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zoology introduction.pptx
- 1. 1-1 Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14/e Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr. Larry S. Roberts Allan Larson Helen I'Anson David Eisenhour
- 2. 1-2 CHAPTER1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology
- 3. ■ Zoology: The scientific study of animal life ■ Knowledge of the animal world is gained by actively applying important guiding principles to our investigations ■ Exploration of the animal world depends critically on our questions, methods, and principles 1-3 The Uses of Principles
- 4. ■ Principles of modern zoology are derived from: ■ Laws of physics and chemistry ■ Scientific method ■ Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often pertain to other groups as well 1-4 The Uses of Principles
- 5. General Properties of Living Systems 1-5 ■ Complexity and Hierarchical Organization: Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization ■ In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes: Macromolecules Cells Organisms Populations Species
- 6. 1-6
- 7. General Properties of Living Systems 1-7 ■ Metabolism: Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments ■ Metabolic processes include: ■Digestion ■Energy production (Respiration) ■Synthesis of required molecules and structures by organisms
- 8. General Properties of Living Systems 1-8 ■ Development: All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle ■ Development describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form
- 9. 1-9
- 10. General Properties of Living Systems 1-10 ■ Environmental Interaction: All animals interact with their environments ■ Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment ■ All organisms respond to environmental stimuli, a property called irritability
- 11. 1-11
- 12. General Properties of Living Systems 1-12 ■ Movements even at the cellular level are required for: Reproduction Growth Responses to stimuli Development in multicellular organisms ■ On a larger scale: Entire populations or species may disperse from one geographic location to another over time ■ Movement of nonliving matter “moves” the living: ■ Not precisely controlled by the moving objects ■ Often involves external forces
- 13. Zoology As Part of Biology ■ Animals originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years ago ■ Characteristics of Animals: ■ Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei ■ Heterotrophs: Not capable of directly manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources ■ Cells lack cell walls 1-13
- 14. Principles of Science 1-14 ■ Nature of science: ■ Science is guided by natural law ■ Science has to be explained by reference to natural law ■ Science is testable against the observable world ■ The conclusions of science are tentative and therefore not necessarily the final word ■ Science is falsifiable ■ SCIENCE DOES NOT PROVE
- 15. Principles of Science 1-15 ■ The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps: 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis Formation 4. Empirical Test ■ Controlled Experiment Includes at least 2 groups Test Group Control Group 5. Conclusions Accept or reject your hypothesis 5. Publications Your project could follow this format !
- 16. CHAPTER 2 2-16 The Origin and Chemistry of Life
- 17. Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids O C H O 6 12 6 ■ Living things are composed of the following organic macromolecules: Carbohydrates6 CH2OH H 4 C HO C 5C OH H H H 3 C 2 OH OH H C 1 Recall your prior knowledge base What biomolecule of life is the this ? How do you know that you know ?
- 18. Figure not from text, but What is this ?
- 19. What is this ? How do you know that you know ?
- 20. What atom identifies this as newly synthesizing protein ? In the text box, what information is there that gives clues ? What type of chemical reaction is occurring ? Reactions are reversible, what is the name of the reverse reaction ?
- 21. What is this ? Better answers ???
- 22. CHAPTER3 4-22 Cells as Units of Life
- 23. ■ Cell Theory ■ All living organisms are composed of cells ■ All cells come from pre-existing cells - remember this is a theory 4-23 Cell Concept
- 24. ■ All cells arise from the division of preexisting cells ■ Cell division - KARYOKINESIS & CYTOKINESIS ■ Division of the nucleus (karyokinesis) ■ Mitosis (somatic cells) Fig 3.65 ■ Meiosis (sex cells) ■ Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) ■ In most multicellular organisms, all cells originate from the zygote ■ Single cell resulting from union of an egg and a sperm (gametes) 4-24 Mitosis and Cell Division
- 26. ■ First Law of Thermodynamics ■ Energy cannot be created nor destroyed ■ Energy can change from one form to another ■ Total amount of energy remains the same 4-26 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
- 27. ■ Second Law of Thermodynamics ■ Concerned with the transformation of energy ■ A closed system moves toward increasing disorder (entropy) as energy is dissipated from the system ■ Living systems are open systems ■ Maintain organization and increase it during development 4-27 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics What is “entropy” ?
- 28. ■ 4-28 Cellular Metabolism ■ The chemical processes that occur within living cells ■ Concept of energy fundamental to all life processes ■ Energy cannot be seen ■ Can be identified only by how it affects matter Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
- 29. Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 4-29 ■ Endergonic reactions are coupled with exergonic reactions by the energy rich molecule, ATP. ■ ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ■ Drives energetically unfavorable reactions ■ Formed primarily in mitochondria ■ Most free energy in ATP resides in two phosphoanhydride (high-energy) bonds between the three phosphate groups There are four biomolecule types of life. What type of biomolecule of life is ATP ?
- 31. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 5-31 ■ Meiosis: Reduction Division of Gametes ■ Sex cells (gametes) transmit genetic information from parents to offspring in sexually reproducing organisms ■ Chromosomes occur in pairs: homologs ■ One member or the pair is donated by the mother, the other by the father ■ Homologs ■ Contain similar genes encoding the same set of characteristics ■ Usually have the same size and shape
- 32. ■ Meiosis Fig 5.12 ■ Special type of nuclear division ■ Associated with gamete production ■ Genetic material replicates once followed by 2 successive nuclear divisions ■ Produces 4 daughter cells ■ Each with only 1 member of each homologous chromosome pair or 1 set of chromosomes (haploid) 5-32 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
- 33. ■ Sources of Phenotypic Variation ■ The creative force of evolution is natural selection acting on biological variation ■ Without variation ■No continued adaptation to a changing environment ■No evolution 5-33 Sources of Phenotypic Variation
- 35. ■ Evolutionary Trends ■ Trends are directional changes in features and diversity of organisms ■ Fossil record allows observation of evolutionary change over broad periods of time. ■ Animals species arise and become repeatedly extinct. ■ Animal species typically survive 1–10 million years 6-35 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence
- 36. 6-36 What are some take home messages ? What would the insect graph look like ?
- 38. Nature of the Reproductive Process 7-38 ■ Reproduction is one of the ubiquitous properties of life ■ Evolution is inextricably linked to reproduction ■ Two modes of reproduction are recognized ■ Asexual ■ Sexual
- 39. ■ Asexual Reproduction ■ Involves only one parent ■ No special reproductive organs or cells ■ Genetically identical offspring are produced ■ Production of offspring is simple, direct, and rapid ■ Widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes and many invertebrate phyla ■ Ensures rapid increase in numbers 7-39 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 40. ■ Asexual Reproductive Methods ■ Binary Fission ■ Common among bacteria and protozoa ■ The parent divides by mitosis into two parts ■ Each grows into an individual similar to the parent ■ Binary fission can be lengthwise or transverse ■ Multiple Fission ■ Nucleus divides repeatedly ■ Cytoplasmic division produces many daughter cells 7-40 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 41. ■ Sporogony (Spore Formation) ■Form of multiple fission in parasitic protozoa (like Plasmodium / malaria) ■ Budding ■Unequal division of an organism ■Bud is an outgrowth of the parent ■Develops organs and then detaches ■Occurs in cnidarians and several other animal phyla 7-41 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 42. ■ Fragmentation ■Multicellular animal breaking into many fragments that become a new animal ■Many anemones and hydroids ■Starfish examples are known 7-42 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 43. ■ Sexual Reproduction ■ Generally involves two parents ■ Special germ cells unite to form a zygote ■ Sexual reproduction recombines parental characters ■ A richer, more diversified population results ■ In haploid asexual organisms ■ Mutations are expressed and selected quickly ■ In sexual reproduction ■ Normal gene on the homologous chromosome may mask a gene mutation 7-43 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 44. ■ Hermaphroditism ■ Both male and female organs in the same individual (monoeicious, hermaphrodites) ■ Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic invertebrates and some fish ■ Most avoid self-fertilization ■ Exchange gametes with member of same species ■ Each individual produces eggs ■ Hermaphroditic species could potentially produce twice as many offspring as dioecious species ■ Sequential Hermaphroditism ■ A genetically programmed sex change occurs with an individual organism - clownfish example ! 7-44 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 45. ■ Parthenogenesis ■ Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg ■ Male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization ■ Avoids the energy and dangers of bringing two sexes together ■ Narrows the diversity available for adaptation to new conditions ■ Ameiotic Parthenogenesis ■ No meiosis occurs ■ Egg forms by mitosis 7-45 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 46. ■ Meiotic Parthenogenesis ■Haploid ovum formed by meiosis ■Develops without fusion with male nucleus ■ Sperm may be absent or ■ May only serve to activate development ■In some species, the haploid egg returns to a diploid condition by chromosomal duplication or autogamy (rejoining of haploid nuclei) 7-46 Nature of the Reproductive Process
- 47. ■ Haplodiploidy - can determine sex ■Occurs in bees, wasps and ants ■Queen controls whether the eggs are fertilized or unfertilized ■Fertilized eggs ■ Become female workers or queens ■ Unfertilized eggs become drones 7-47 Nature of the Reproductive Process
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- 52. “Equal” Hemispheres of Yolk - also in most mammals “Meso” = secodary, or little bit “Telo” = at the end
- 53. 8-53
- 54. Vertebrate Development 8-54 ■ The Common Vertebrate Heritage ■ All vertebrate embryos share chordate hallmarks ■Dorsal neural tube ■Notochord ■Pharyngeal gill pouches with aortic arches ■Ventral heart ■Post-anal tail
- 55. 8-55
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