the eye and optic nerve. It discusses the arterial supply which comes from branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. It then describes the specific branches like the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries. It provides details on the venous drainage and nerve supply including the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent cranial nerves. In summary, it provides an overview of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and cranial nerve innervation of the eye and optic nerve.
Anatomy of optic nerve (Optic Nerve Anatomy), Blood Supply & Clinical Signifi...
Direct Download Link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/28/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/❤❤❤
anatomy of optic nerve and its blood supply and clinical corelation
Presentation Layout: optic nerve anatomy
Embryology of optic nerve
Introduction
Parts of optic nerve
Blood supply
Clinical significance
For Further Reading
Wolff’s Anatomy of the eye and orbit by Bron, Tripathi and Tripathi
Anatomy and Physiology of eye by A.K. Khurana 2nd edition
Comprehensive Ophthalmology by A.K. Khurana 5th edition
AAO- Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology : sec 2
Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Ophthalmology
Internet
Anatomy of optic nerve
The optic nerve has no myelin sheath and is surrounded by meninges. It transmits signals from the retina and has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, canalicular, and intracranial. The optic nerve head contains zones like the superficial nerve fiber layer, prelaminar zone, lamina cribrosa, and retrolaminar region. The lamina cribrosa provides a blood supply and the nerve increases in diameter after passing through it. In glaucoma, retinal ganglion cell loss leads to cupping of the optic disc. The optic nerve receives blood supply from the ophthalmic and ciliary arteries. Dysfunctions can cause visual field defects, changes to acuity and
visual field analysis
The document discusses visual field testing techniques including kinetic methods using moving targets and static methods using stationary targets. It describes common visual field parameters like isopters and various pathologies that can cause visual field defects like glaucoma. Standardized tests are discussed including the tangent screen test and different algorithms used for static threshold tests like SITA. Key aspects of visual field analyzer equipment and reliable interpretation of results are also covered.
Anatomy of Optic Nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and contains axons originating from retinal ganglion cells. It has intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial parts. The intraocular part passes through the lamina cribrosa and expands as it acquires a myelin sheath. The optic nerve receives its blood supply from short posterior ciliary arteries and pial vessels.
Blood supply of the optic nerve
The optic nerve receives its blood supply from multiple sources along its path from the eye to the brain. In the eye, it is supplied by retinal arterioles and occasionally the ciliary artery. In the prelaminar region, it receives blood from ciliary region vessels and peripapillary choroidal or short posterior ciliary vessels. Deeper regions receive supply from ciliary and retinal circulations, including recurrent pial vessels and branches of the central artery of the retina. In the orbit, it has periaxial vessels from the ophthalmic artery and axial vessels from the central retinal artery. Within the cranium, it is supplied by the pial plexus fed by branches from the ophthalmic artery.
Pupil Basic.....
The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the retina. The iris contains muscles that control the size of the pupil in response to light and focusing. Anisocoria is when the pupils are unequal sizes and can be caused by physiological factors, trauma, inflammation, or neurological issues. Examining the pupils' reaction to light and focusing is important for evaluating eye and neurological function.
Supranuclear control of eye movements
This document discusses the neural control mechanisms of eye movements. It describes three levels of control - supranuclear, nuclear, and infranuclear. At the supranuclear level, structures like the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem nuclei control eye movements. The nuclear level includes brainstem nuclei that control the oculomotor cranial nerves. The infranuclear level involves the oculomotor nerves and extraocular muscles. There are two main types of eye movements - gaze shifting movements like saccades and smooth pursuit, and gaze holding movements like fixation and the vestibuloocular reflex. The document provides details on the neural circuits that generate and control different types of eye movements.
PATHWAY OF LIGHT REFLEX AND NEAR REFLEX.pptx
This document discusses the pathways of light reflex and near reflex in the eye. It begins by explaining how light reflex causes both pupils to constrict when light is shone in one eye. It then describes the pathway from the retina through the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract to the pretectal nucleus. It further explains how fibers from the pretectal nucleus connect to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and travel along the oculomotor nerve to constrict the sphincter pupillae muscle. Abnormalities of the pathways such as afferent and efferent defects are also summarized, along with Adie's tonic pupil. In short, the document provides an overview of the neural pathways and functions of
Supranuclear disorders of ocular motility
This document summarizes various disorders of ocular motility involving the supranuclear and internuclear pathways. It describes the different types of eye movements and their neural pathways/control centers in the brainstem. Key supranuclear disorders discussed include saccadic palsy, slowing of saccades in conditions like progressive supranuclear palsy, unwanted saccades like square wave jerks. Internuclear disorders summarized are internuclear ophthalmoplegia and skew deviation. Clinical features and localization of various vertical gaze palsies are also outlined.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF VISUAL PATHWAY
The key arteries supplying the visual pathway include the internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, ophthalmic artery, and posterior ciliary arteries. The central retinal artery supplies the retina. The optic nerve receives blood supply from the posterior ciliary arteries and branches of the ophthalmic artery. The optic chiasm, tract, lateral geniculate body, and visual cortex are supplied by branches of the internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. Venous drainage is primarily through the central retinal vein, ophthalmic veins, basal veins and internal cerebral veins.
Visual pathway
Dr. Soundari from Dr. Agarwals Eye Hospital presenting a presentation on Visual pathway , in Kalpavriksha 2012 - Chennai
Saccadic Eye Movement
Saccadic eye movements are fast, conjugate movements that move both eyes quickly in the same direction to bring an object of interest onto the fovea. They have a peak velocity of 30-700 degrees per second and duration of 30-100 milliseconds. The latency between a target appearing and saccade onset is normally 150-250 milliseconds, but can be shorter for "express saccades". Saccades are controlled by burst neurons that generate a pulse to move the eyes rapidly, followed by tonic activity from step neurons to hold the eyes in place against elastic forces. Lesions in different brain regions involved in generating and modulating saccades can cause abnormalities such as slowed saccades, gaze-holding failure,
Diseases of ocular motility
There are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye movement. The recti muscles rotate the eye in different directions while the oblique muscles cause torsional movement. Heterophoria is a latent misalignment of the eyes that is corrected by fusion. It can become manifest as a true strabismus. Comitant strabismus is when the eye deviation remains constant in all gazes, while incomitant strabismus involves restricted eye movement as well. Esotropia is inward eye turning and can be accommodative, non-accommodative, or secondary in nature.
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
This document discusses various types of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). It begins by introducing ION as a major cause of vision loss and outlines its classification into anterior and posterior forms. It then details the anatomy and vascular supply of the optic nerve, risk factors for ION such as nocturnal blood pressure changes, and the pathogenesis involving hypoperfusion and axonal swelling. Non-arteritic anterior ION is described as the most common type, while posterior ION and arteritic forms are less prevalent but can involve vascular inflammation. The document outlines signs, investigations, management approaches including steroids, and variable prognoses for the different ION types.
Anatomy of retina
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and microscopic structure of the retina. Key points include:
- The retina is a thin, delicate membrane lining the back of the eyeball. It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neuronal layers.
- Gross anatomical regions include the optic disc, macula lutea, and peripheral retina. The macula contains the fovea centralis, which provides high-acuity central vision.
- Microscopically, the retina contains layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer and inner segments, plexiform layers, and ganglion cell layer.
- Rod and cone photoreceptors contain light-
Visual pathways
The visual pathway begins in the retina and passes through the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and optic tracts to synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). From the LGN, fibers pass through the temporal and parietal lobes to terminate in the occipital lobes in the visual cortex. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway can cause specific visual field defects, such as lesions of the optic nerve causing complete blindness in the affected eye.
Ophthalmology Signs Around Us II !
This document provides descriptions of various ophthalmic signs, diseases, and findings using metaphorical descriptions. It describes signs related to the anterior segment such as seborrheic keratosis resembling a raspberry and chronic blepharitis resembling toothpaste. Posterior segment signs include amyloidosis resembling glass wool and proliferative sickle cell retinopathy resembling sea fans. Investigative findings include retinoblastoma resembling rosettes on histopathology and cuticular drusen resembling stars on fluorescein angiography. It also describes syndromes such as ablepharon-macrostomia resembling a fish mouse and pseudoxanthoma elasticum resembling a plucked chicken.
Optic nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
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Optic atrophy
Primary optic atrophy occurs due to direct damage to the optic nerve and results in chalky white disc color with well defined margins and normal cupping and vessels. Secondary optic atrophy follows conditions like papilledema that cause swelling first, resulting in a filled cup and dirty white color. Consecutive optic atrophy occurs after other retinal conditions and shows waxy pallor, normal cup and grossly thinned vessels.
Visual pathway and its defects
The document describes the neural pathway for vision, including the retina, optic nerve, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. It notes that the pathway involves three orders of neurons. It discusses how the nasal and temporal halves of the retina project to different sides of the brain, causing visual field defects when different areas are damaged. Common lesions that can cause visual field defects include those of the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, and occipital lobe.
Anatomy and Lesions of Visual Pathways
This document discusses the anatomy and manifestations of lesions along the visual pathway, including the optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. Key points covered include the structures of each component of the visual pathway and the visual field defects that result from lesions in different locations, such as optic neuropathies, chiasmal syndromes, and homonymous hemianopsias from retrochiasmal lesions. Specific conditions like cortical blindness, dyschromatopsia, alexia without agraphia, and palinopsia that can arise from lesions in different areas are also mentioned.
Blood Supply Of Eye and Optic Nerve
The document summarizes the blood and nerve supply of the eye and optic nerve. It discusses the arterial supply which comes from branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. It then describes the specific branches like the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries. It provides details on the venous drainage and nerve supply including the trigeminal, oculomotor, trochlear and abducent cranial nerves. In summary, it provides an overview of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and cranial nerve innervation of the eye and optic nerve.
Anatomy of optic nerve (Optic Nerve Anatomy), Blood Supply & Clinical Signifi...
Direct Download Link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/28/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/❤❤❤
anatomy of optic nerve and its blood supply and clinical corelation
Presentation Layout: optic nerve anatomy
Embryology of optic nerve
Introduction
Parts of optic nerve
Blood supply
Clinical significance
For Further Reading
Wolff’s Anatomy of the eye and orbit by Bron, Tripathi and Tripathi
Anatomy and Physiology of eye by A.K. Khurana 2nd edition
Comprehensive Ophthalmology by A.K. Khurana 5th edition
AAO- Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology : sec 2
Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Ophthalmology
Internet
Anatomy of optic nerve
The optic nerve has no myelin sheath and is surrounded by meninges. It transmits signals from the retina and has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, canalicular, and intracranial. The optic nerve head contains zones like the superficial nerve fiber layer, prelaminar zone, lamina cribrosa, and retrolaminar region. The lamina cribrosa provides a blood supply and the nerve increases in diameter after passing through it. In glaucoma, retinal ganglion cell loss leads to cupping of the optic disc. The optic nerve receives blood supply from the ophthalmic and ciliary arteries. Dysfunctions can cause visual field defects, changes to acuity and
visual field analysis
The document discusses visual field testing techniques including kinetic methods using moving targets and static methods using stationary targets. It describes common visual field parameters like isopters and various pathologies that can cause visual field defects like glaucoma. Standardized tests are discussed including the tangent screen test and different algorithms used for static threshold tests like SITA. Key aspects of visual field analyzer equipment and reliable interpretation of results are also covered.
Anatomy of Optic Nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and contains axons originating from retinal ganglion cells. It has intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial parts. The intraocular part passes through the lamina cribrosa and expands as it acquires a myelin sheath. The optic nerve receives its blood supply from short posterior ciliary arteries and pial vessels.
Blood supply of the optic nerve
The optic nerve receives its blood supply from multiple sources along its path from the eye to the brain. In the eye, it is supplied by retinal arterioles and occasionally the ciliary artery. In the prelaminar region, it receives blood from ciliary region vessels and peripapillary choroidal or short posterior ciliary vessels. Deeper regions receive supply from ciliary and retinal circulations, including recurrent pial vessels and branches of the central artery of the retina. In the orbit, it has periaxial vessels from the ophthalmic artery and axial vessels from the central retinal artery. Within the cranium, it is supplied by the pial plexus fed by branches from the ophthalmic artery.
Pupil Basic.....
The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the retina. The iris contains muscles that control the size of the pupil in response to light and focusing. Anisocoria is when the pupils are unequal sizes and can be caused by physiological factors, trauma, inflammation, or neurological issues. Examining the pupils' reaction to light and focusing is important for evaluating eye and neurological function.
Supranuclear control of eye movements
This document discusses the neural control mechanisms of eye movements. It describes three levels of control - supranuclear, nuclear, and infranuclear. At the supranuclear level, structures like the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem nuclei control eye movements. The nuclear level includes brainstem nuclei that control the oculomotor cranial nerves. The infranuclear level involves the oculomotor nerves and extraocular muscles. There are two main types of eye movements - gaze shifting movements like saccades and smooth pursuit, and gaze holding movements like fixation and the vestibuloocular reflex. The document provides details on the neural circuits that generate and control different types of eye movements.
PATHWAY OF LIGHT REFLEX AND NEAR REFLEX.pptx
This document discusses the pathways of light reflex and near reflex in the eye. It begins by explaining how light reflex causes both pupils to constrict when light is shone in one eye. It then describes the pathway from the retina through the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract to the pretectal nucleus. It further explains how fibers from the pretectal nucleus connect to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and travel along the oculomotor nerve to constrict the sphincter pupillae muscle. Abnormalities of the pathways such as afferent and efferent defects are also summarized, along with Adie's tonic pupil. In short, the document provides an overview of the neural pathways and functions of
Supranuclear disorders of ocular motility
This document summarizes various disorders of ocular motility involving the supranuclear and internuclear pathways. It describes the different types of eye movements and their neural pathways/control centers in the brainstem. Key supranuclear disorders discussed include saccadic palsy, slowing of saccades in conditions like progressive supranuclear palsy, unwanted saccades like square wave jerks. Internuclear disorders summarized are internuclear ophthalmoplegia and skew deviation. Clinical features and localization of various vertical gaze palsies are also outlined.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF VISUAL PATHWAY
The key arteries supplying the visual pathway include the internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, ophthalmic artery, and posterior ciliary arteries. The central retinal artery supplies the retina. The optic nerve receives blood supply from the posterior ciliary arteries and branches of the ophthalmic artery. The optic chiasm, tract, lateral geniculate body, and visual cortex are supplied by branches of the internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. Venous drainage is primarily through the central retinal vein, ophthalmic veins, basal veins and internal cerebral veins.
Visual pathway
Dr. Soundari from Dr. Agarwals Eye Hospital presenting a presentation on Visual pathway , in Kalpavriksha 2012 - Chennai
Saccadic Eye Movement
Saccadic eye movements are fast, conjugate movements that move both eyes quickly in the same direction to bring an object of interest onto the fovea. They have a peak velocity of 30-700 degrees per second and duration of 30-100 milliseconds. The latency between a target appearing and saccade onset is normally 150-250 milliseconds, but can be shorter for "express saccades". Saccades are controlled by burst neurons that generate a pulse to move the eyes rapidly, followed by tonic activity from step neurons to hold the eyes in place against elastic forces. Lesions in different brain regions involved in generating and modulating saccades can cause abnormalities such as slowed saccades, gaze-holding failure,
Diseases of ocular motility
There are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye movement. The recti muscles rotate the eye in different directions while the oblique muscles cause torsional movement. Heterophoria is a latent misalignment of the eyes that is corrected by fusion. It can become manifest as a true strabismus. Comitant strabismus is when the eye deviation remains constant in all gazes, while incomitant strabismus involves restricted eye movement as well. Esotropia is inward eye turning and can be accommodative, non-accommodative, or secondary in nature.
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
This document discusses various types of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). It begins by introducing ION as a major cause of vision loss and outlines its classification into anterior and posterior forms. It then details the anatomy and vascular supply of the optic nerve, risk factors for ION such as nocturnal blood pressure changes, and the pathogenesis involving hypoperfusion and axonal swelling. Non-arteritic anterior ION is described as the most common type, while posterior ION and arteritic forms are less prevalent but can involve vascular inflammation. The document outlines signs, investigations, management approaches including steroids, and variable prognoses for the different ION types.
Anatomy of retina
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and microscopic structure of the retina. Key points include:
- The retina is a thin, delicate membrane lining the back of the eyeball. It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neuronal layers.
- Gross anatomical regions include the optic disc, macula lutea, and peripheral retina. The macula contains the fovea centralis, which provides high-acuity central vision.
- Microscopically, the retina contains layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer and inner segments, plexiform layers, and ganglion cell layer.
- Rod and cone photoreceptors contain light-
Visual pathways
The visual pathway begins in the retina and passes through the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and optic tracts to synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). From the LGN, fibers pass through the temporal and parietal lobes to terminate in the occipital lobes in the visual cortex. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway can cause specific visual field defects, such as lesions of the optic nerve causing complete blindness in the affected eye.
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Anatomy of optic nerve (Optic Nerve Anatomy), Blood Supply & Clinical Signifi...
Anatomy of optic nerve (Optic Nerve Anatomy), Blood Supply & Clinical Signifi...
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Ophthalmology Signs Around Us II !
This document provides descriptions of various ophthalmic signs, diseases, and findings using metaphorical descriptions. It describes signs related to the anterior segment such as seborrheic keratosis resembling a raspberry and chronic blepharitis resembling toothpaste. Posterior segment signs include amyloidosis resembling glass wool and proliferative sickle cell retinopathy resembling sea fans. Investigative findings include retinoblastoma resembling rosettes on histopathology and cuticular drusen resembling stars on fluorescein angiography. It also describes syndromes such as ablepharon-macrostomia resembling a fish mouse and pseudoxanthoma elasticum resembling a plucked chicken.
Optic nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
Ophthalmic artery
The ophthalmic artery originates from the internal carotid artery as it leaves the cavernous sinus. It passes through the optic canal and orbits the eye, dividing into branches that supply the eye and surrounding structures. The central artery of the retina arises in the optic canal and supplies the retina. The lacrimal artery runs to the lacrimal gland. Other branches include the supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, meningeal, muscular, and dorsal nasal and supratrochlear arteries which supply the surrounding areas. The ciliary arteries pierce the sclera to supply the choroid, iris, and ciliary body. The ophthalmic artery and its branches provide the main blood supply to
Ophthalmology Signs Around Us !
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
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- 2. Contents Definition of visual field Normal vision What are the causes of visual field defect? Anatomy of Visual pathways Optic nerve Optic chiasm Retrochiasm Visual field deficits due to various lesions. How to approach a patient with specific visual field deficit ? Optic neuropathies Summary
- 3. VISUAL FIELD “A space in the universe, visiblle to steadily fixating eye”
- 4. CAUSES OF FIELD DEFECTS Media opacity Retinal Pathologies Visual pathway lesions Cortical lesions
- 5. RETINAL VS NEUROLOGICAL CAUSES Retinal causes respect the horizontal midline Neurological causes respect the vertical midline
- 6. Anatomy Of Visual Pathways
- 7. IN THE OPTIC NERVE JUST BEHIND THE EYEBALL
- 8. IN THE OPTIC NERVE JUST NEAR THE CHIASM
- 9. OPTIC CHIASM
- 10. OPTIC RADIATION
- 11. STRIATE CORTEX
- 22. HOW TO APPROACH A PATIENT WITH SPECIFIC VISUAL FIELD DEFECT??
- 23. Patient Presention with Bitemporal Hemianopia LOOK FOR: Color desaturation Optic atrophy Headache EOM paresis To specify the type of adenoma Amenorrhea-galactorhea syndrome in females Hypogonadism : impotence, infertility, decreased libido, gynecomastia, galactorhea Features of cushing syndrome(Central obesity, moon face, cutaneuous striae, pigmentation,hypertenstion)Increased blood cortisol level Acromegaly in adults Gigantisn in children
- 25. Opthalmic features of pituitary adenoma
- 26. Ophthalmic features of Craniopharyngeomas Associated features • Dwarfism • Delayed sexual development • Obesity
- 28. Post fixation blindness Hemifield slip
- 29. Bow-tie atrophy
- 30. Careful fundoscopic examination to rule out:- Nasal Retinitis Pigmentosa Dermatochalasis Tilted discs Nasal retinoschisis
- 31. Investigations MRI with gadolinium contrast CT scan Endocrinal evaluation THESE PATIENTS NEEDS URGENT NEUROSURGICAL INTERVETION
- 32. PATIENT PRESENTIONG WITH HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA Congruity Wernicke hemianopic pupil Optic atrophy (ipsilateral and contralateral) Contralateral pyramidal signs
- 33. Patient with contralateral superior quadrantanopia Associaed features C/L hemisensory loss and hemiparesis Paroxysmal olfactory and gustatory hallucinations Formed visual hallucinations Seizures Receptive dysphasia(Dominat hemisphere)
- 35. Patient presenting with contralateral inferior qurantanopia Associated feature Acalculia, Agraphia,left-right disorientation and finger agnosia Dressing and constitutional apraxia , spatial neglect
- 37. Striate cortex Supplied by PCA Posterior pole supplied by MCA
- 38. Parietal Vs Occipital Lobe lesions Jerky movements induced by moving pattern targets across the visual field Parietal lobe lesion: asymmetric OKN (Slow pursuit movements are affected) Occipital lobe lesions: Symmetric OKN Parietal lobe lesions are more likely to be a tumor while occipital lobe lesions are more likely to be infarction
- 39. Optic nerve neuropathies Symptoms of optic nerve dysfunction Visual loss Dark adaptation is lowered Impaired color vision Transient obscuration of vision Depth perception is impaired Pain : mild dull eye ache
- 40. Signs Of Optic nerve dysfunction Decreased VA RAPD Dyschromatopsia Diminished light brightness sensitivity Deminished contrast sensitivity Visual field defects
- 41. Visual field defects in optic neuropathies
- 42. Optic Atrophy Primary optic atrophy Changes that take place in the optic nerve due to axonal degeneration in the pathway b/w retina and LGB Secondary optic atrophy
- 43. Optic neuritis Retrobulbar optic neuritis : Most commonly associated with MS Papillitis : inflammation of intraocular portion of optic nerve Neroretinitis: Papillitis in association with inflammation of RNFL and a MACULAR STAR “Inflammation of optic nerve is called optic neuritis” Papillitis Neuroretinitis
- 44. AAION NAION Papilledema:Early Late papilledema
- 45. SUMMARY