Using IEEE's Zigbee Protocol to design a low power, noise efficient node for home automation. The presentation provides some of the key ingredients and working modes for the Zigbee Protocol. Many companies like (DiGi) built smart zigbee radios (commercially named: XBee) based on these protocol stacks, which now help reshaping wireless sensor networking and low power consumer electronics integration .
Zigbee technology and its application inIJCNCJournal
Wireless home automation systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for more than a
decade. The major technologies used to implement these systems include Z-Wave, Insteon, Wavenis,
Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee. Among these technologies the ZigBee based systems have become very popular
because of its low cost and low power consumption. In this paper ZigBee based wireless home automation
systems have been addressed. There are two main parts of this paper. In the first part a brief introduction of
the ZigBee technology has been presented and in the second part a survey work on the ZigBee based wireless
home automation system has been presented. The performances of the ZigBee based systems have also been
compared with those of other competing technologies based systems. In addition some future opportunities
and challenges of the ZigBee based systems have been listed in this paper.
The wireless technology which has wide range of applications in automation and control. Low power consumption and reliable data transfer is main advantage of this technology
Zigbee technology and its application inIJCNCJournal
Wireless home automation systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers for more than a
decade. The major technologies used to implement these systems include Z-Wave, Insteon, Wavenis,
Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee. Among these technologies the ZigBee based systems have become very popular
because of its low cost and low power consumption. In this paper ZigBee based wireless home automation
systems have been addressed. There are two main parts of this paper. In the first part a brief introduction of
the ZigBee technology has been presented and in the second part a survey work on the ZigBee based wireless
home automation system has been presented. The performances of the ZigBee based systems have also been
compared with those of other competing technologies based systems. In addition some future opportunities
and challenges of the ZigBee based systems have been listed in this paper.
The wireless technology which has wide range of applications in automation and control. Low power consumption and reliable data transfer is main advantage of this technology
ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY "Wireless Control That Simply Work"
Description & details about ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY.
Seminar presentation submitted at Jaipur National University
by Sidhant Raj (ECE) & Yuvaraj (CSE).
ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY "Wireless Control That Simply Work"
Description & details about ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY.
Seminar presentation submitted at Jaipur National University
by Sidhant Raj (ECE) & Yuvaraj (CSE).
ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
Low Power Wireless Technologies and Standards for the Internet of ThingsDuncan Purves
Presentation on low power wireless technologies and standards for the Internet of Things (iOT), given at the BCS Communications Management Association AGM on 5th April 2016
Hello!
Welcome to our CCNA Training (R&S) 200-125 series in Urdu.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. R&S means Routing & Switching. The Exam Code of this course in 200-125. It's the basic course of CCNA track. If you want to start any certification like CCNA Security then you must pass the exam of CCNA R&S first. The exam time of this course is 90-120 mints. Here 90 mints time is for English Speaking Person & 120 mints time for non-native speakers. Total Marks of Exam is 1000 & Passing mark is 860. Number of Questions in Exam is 55 to 65.
You can book the exam from Pearson testing service.
Here is the link of Exam website.
https://home.pearsonvue.com
EZXPRT an IT Trainnig Institute offers CISCO , Microsoft, Vmware, Huawei, Trainings in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Mirpur and Wah Cant campuses,
We offer ONLINE Live and Recorded Training's on demand and we provide services of Career Counseling, Motivation etc.
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EZXPRT an IT Trainnig Institute offers CISCO , Microsoft, Vmware, Huawei, Trainings in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Mirpur and Wah Cant campuses, We offer ONLINE Live and Recorded Training's on demand and we provide services of Career Counseling, Motivation etc.
.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. R&S means Routing & Switching. The Exam Code of this course in 200-125. It's the basic course of CCNA track. If you want to start any certification like CCNA Security then you must pass the exam of CCNA R&S first. The exam time of this course is 90-120 mints. Here 90 mints time is for English Speaking Person & 120 mints time for non-native speakers. Total Marks of Exam is 1000 & Passing mark is 860. Number of Questions in Exam is 55 to 65.
You can book the exam from Pearson testing service.
Here is the link of Exam website.
https://home.pearsonvue.com
For more details you may contact
WhatsApp/Call :+923-23-4699123
shafqaat@ezprt.com
www.ezxprt.com
www.facebook.com/ezxprt
www.youtube.com/c/ezxprt
Zigbee is a technological standard designed for control and sensor networks based on IEEE 802.15.4. The standard is developed and promoted by the Zigbee Alliance.
ZigBee defines the application and security layer specifications enabling interoperability between products from different manufacturers.ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks.It is very useful in this communication world.
Wireless zigbee communication technology 141215052616-conversion-gate01M srinivasu
ZigBee defines the application and security layer specifications enabling interoperability between products from different manufacturers.ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks.It is very useful in this communication world
System Architectures Using OIF CEI-56G Interfaces by
Nathan Tracy, Technologist, TE Connectivity and Technical Committee Chair, OIF. Presentation at Fiber Optics Expo 2015 in Tokyo, Japan, April 9, 2015
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
4. Introduction
What is ZigBee?
• • Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios
History
• May 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed
• December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified
• June 2005: public availability
ZigBee-Alliance
• Companies developing and promoting the standard
• 150+ members
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 4 of 56
5. ZigBee Alliance - Members
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 5 of 56
and many more....
7. Why do we need another WPAN standard?
Decreasing
• Power consumption
–ZigBee: 10mA <==> BT: 100mA
• Production costs
–In the beginning of 2005
–ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $
• Development costs
–Codesize ZB/codesize BT = ½
• Bit-error-rate (BER)
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 7 of 56
8. Why do we need another WPAN standard?
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 8 of 56
picture taken from [9]
9. Why do we need another WPAN standard?
Increasing
• Sensitivity
–ZigBee: -92dbm(0,63pW) <==> BT: -82dbm(6,2pW)
• flexibility
–No. of supported nodes
–ZigBee: 65536 (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star)
• Security
–ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit)
• Latency requirements
–ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot
• Range
–ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 9 of 56
10. Usage Scenarios
• Industrial & commercial
• Consumer electronics
• Toys & games
• PC & periphals
• Personal health care
• home/building automation
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 10 of 56
Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor
nodes or in general short range communications
12. ZigBee Protocol Stack
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 12 of 56
IEEE 802 Model
7 Application User Application <<ZigBee
6 Presentation
5 Session Application Profile Upper Layers
4 Transport
3 Network Network
2 Data Link Data Link Logic Link Control (LLC) <<802.14.5
Media Access Control (MAC)
1 Physical Physical Physical
7Layer
ISO-OSI-Model
Simplified 5Layer
ISO-OSI-Model
14. ZigBee Profiles
Profiles:
Definition of ZigBee-Profiles
• describes a common language for exchanging data
• defines the offered services
• device interoperatbility across different manufacturers
• Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance
• profiles contain device descriptions
• unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance)
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 14 of 56
16. ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
• only one in a network
• initiates network
• stores information about the network
• all devices communicate with the ZBC
• routing functionality
• bridge to other networks
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 16 of 56
17. ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
• optional component
• routes between nodes
• extends network coverage
• manages local address allocation/de-allocation
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 17 of 56
18. ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)
• optimized for low power consumption
• cheapest device type
• communicates only with the coordinator
• sensor would be deployed here
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 18 of 56
19. Addressing/Discovering ZigBee Nodes
Addressing ZigBee Nodes:
• optimized unique 64 bit address (IEEE 802.15.4)
• 16 bit network address (65536 devices)
• 256 sub addresses for subunits
Device Discovery
• unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown)
• ZBC-/ZBR-Response: IEEE address + NWK address + all known network addresses
Binding
• creating logical links between 2 or more end devices
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 19 of 56
21. Traffic-Types
1. Data is periodic
• application dictates rate
2. Data is intermittent
• application or stimulus dictates rate (optimun power savings)
3. Data is repetitive (fixed rate a priori)
• device gets guaranteed time slot
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 21 of 56
22. Traffic-Modes
1. Beacon mode:
• beacon send periodically
• Coordinator and end device can
go to sleep
• Lowest energy consumption
• Pricise timing needed
• Beacon period (ms-m)
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 22 of 56
picture taken from [1]
24. Traffic-Modes
1. Non-Beacon mode:
• coordinator/routers have to stay
awake (robust power supply
needed)
• heterogeneous network
• asymmetric power
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 24 of 56
picture taken from [1]
27. Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 27 of 56
Implementation
28. PHY layer
2400MHz Band specs
• 4 Bits per symbol
• DSSS with 32 Bit chips
• O-QPSK modulation
• Sine halfwave impulses
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 28 of 56
Bit
to
Symbol
QPSK
Mod.
Symbol
to
Chip
Binary Data
Medium
picture taken from [4]
29. PHY layer
868/915 MHz Band specs
• 1 Bit per symbol
• Differential encoding
• DSSS with 15 Bit Chips
• BPSK modulation
• RC impulses (roll-off = 1)
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 29 of 56
Diff.
Encoder
BPSK
Mod.
Bit
to
Chip
Binary Data
Medium
30. PHY layer
General specs and services
• Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35%
• -3dBm minimum transmit power (500µW)
• Receiver Energy Detection (ED)
• Link Quality Indication (LQI)
• Use ED & LQI to reduce TX-power
• Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) with 3 modes
1.Energy above threshold
2.Carrier sense only
3.Carrier sense with energy above threshold
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 30 of 56
31. PHY layer
PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure
• Frame to be sent via radio
• Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization
• Contains either data or data acknowlegement
• Packet size 8-127 Octets
• Contains MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 31 of 56
table taken from [1]
32. MAC layer
Channel access specification
• Beacon/Nonbeacon
• Define Superframe structure
• Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 32 of 56
33. MAC layer
Managing PANs
• Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan)
• PAN ID conflict detection and resolution
• Starting a PAN
• Sending beacons
• Device discovery
• Device association/disassociation
• Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon)
• Orphaned device realignment
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 33 of 56
34. MAC layer
Transfer handling
• Transaction based (indirect transmission)
–Beacon indication
–Polling
• Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission
–Acknowleded
–Not acknowledged
• GTS management
–Allocation/deallocation
–Usage
–Reallocation
• Promiscous mode
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 34 of 56
35. MAC layer
Frame security
• Provided security features
–Access control
–Data encryption
–Frame integrity
–Sequential freshness
• Avaiable security modes
–Unsecured mode
–ACL mode
–Secured mode
• Avaiable security suites
–AES-CTR
–AES-CCM
–AES-CBC-MAC
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 35 of 56
36. MAC layer
How far have we come?
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 36 of 56
0
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
Problem: How do 6 and 7 talk to coordinator 0?
Solution: Routing (NWK Layer)
37. NWK layer
Distributed address assignment
• Tree structure or self managed by higher layer
• 16Bit network space divided among child routers
• Child routers divide there space again for their children
• Depends on:
–Maximum child count per parent
–Maximum child-routers per parent
–Maximum network depth
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 37 of 56
38. NWK layer
Distributed address assignment - Example
• Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 38 of 56
Depth in network d Offset Value
0 3
1 1
2 0
0
1
4
5
6
?2
39. NWK layer
Routing cost
• Metric to compare „goodness“ of routes
• Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors
• Path cost = sum of link costs along the path
• Link cost determination:
–Link quality indication from PHY
–Statistical measures
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 39 of 56
40. NWK layer
Route discovery
• Find or update route between specific source and destination
• Started if no active route present in routing table
• Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets
• Generates routing table entries for hops to source
• Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet
• Routes generated for hops to destination
• Routing table entry generated in source device
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 40 of 56
42. NWK layer
Routing
• Check if routing table entry exists
• Initiate route discovery if possible
• Hierarchical routing as fallback
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 42 of 56
Route maintenance
• Track failed deliveries to neighbors
• Initiate route repair when threshold reached
• Careful with network load!
• In case of total connectivity loss:
– Orphaning procedure
– Re-association with network
45. Application Layer
Application Support Sub-layer (APS):
• interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions)
• Data transmission, binding and security management
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 45 of 56
picture taken from [1]
50. Application Layer
ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO):
• provides common function for applications
• Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification
• offers services like device-/service-descovery, binding and security management
• assembles information about the network
• for ZBC/ZBR -> e.g. binding table
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 50 of 56
picture taken from [1]
52. Pros and Cons
Pros
• good extension of existing
standards
• supported by many companies
• low power consumption
• low cost
• easy implemented (Designer
concentrates on end application)
• flexible network structure
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 52 of 56
Cons
• Not many end devices
available yet
• Single point of failure
(centralized architecture)
53. Gadget example
Pantech & Curitel P1 phone
• Only a prototype
• control electrical appliances
• Check temperature & humidity
• Sending messages in case of trespass
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 53 of 56
picture taken from [9]
55. References
Electrical Engg Dept ZigBee – Building Smart Homes slide 55 of 56
[1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0
[2] “Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee”, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org
[3] “ZigBee Tutorial”, http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee
[4] IEEE 802.15.4 Specification
[5] “Network Layer Overview”, Presentation Slides, Ian Marsden, Embedded Systems Show,
Birmingham, October 12th, 2006, 064513r00ZB_MG_Network_Layer_Overview.pdf, available
on ZigBee.org
[6] “Designing a ZigBee Network”, Presentation Slides, David Egan, Ember Corporation, ESS
2006, Birmingham, 064516r00ZG_MG_Network_Design.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
[7] “ZigBee Architecture Overview”, Presentation Slides, Oslo, Norway June 2005,
ZigBee_Architecture_and_Specifications_Overview.pdf, available on ZigBee.org
[8] “Low Power Consumption Features of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee LR-WPAN Standard”,
http://www.cens.ucla.edu/sensys03/sensys03-callaway.pdf
[9] “ZigBee Home Automation Mobile from Pantech”, http://www.i4u.com/article2561.html
[10] “Basic Lecture - ZigBee” http://www.korwin.net/eng/infor/info_zb_01.asp
[11] “Introduction to the ZigBee Application Framework”, Presentation Slides, ZigBee Open
House, San Jose, June 15th, 2006, 053340r06ZB_AFG-Overview-ZigBee-Open-House.pdf,
available on ZigBee.org