This document provides an overview of fundoscopy, a medical procedure used to examine the interior of the eye. It discusses the types of eye and systemic diseases that require fundoscopy examination. The key instruments used in fundoscopy are described, including the direct ophthalmoscope. The procedure for performing a fundoscopy exam using a direct ophthalmoscope is outlined in steps, highlighting examining the retina, vessels, optic disc, and macula. Indications for fundoscopy in both eye diseases and general medical conditions are also listed.

1. BASIC
FUNDOSCOPY
DR. WILLARD BWALYA MUMBI
(BSC.HB, MBCHB, PG. DIP. BA, MMED, FCO-ECSA)
CONSULTANT OPHTHALMOLOGIST
KABWE GENERAL HOSPITAL EYE DEPARTMENT
ZAMBIA
26TH OCTOBER, 2016

2. NOTHING COMES EASILY, BUT WHEN IT ARRIVES IT
STAYS WITH YOU. THEREFORE, THE IDEA OF
PRACTICE DURING YOUR FREE TIME MAY NOT BE
OVER EMPHASISED.

3. DISCLOSURES:
 No financial disclosures
 Sources of pictures:
 American Academy series
 Kabwe General Hospital, Eye Department
 Eye rounds.ORG

4. WHAT TYPES DIESEASES REQUIRE
FUNDOSCOPY
GENERAL INDICATIONS
 Diabetes
 LUMBER PUNCTURE
 Hypertension
 CVA
 RVD ( CD4 < 200)
 Kidney disease
 Cardiac disease
 ETC
EYE DISEASES
 All patients visiting the eye clinic
 Diabetic eye disease
 Glaucoma
 Age related macular degeneration
 Squint

5. FUNDUS
 RETINAL
 VESSELS
 OPTIC DISC
 MACULAR

6. INSTRUMENTS USED IN FUNDOSCOPY
 DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE
 INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE
 SLIT LAMP WITH 90 D OR 78 D
 FUNDUS CAMERA

7. DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE

8. PROCEEDURE
 EXPLAIN WHAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO DO TO THE PATIENT
 DIM LIGHT ROOM
 CHECK FOR RED REFLEX: STAND 1 METER AWAY AND COMPARE BOTH
EYES
 THEN EXAMINE 1 EYE AT A TIME.
 YOUR RIGHT EYE TO EXAMINE THE RIGHT EYE OF THE PATIENT
 GET AS CLOSE TO THE PATIENT AS POSSIBLE

9. CONT’D
 EXAMINE FUNDUS IN ANY ORDER SUITABLE, BUT ALWAYS END WITH
MACULA
 RETINA: DIVIDE IT IN 4 QUADRANTS AND THEN EXAMINE EACH
QUADRANT AT A TIME
 TO EXAMINE THE MACULA, ASK SUBJECT TO LOOK AT THE LIGHT
 TO EXAMINE THE DISC, ASK PATIENT TO SLIGHTLY LOOK NASALLY.
ANOTHER TRICK IS TO FIRST LOCATE THE VESSELS AND THEN FOLLOW
THEM TO THEIR ORIGIN

10. RETINAL
COLOUR: RED/ORANGE

14. VESSELS
o A/V ratio 2 : 3
o Arteries are
brighter red
o Veins are slightly
purplish colour

16. OPTIC DISC
Colour; rich yellow different
from rest of retina
Clarity of the Edges/margins
Depression in the middle:
optic cup
Elevation
Shape: oval/round

19. MACULA
o Located temporal
inferiorly
o Fovea reflex

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