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IoT Control Units and Communication Models
The document discusses various components of IoT including control units, communication modules, and wireless technologies. Control units include sensors and actuators that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals. Common sensors detect humidity, temperature, motion etc. Communication modules allow connection and data transfer between IoT devices using short-range wireless technologies like Bluetooth, Zigbee and WiFi. Bluetooth supports audio/video transfer while Bluetooth Low Energy focuses on low power. Zigbee is optimized for large sensor networks with low data rates and power consumption.
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IoT Control Units and Communication Models
- 1. Chapter -2 Components ofIoT Control Units Communication Modules Bluetooth – Zigbee – Wifi - GPS Dr. Y V Srinivasa Murthy School of Computer Science & Engg. (SCOPE) VIT Vellore
- 2. Outline • Control units •Communication modules • Bluetooth • Zigbee • Wifi • IoT Protocols
- 3. Control Units • TheInternet of Things is rarely discussed without the conversation steering to data and the new Data Economy. • Sensors are the source of IoT data. • Driven by new innovations in materials and nanotechnology, sensor technology is developing at a never before seen pace, with a result of increased accuracy, decreased size and cost, and the ability to measure or detect things that weren’t previously possible.
- 4. Transducer • A betterterm for a sensor is a transducer. • Physical device that converts one form of energy into another. • The transducer converts some physical phenomenon into an electrical impulse that can then be interpreted to determine a reading.
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- 6. Actuators • Another typeof transducer that you will encounter in many IoT systems is an actuator. • In simple terms, an actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor. • It takes an electrical input and turns it into physical action. • For instance, an electric motor, a hydraulic system, and a pneumatic system.
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- 8. Sensors and Actuators •Humidity Sensor • Level/tilt sensor • Pressure sensor • Temperature Sensor • Motion sensor • Proximity sensor • Optical sensor • Acceleration sensor • Load sensor • Vibration, chemical, flow….. • LEDs • Relays • Motors • Lasers • Solenoids • Speakers • LCD displays
- 9. Communication Modules • Bluetooth •Zigbee • Wifi
- 10. Short range wirelessapplication areas Voice Data Audio Video State Bluetooth ACL/HS x Y Y x x Bluetooth SCO/eSCO Y x x x x Bluetooth low energy x x x x Y Wi-Fi (VoIP) Y Y Y x Wi-Fi Direct Y Y Y x x ZigBee x x x x Y ANT x x x x Y 10Low Power State = low bandwidth, low latency data
- 11. How much energydoes traditional Bluetooth use? • Traditional Bluetooth is connection oriented. When a device is connected, a link is maintained, even if there is no data flowing. • Sniff modes allow devices to sleep, reducing power consumption to give months of battery life • Peak transmit current is typically around 25mA • Even though it has been independently shown to be lower power than other radio standards, it is still not low enough power for coin cells and energy harvesting applications 11
- 12. What is BluetoothLow Energy? • Bluetooth low energy is a NEW, open, short range radio technology • Blank sheet of paper design • Different to Bluetooth classic (BR/EDR) • Optimized for ultra low power • Enable coin cell battery use cases • < 20mA peak current • < 5 uA average current 12
- 13. Basic Concepts ofBluetooth 4.0 • Everything is optimized for lowest power consumption • Short packets reduce TX peak current • Short packets reduce RX time • Less RF channels to improve discovery and connection time • Simple state machine • Single protocol • Etc. 13
- 14. Bluetooth low energyfactsheet Range: ~ 150 meters open field Output Power: ~ 10 mW (10dBm) Max Current: ~ 15 mA Latency: 3 ms Topology: Star Connections: > 2 billion Modulation: GFSK @ 2.4 GHz Robustness: Adaptive Frequency Hopping, 24 bit CRC Security: 128bit AES CCM Sleep current: ~ 1μA Modes: Broadcast, Connection, Event Data Models, Reads, Writes 14
- 15.
- 16. Introduction • ZigBee isa technological standard designed for control and sensor networks • Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard • Created by the ZigBee Alliance
- 17. Introduction • Operates inPersonal Area Networks (PAN’s) and device-to-device networks • Connectivity between small packet devices • Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc.
- 18. History • Developement started1998, when many enginereers realized that WiFi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications • IEEE 802.15.4 standard was completed in May 2003
- 19. ZigBee Alliance • Organizationdefining global standards for reliable, cost‐effective, low power wireless applications • A consortium of end users and solution providers, primarily responsible for the development of the 802.15.4 standard • Developing applications and network capability utilizing the 802.15.4 packet delivery mechanism
- 20. Characteristics • Low cost •Low power consumption • Low data rate • Relatively short transmission range • Scalability • Reliability • Flexible protocol design suitable for many applications
- 21. Security • Encryption specifiedfor MAC, Network and APS layers • Encryprion/Authentication mode CCM(CTR +CBC- MAC) • CTR is a counter based encryption mode • CBC-MAC provides data integrity • All security is based on 128bit key and AES-128 block encryption method
- 22. Applications PERSONAL HEALTH CARE ZigBee LOW DATA-RATE RADIODEVICES HOME AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD Remote control security HVAC lighting closures PC & PERIPHERALS consoles portables educational TOYS & GAMES INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL monitors sensors automatio n control mouse keyboard joystick monitors diagnostic s sensors
- 23. ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 868MHz /915MHz / 2.4GHz MAC Application Network Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree Security 32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption API ZigBee Alliance IEEE 802.15.4 Customer ZigBee Alliance -“the software” -Network, Security & Application layers -Brand management IEEE 802.15.4 -“the hardware” -Physical & Media Access Control layers
- 24. IEEE 802.15.4 • IEEE802.15.4 Architecture IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.2 LLC Other LLC Data Link Controller (DLC) Networking App Layer ZigBee Application Framework
- 25. IEEE 802.15.4 PhysicalLayer • PHY functionalities: • Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver • Energy detection within the current channel • Link quality indication for received packets • Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA • Channel frequency selection • Data transmission and reception
- 26. PHY frame structure •PHY packet fields • Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization • Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – shall be formatted as “11100101” • PHY header (8 bits) –PSDU length • PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) – data field Preamble Start of Packet Delimiter PHY Header PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) 4 Octets 0-127 Bytes Sync Header PHY Payload 1 Octets 1 Octets Frame Length (7 bit) Reserve (1 bit)
- 27. Operating frequency bands •The standard specifies two PHYs : • 868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11 channels) • 1 channel (20Kb/s) in European 868MHz band • 10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902-928)MHz ISM band 868MHz/ 915MHz PHY 868.3 MHz Channel 0 Channels 1-10 928 MHz902 MHz 2 MHz
- 28. Operating frequency bands •2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (16 channels) • 16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band 2.4 GHz Channels 11-26 2.4835 GHz 5 MHz 2.4 GHz PHY
- 29. IEEE 802.15.4 MACLayer • Traffic Type • Periodic data • e.g. sensors • Intermittent data • e.g. light switch • Repetitive low latency data • e.g. mouse
- 30. IEEE 802.15.4 MACLayer • Device Classes • Full function device (FFD) • Can function in any topology • Capable of being Network coordinator • Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD) • Reduced function device (RFD) • Limited to star topology • Cannot become network coordinator • Talks only to FFDs • Address • All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses • Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to reduce packet size
- 31. IEEE 802.15.4 MACLayer • Frame Types • Data Frame • used for all transfers of data • Beacon Frame • used by a coordinator to transmit beacons • Acknowledgment Frame • used for confirming successful frame reception • MAC Command Frame • used for handling all MAC peer entity control transfers
- 32. IEEE 802.15.4 MACLayer • Transmission Mode • Slotted (Beacon enable mode ) • Periodic data and Repetitive low latency data using. • Un-slotted (Non-Beacon enable mode) • Intermittent data using.
- 33. ZigBee Network Topologies Star Mesh ClusterTree PAN coordinator Full Function Device Reduced Function Device
- 34. ZigBee Network Topologies •Star Topology • Advantage • Easy to synchronize • Low latency • Disadvantage • Small scale
- 35. ZigBee Network Topologies •Mesh Topology • Advantage • Robust multihop communication • Network is more flexible • Lower latency • Disadvantage • Route discovery is costly • Needs storage for routing table
- 36. ZigBee Network Topologies •Cluster Tree • Advantage • Low routing cost • Allow multihop communication • Disadvantage • Route reconstruction is costly • Latency may be quite long
- 37. ZigBee and BluetoothComparison • Optimized for different applications • ZigBee • Smaller packets over large network • Mostly Static networks with many, infrequently used devices • Home automation, toys, remote controls, etc. • Bluetooth • Larger packets over small network • Ad‐hoc networks • File transfer • Screen graphics, pictures, handsfree audio, Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, etc.
- 38. ZigBee and BluetoothComparison Feature(s) Bluetooth ZigBee Power Profile days years Complexity complex Simple Nodes/Master 7 64000 Latency 10 seconds 30 ms – 1s Range 10m 70m ~ 300m Extendibility no Yes Data Rate 1 Mbps 250 Kbps Security 64bit, 128bit 128bit AES and Application Layer
- 39. ZigBee and BluetoothComparisonSHORT<RANGE>LONG LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH PAN LAN TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI AUDIO STREAMING VIDEO DIGITAL VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL VIDEO 802.15.1 Bluetooth1 802.15.1 Bluetooth 2 802.15.4 ZigBee 802.11b 802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g