Photosynthesis involves three stages: capturing energy from sunlight, making ATP, and building carbohydrates. The goal is to use carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce carbohydrates that store energy. Plants reproduce sexually through pollination and asexually through runners, buds, and other vegetative structures. Animals also reproduce sexually and asexually through various methods like budding, fragmentation, and regeneration depending on the species. The evolution of living things over time is evidenced by fossils, homologous and analogous structures, and vestigial structures while factors like environment and extinction events have contributed to changes in organisms.

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. Photosynthesis involves three
stages:
1. Capturing energy from sunlight
• Photosynthesis in plants occurs within
the chloroplast.
• The main pigment used in
photosynthesis is chlorophyll.

3. 2. Making ATP
3. Building carbohydrates
• The ultimate goal of photosythesis is to
capture carbon atoms from carbon
dioxide in the air and use them to make
carbohydrates that store energy.
• In a series of reactions called the Calvin
cycle, plants produce a number of
carbon-containing molecules.

4. REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS

5. 1. Sexual Reproduction
• Flowering plants or angiosperm are
adapted for sexual reproduction.
• The transfer of pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma of the pistil is
known as pollination.
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls
from the anther into the stigma of the
same flower.
• Cross-pollination is the transfer of
pollen to another plant of the same
species.

6. 1. Sexual Reproduction
• Flowering plants or angiosperm are
adapted for sexual reproduction.
• The transfer of pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma of the pistil is
known as pollination.
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls
from the anther into the stigma of the
same flower.
• Cross-pollination is the transfer of
pollen to another plant of the same
species.

7. 2. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in plants does not
involve the flowers, fruits or seeds.
• Strawberry plants create new
individuals through their runners.
• Buds in grown potatoes would later
grow independently.

8. METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION
IN SOME ANIMALS

9. 1. Hydra
• Hydra undergoes budding, a form of
asexual reproduction.
2. Sponges
• Sponges are able to reproduce
asexuallly and sexually.
• In some sponges, the new individual
buds from the parent.
• In others, the parent sponge breaks ito
many fragments, and each fragment
grows into a new sponge.

10. 3. Jellyfish
• It has two different body forms during
their life cycle: polyp stage and medusa
stage.
4. Starfish
• Fragmentation is another type of
asexual reproduction in some animals.
• In fragmentation, an organism breaks
into two or more parts, each of which
may grow into a seperate individual.

11. 5. Flatworms
• Flatworms can reproduce asexually by
regeneration.
• Regenerative reproduction in planaria:
when seperated, each part could grow
into a complete individual.
6. Annelids
• Earthworms and leeches are annelids.
• Most annelids reproduce sexually.
• For mating to occur, two earthworms
join head and tail.

12. 7. Mollusks
• Eggs are fertilized internally.
• The male squid uses tentacle to
transfer sperm from its cavity to the
cavity of the female.
8. Anthropods
• Insect reproduction varies among
species.
• Grasshoppers grow and develop
through incomplete metamorphosis
while butterflies undergo complete
metamorphosis.

13. 8. Vertebrates
• Vertebrates undergo sexual
reproduction, which starts with
fertilization.
• Frogs, some fishes and amphibians
reproduce by external fertilization.
• Reptiles, birds, mammals and some
fishes reproduce by internal fertilization.
• Placental mammals give birth to their
young alive.

14. HOW GENES
WORK

15. The flow of genetic information
• Proteins are the tools of heredity.
• The reason that genetic information
must be copied is for the proteins to be
synthesized.
• Protein synthesis is the formation of
proteins using the information coded on
DNA and carried out by RNA.

16. GENETIC
ENGINEERING

17. • Genetic engineering allows scientists to
change the DNA to give organisms new
charavteristic.
• Organisms produced by genetic
engineering are different from
organisms produced by sexual
reproduction because they do not
undergo fertilization.
• Any organism that has modified or
inserted gene (transgene) from another
species is called transgenic.

18. • Transgenic organisms or genetically-
modified organisms (GMOs) have been
used to improve crop yields.

19. Advantages of using GMOs
• Pest-resistant crops
• Diseases-resistant crops
• Productive livestock
• Mass- produced drugs
Disadvantages of using GMOs
• Environmental hazards
• Health risks
• Economy

20. METABOLC
PROCESSES
AMONG LIVING
THINGS

21. 1. Nutrition
• Nutrition synthesizes structural
components, enzymes and energy-rich
compounds in order for an organism to
grow and function properly.
2. Gas Exchange
• Respiration is the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between an
organism and its environment.

22. 3. Circulation
• Metabolism depends heavily on the
circulatory system that supplies the
body with the nutrients needed to
generate energy.
4. Homeostasis
• Eventhough an organisms external
environment may change, the organism
must maintain a stable internal
environment to survive.

23. 5. Excretion
• It regulates the solute movement
between internal fluids and external
environment.
6. Immune system
• The immune system keeps harmful
agents of the body and attacks those
that manage to enter.

24. 7. Hormones
• Chemical signaling using hormones is
the function of the endocrine system.
• Hormones serve a wide range of
functions in the body.
8. Nervous System
• The nervous system serves as the
control center of the body.
• It is also the source of thoughts,
emotions and moods.

25. 9. Motion
• Animals have diverse forms of
movement.
• All these require muscle activity in
response to nervous system input.

26. ORGAN SYSTEM
OF SOME
ANIMALS

27. 1. Sponges
• Digestion occurs within individual cells.
• Its body is perforated by many pores
• Between the outer and inner layers are
hard needles called spicules.
• Sponges have no guts.
2. Hydra
• Have incomplete digestive system.
• There is only single opening known as the
gastrovascular cavity which serves as the
mouth and anus.
• Its outer layer contains stinging cells called
nematocysts.

28. 3. Earthworm
• There body is partitioned into segments.
• In ech segment, parts of the excretory,
circulatory and nervous system are repeated.
• Its digestive tract extends from the mouth to
anus.
4. Mollusks
• They have three body parts: the muscular
foot, the head and visceral mass.

29. 5. Insects
• They have external skeleton or exoskeleton.
• Insects have complex muscular system and
wings to move quickly from one place to
place.
• Three pairs of legs and wings are attached to
the thorax.
6. Echinoderms
• Most echinoderms have an internal
skeleton called endoskeleton.
• They have no circulatory, repiratory or
excretory systems
• They have nervous system but have no
head nor brain.

30. 7. Fish
• All fishes have gills that are composed of tiny
filaments which are richly supplied with blood.
• They have usually paired fins, scales and gills
8. Amphibians
• Most amphibians have lungs for gas
exchange
• Gas exchange occurs across their thin,
moist skin.

31. 9. Reptiles
• Reptiles have a body covering of horny scales
or plates for protection
• Reptiles have adaptations that make
transition to land possible.
10. Birds
• All birds have feathers, and almost all birds
are capable of flying.
• Birds have a large brain relative to the
size of their bodies, and the part of the
brain that controls flight is the most
developed.

32. 11. Mammals
• Mammals share common features such as
presence of hair, warm-bloodedness, a four-
chambered heart, presence of muscles, a
diaphragm that aids breathing, a high
developed brain and females who can give
birth to their young alive.

33. PLANT
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS

34. 1. Roots
• When a seedling grows, its primary roots
grow first before the secondary roots.
• Anchoring a plant in the soil.
• Roots absorb water and dissolved minerals
in the soil.
2. Stems
• The stem supports the leaves and enables
them to receive sunlight.
• It also supports the flower and fruits,
usually holding them off the ground.
• Some transport substances between roots
and leaves.

35. 3. Leaves
• The leaves of plants are important
manufacturers of food.
• Leaves are the primary sites of
photosynthesis in plants.
4. Flowers
• The flower is responsible for seed
development and reproduction.

36. EVOLUTION OF
LIVING THINGS

37. Fossil Records
• Fossils are mineralized/ hardened traces of
dead organisms.
• The fossil record shows how organisms have
changed overtime.

38. Homologous Body Structure
• The same structure but different functions.
• Examples: human arm, wing of a bird, the fin
of a whale, bats wing.
Analogous Body Structure
• The different structure but the same
function.
• Examples: flippers of dolphins, wings of
peguins and fins of sharks..

39. Vestigial Structure
• Some structures found in living things that
have no functions.

40. • The fact that all organisms have DNA as their
genetic material is evidence that all organisms
descended from a common ancestor.
• The factor that have contributed to the
evolution of the long-necked giraffes is their
environment.

41. Factors that contribute to the extinction of
some species:
• Some structures found in living things that
have no functions.