The document discusses the basics of microwaves and radar technology. It begins with an introduction to microwaves, including their properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications. It then covers topics such as waveguides, how microwave ovens work, and the basic principles and functions of radar systems. The document provides information on different microwave frequency bands, wave propagation in waveguides, and common uses of radar technology in fields like weather monitoring, air traffic control and law enforcement.
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
A Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier or as an oscillator, at microwave frequencies.The Klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
A microwave oven, is a kitchen appliance that can come in many different sizes and styles employing microwave radiation primarily to cook or heat food. This is accomplished by using microwaves, almost always emitted from a magnetron, to excite water (primarily) and other polarized molecules within the food to be heated. This excitation is fairly uniform, leading to food being heated everywhere all at once
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systemssabesh chaudhary
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
A microwave oven, is a kitchen appliance that can come in many different sizes and styles employing microwave radiation primarily to cook or heat food. This is accomplished by using microwaves, almost always emitted from a magnetron, to excite water (primarily) and other polarized molecules within the food to be heated. This excitation is fairly uniform, leading to food being heated everywhere all at once
Reflex klystron amplifier used in microwave systems for generating higher frequency that we can used further for various purposes in microwave engineering.
1935 – Heil oscillator
1939 – klystron amplifier
1944 – Helix type TWT
In the early 1950s – low power output of linear beam tubes to high power levels
Finally invention of Magnetrons
Several devices were developed – two significant devices among them are
1) extended interaction klystron
2) Twystron hybrid amplifier
CYLINDRICAL
LINEAR
COAXIAL
VOLTAGE-TUNABLE
INVERTED COAXIAL
FREQUENCY-AGILE COAXIAL
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
This is a assigned group presentation given by my Computer Science course teacher at Green University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
My Presentation Topic was - Cloud Computing
This group presentation includes the work Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan, pages no 10 - 15.
www.facebook.com/TheShahidul
www.twitter.com/TheShahidul
www.linkedin.com/TheShahidul
Online blood donation management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Donation Management System is a web database application that enables the public to make online session reservation, to view nationwide blood donation events online and at the same time provides centralized donor and blood stock database. This application is developed
by using ASP.NET technology from Visual Studio with the MySQL 5.0 as the database management system. The methodology used to develop this system as a whole is Object Oriented Analysis and Design; whilst, the database for BDMS is developed by following the steps in Database Life Cycle. The targeted users for this application are the public who is eligible to donate blood ,'system moderator, administrator from National Blood Center and the staffs who are working in the blood banks of the participating hospitals. The main objective of the development of this application is to overcome the problems that exist in the current system, which are the lack of facilities for online session reservation and online advertising on the nationwide blood donation events, and also decentralized donor and blood stock database. Besides, extra features in the system such as security protection by using password, generating reports, reminders of blood stock shortage and workflow tracking can even enhance the efficiency of the management in the blood banks. The final result of this project is the development of web database application, which is the BDMS.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Top 13 Famous Civil Engineering Scientistgettygaming1
List of Best Scientist Who Gives Big Contribution in Civil Engineering Filed, in this we provide how they Contribute in Civil Engineering filed, For Data Collection civilthings.com helps us a lot.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management.
This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business.
The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty.
For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed.
Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Chat application through client server management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
This project focused on creating a chatting application with communication environment. The objective of our project is to build a chatting system to facilitate the communication between two or more clients to obtain an effective channel among the clients themselves. For the application itself, this system can serve as a link to reach out for all clients. The design of the system depends on socket concept where is a software endpoint that establishes bidirectional communication between a server program and one or more client programs. Languages that will be used for the development of this system: Java Development Kit (JDK): is a development environment for building applications and components using the Java programming language.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Introduction to Microwaves
Properties of Microwaves
Advantages/Disadvantages of Microwaves
Waveguide
Applications of Microwaves
Microwave oven
Radar
Wireless Mobile Charging
Others Applications
3. In physics, a wave is disturbance or oscillation that travels
through matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of
energy.
There are two main
types of waves.
Mechanical Waves
Electromagnetic
Waves
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared radiation
• Visible light
• Ultraviolet radiation
4. 4
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves
Frequency range 300MHz-
300Ghz
Wavelengths range
in air
100cm-
1mm
The word microwave means “very short wave”
Microwaves is the
shortest wavelength
region of the radio
spectrum and a part
of the
electromagnetic
spectrum
6. Properties of Microwaves
6
1.Electromagnetic
radiation of short
wavelength
2.Can reflect by
conducting surface
like optical waves.
3.M.W current flows
through outer layer
of conductor
4.Microwaves are
easily attenuated
5.They are not
reflected by
ionosphere
7. 7
Microwaves have large
bandwidths
Improved Directive
properties.Can be
focused in a specified
direction
Fading effect and
reliability.
Due to LOS and high
frequency fading effect is
very low
Transmitter/Receiver
power requirements are
pretty low at microwave
frequencies
8. 8
Microwave band ranging from 300MHz-10GHz are capable of freely
propagating through atmosphere
This helps in astronomical research of space
in the study of microwave radiations from
the sun and stars
9. Because of high frequency,
more data can be sent.
High
bandwidth,hi
gher speeds
Because of their short
wavelength,microwaves use
smaller antennas
Smaller
antennas
produce a
more focused
beam
10.
11. Functional Block Diagram of a
Communication System
Input signal
(Audio, Video, Data)
Input Transducer
Transmitter
Output Transducer
Receiver
Output signal
(Audio, Video, Data)
Channel
Electrical System
Wire
or
Wireless
12. Antenna and Wave Propagation
Surface Wave
Direct Wave
Sky Wave
Satellite
communication
Microwave &
Millimeter Wave
Earth
Ionsphere
Transmitting
Antenna
Receiving
Antenna
Repeaters(Terrestrial communication)
50Km@25fts antenna
13. 13
A Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of the
tube is called waveguide.
14. 14
Electromagnetic waves at frequencies greater than
3GHz; transmission through cables becomes difficult.
Reason
This is due to losses in the solid cable and the
dielectric use to support the cable.
So, we use waveguide
which is a hollow
metallic
15. 15
Waveguides are used to carry
energy from one equipment to
another
e.g. In Antennas
transmitter power
to antenna and
microwave signal
from antenna to
receiver
Waveguides are made from copper,
aluminum or brass
The metals are
extruded into long
rectangular or
circular pipes
The energy to be transmitted is
injected from one end of the
waveguide through probes
The electric and
magnetic field of
signals bounce off
the walls back and
forth.
16. 16
EM field configuration can be determined from
Maxwell’s equation.
There are number of configurations and each
configuration is known as mode.
Possible
modes
Transverse
Electromag
netic
Transverse
Electric
Transverse
Magnetic
Hybrid
17. Components of Electric and Magnetic
Field Intensities in an EM wave
17
O
X
Y
Z
Ex,
Hx
Ez, Hz
Ey,Hy
18. 18
2. Transverse Electric (TE) wave: Here only the electric field is
purely transverse to the direction of propagation and the magnetic
field is not purely transverse. (i.e.) E z = 0, Hz ≠ 0
1.Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave:
Here both electric and magnetic
fields are directed components.(i.e.) Ez=0 and Hz=0
2.Transverse Electric (TE) wave:
The electric field component is
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez=0 and Hz≠0
19. 19
3.Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave:
The magnetic field component is
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez≠0 and Hz=0
4.Hybrid (HE) wave:
Here neither electric nor magnetic fields are
purely transverse to the direction of propagation.(i.e.) Ez≠0 and Hz≠0
21. 21
Rectangular Waveguides
Any shape of cross section of a waveguide
can support electromagnetic waves of
which rectangular and circular waveguides
have become more common.
A waveguide having rectangular cross
section is known as Rectangular
waveguide
23. 23
1.The size of the waveguide determines its
operating frequency
2.The frequency of operation is determined
by dimension ‘a’ which is usually made one
half the wavelength at lowest frequency of
operation.
3.At cutoff frequency and below, the
waveguide will not transmit energy.
24. 24
Wave paths in a waveguide at various frequencies
Angle of incidence(A) Angle of reflection (B)
(A = B) (a) At high
frequency
(b) At medium
frequency
( c ) At low frequency
(d) At cutoff
frequency
25. 25
Wave propagation
When a probe launches energy into the
waveguide, the electromagnetic fields bounce
off the side walls of the waveguide as shown in
the above diagram.
The angles of incidence and reflection depend
upon the operating frequency. At high
frequencies, the angles are large and therefore,
the path between the opposite walls is relatively
long as shown in Fig.
26. 26
At lower frequency, the angles decrease and the path between the sides
shortens.
When the operating frequency is reaches the cutoff frequency of the
waveguide, the signal simply bounces back and forth directly between the side
walls of the waveguide and has no forward motion.
At cut off frequency and below, no energy will propagate.
27. 27
• It is used for bends, twists or in applications where certain criteria may not be
fulfilled by normal waveguides.
• Figure below shows some of the flexible waveguides:
31. Working Principle
31
Microwave radiations generated by a magnetron pass through the exposed food,
create dielectric heating within the food, this is the basic principle on which a
microwave oven works.
Dielectric Heating
32. How the Oven Works
Electricity from the wall outlet travels through the power cord and enters the
microwave oven through a series of fuse and safety protection circuits
When the oven door is closed, an electrical path is also established through a series
of safety interlock switches
33. Sensing That All Systems Are Set To Go, The Signal Activates Triac Producing A Voltage Path
To The High-voltage Transformer.
The High-voltage Transformer Along With A Special Diode And Capacitor Arrangement
Increases The Typical Household Voltage From ~220 Volts To ~3000 Volts
34. The magnetron converts the high voltage into the microwave frequency for cooking.
The microwave energy is transmitted into a waveguide.
The waveguide feeds the energy to the stirrer blade and into the cooking area.
When the door is opened, or the timer reaches zero, the microwave energy stops.
35.
36. How Foods Get Cooked
The microwaves that penetrate the food have an electric field that oscillates 2.45
billion times a second, a frequency that is well absorbed by polar liquid molecules
such as water, sugars, fats and other food molecules.
Water interacts with the microwave:
flipping its orientation back and forth very rapidly
bumping into one another and producing heat, cooking the food.
38. Introduction
38
Radar Radio Detection and Ranging
A System For Detecting The Presence, Direction, Distance, And Speed Of Aircraft,
Ships, And Other Objects, By Sending Out Pulses Of Radio Waves Which Are
Reflected Off The Object Back To The Source.
The Time Delay Between The Transmitted Pulse And The Received Echo Can Be
Used To Determine The Distance To The Target .
40. RADAR FUNCTIONS
TRANSMITTER:
Generate radio waves
Perform modulation
Amplification to high power
RECIEVER:
High sensitivity
Very low noise
Ability to discern a received signal from background noise
PROCESSING & CONTROL:
It regulates the rate at which pulses are sent (PRF).
Synchronizes the function between Transmitter, Receiver,
display, duplexer etc.
41. DUPLEXER:
A switch to alternatively connect Tx and Rx to antenna.
ANTENNA:
Takes radar pulses from transmitter and puts into the air.
Focuses energy into the well designed beam.
Antenna is of two types
1) Physically moving
2) Electronically steered
DISPLAY:
Display received information to the operator. It is of two types
1) PPI
Used for surface search and navigation
2) A-Scan
Used for gunfire control
42. MAIN TYPES OF RADAR
There are two main types of radar:
1)Primary Radar
Continuous wave Radar
Pulse Radar
2)Secondary Radar SSR
43. 43
1)CONTINUOS WAVE RADAR:
Employs continual RADAR transmission
Separate transmit and receive antennas
Relies on the “DOPPLER SHIFT”
44. 44
2)PULSE RADAR:
The PULSE radar is the more conventional radar, which transmits a
burst of radar energy and then waits for the energy (or echo) to be
reflected back to the antenna.
Since radar waves travel at the speed of light, range from the return can
be calculated.
46. MILITARY
Target Detection, Target Tracking & Weapon Control
Tracks The Targets, Directs The Weapon To An Intercept And Assess
The Effectiveness Of Engagement
48. Used To Safely Control Air Traffic In The Vicinity Of The
Airports.
Mapping Of Regions Of Rain In The Vicinity Of Airports &
Weather.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
49. Radar Speed Meters Are Used By Police For Enforcing
Speed Limit.
LAW ENFORCEMENT &
HIGHWAY SAFETY
50. • Airborne Weather Avoidance Radar Outlines The Regions
Of Precipitation & Dangerous Wind Shear
• Low Flying Military Aircrafts Rely On Terrain Avoidance &
Terrain Following Radars To Avoid Collision With High
Terrain & Obstructions
AIRCRAFT SAFETY &
NAVIGATION
51. • Radar Is Found On Ships & Boats For Collision Avoidance & To
Observe Navigation Buoys, When The Visibility Is Poor
• Shore Based Radars Are Used For Surveillance Of Harbours &
River Traffic
SHIP SAFETY
52. • Space Vehicles Have Used Radar For Landing On The
Moon And Other Planets.
• Used For Planetary Exploration
• Ground Based Radars Are Used For Detection & Tracking
Of Satellites & Other Space Objects
• Used For Radio Astronomy
SPACE
56. INTRODUCTION
Objective—to Recharge Any Mobile Phone Independent Of Particular Mobile
Charger.
Mobile Phones Becoming Basic Part Of Life
Recharging Of Mobile Phones Is A Big Problem
More You Talk More The Mobile Get Charged!
No Separate Mobile Charger
Additives To Mobile Handsets:
Sensor
Rectenna
56
57. Microwave region of electromagnetic spectrum
We choose s –band of microwave region(2-4GHz)
We Use License free 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
radio bands
57
Designation Frequency range
L Band 1 to 2 GHz
S Band 2 to 4 GHz
C Band 4 to 8 GHz
X Band 8 to 12 GHz
Ku Band 12 to 18 GHz
K Band 18 to 26 GHz
Ka Band 26 to 40 GHz
Q Band 30 to 50 GHz
U Band 40 to 60 GHz
58. Principle of Operation &
Block Diagram
Transmitting
station with the
microwave
transmitter
sensor
Rectenna
RF cable
circulator
waveguide
Slotted waveguide
Antenna
mobile signal
Microwave signal is transmitted from transmitter along with
message signal using slotted waveguide antenna at frequency
2.45 GHZ.
The sensor search for the mobile signal , in addition it has a
“RECTENNA”.
Rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the
microwave power to DC power.
60. MAGNETRON
• Magnetron is a vacuum tube oscillator that generates
high-power electromagnetic signals in the microwave
frequency range.
60
61. Working Principle
61
When a charge/charge particle accelerates in space, it generates electromagnetic
waves.
This statement is the derivation of Maxwell’s law which says that a classical
electromagnetic radiation is ultimately generated when a charged particle is
accelerated through space.
63. Slotted waveguide antenna
It is an Omni-directional Antenna.
It is used as ideal power transmitter
(because of its high aperture efficiency
>95%) .
It has high power handling capacity .
65. SENSOR
Simple circuit which detects whether the user is making a call
Simple F to V converter, this would serve our purpose
Operating frequency of mobile phone operators for GSM system for mobile
communication in Pakistan is 900MHZ to 1800MHZ
Simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907
On the reception of the microwave signal ,the sensor circuitry directs rectenna circuit to
ON
Rectenna circuit converts microwave energy to dc output
Mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power as long as the user talks over
cell phone.
66. RECTENNA
A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power
and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power.
The Schottky diode rectifies the AC current induced in the antenna by
the microwaves, to produce DC power, which powers a load connected
across the diode.
Schottky diodes are usually used because they have the lowest voltage
drop and highest speed and therefore have the lowest power losses
due to conduction and switching.
Circuit Design
67. Implementation
Recently NOKIA has launched this wireless charging technology
in its new recent mobile model “ NOKIA LUMIA 1020”.
68. Advantages
The need of different types of chargers by different
manufacturers is totally eliminated
Lower risk of ELECTRICAL SHOCK or shorting.
Convenience.
Get Charged as we make call.
Only one microwave transmitter can serve to all the
service providers in that area.
69. Disadvantages
Wireless transmission of the energy causes some
drastic effects to human body, because of its radiation.
Process is of high cost.
Network Traffic may Cause Problem in charging
71. Homeland Security Applications
Potential Security Applications
Detection of hidden weapons and explosives
Detecting non-metallic weapons
Postal screening of envelopes for bacteria
Chem/bio detection
Security screening wand
Explosives
Stand-off detection
Postal screening
Envelope
72. Terahertz Images Can Reveal Objects Concealed
Under Cloth, Paper, Tape, Even Behind Walls
Objects Concealed Under clothes Knife Wrapped in Newspaper