Zero Carbon technology
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The document discusses various zero carbon and low carbon technologies including solar thermal, solar PV, wind, ground source heat pumps, small hydro, combined heat and power (CHP), and air source heat pumps. For each technology, it provides information on typical installation components, considerations, costs, output, lifetime, payback period, environmental benefits in terms of carbon dioxide reductions, and available grants. It also discusses definitions of zero carbon, carbon neutral, and low carbon technologies. Air source heat pumps are highlighted as an emerging proven technology becoming ready for the market, with details on how they work and their benefits and barriers.
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Zero Carbon technology
- 1. ZERO CARBON TECHNOLOGY By:By: Saumya Ranjan BehuraSaumya Ranjan Behura
- 2. UK Centre for Economic and Environmental Development We are an environmental charityWe are an environmental charity 4 independent units working together4 independent units working together Low carbon ProgrammeLow carbon Programme Environmental IndustriesEnvironmental Industries Sustain ITSustain IT Resource EfficiencyResource Efficiency To look at the economic and environmental benefits ofTo look at the economic and environmental benefits of providing a low carbon futureproviding a low carbon future National Energy Efficiency AwardsNational Energy Efficiency Awards Hampton Hargate pv trialHampton Hargate pv trial Nationally recognised Sustain IT awards programmeNationally recognised Sustain IT awards programme Remade East – providing support for waste companiesRemade East – providing support for waste companies
- 3. THE LIGHTING UP OF OUR PLANET IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE AT NIGHT
- 9. Types of Renewable known in the Market Zero Carbon technologyZero Carbon technology Carbon neutral technologyCarbon neutral technology Low Carbon technologyLow Carbon technology “A zero carbon technology / development is one that achieves zero net carbon emissions from energy use on site, on an annual basis” ““Carbon NeutralCarbon Neutral is defined as a technology that emits the amount of carbonis defined as a technology that emits the amount of carbon at the point of use as it takes in during its lifetime”at the point of use as it takes in during its lifetime” ““AA low carbon technology / developmentlow carbon technology / development is one that achieves a reduction inis one that achieves a reduction in carbon emissions of 50% or more from energy use on site, on an annualcarbon emissions of 50% or more from energy use on site, on an annual basis.”basis.”
- 10. Renewable Technology overview Zero Carbon Technologies Neutral Carbon Technology Low Carbon Technologies • 1. Solar – Thermal & PV • 2. Wind • 3. GSHP • 4. Hydro • 5. Biomass • 6. CHP • 7. Biofuels Emerging technologies • 8. Hydrogen • 9. ASHP
- 11. Zero Carbon Technology: Solar thermal 1 1. Solar technology:1. Solar technology: 1.1- Solar thermal hot water1.1- Solar thermal hot water Installation main components Installation considerations Costs •Solar panels /collectors - Flat plates(30% efficiency, cheaper) - Evacuated tubes (40% efficiency, more expensive) •Heat transfer system •Hot water cylinder •Roof area (unshade, 2 -4 m2 ) •Orientation (south facing) •Panels inclined 30°- 45° from horizontal •Existing water heating system •Budget •Periods of freezing temperatures •Tank Size •Installation - Flat plate collectors £2000 - £3000 -Evacuated tube systems £3500- £5000 •Maintenance - Very little maintenance costs (to be checked by a professional installer every 3-5 years) The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 12. Zero Carbon Technology: Solar thermal 2 1. Solar technology:1. Solar technology: 1.1- Solar thermal hot water1.1- Solar thermal hot water The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view. Output Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants 50-70% of the water for a home, which spreads out to approximately 90% in summer, 50% in spring and 20% in winter. 20 – 30 years lifetime Payback: 7 - 9 years 400 - 750 kg per year (average installation), about 10% of average household emissions -LCBP -Possible Local Council Grants available - Possible EEC grants
- 13. Zero Carbon Technology: Solar PV 1 1.2- Solar PV1.2- Solar PV Installation main components Installation considerations Costs PV Array Balance of system equipment (BOS) Inverter DC-AC Metering • Roof area (at least 10 m2 unshaded) • Roof inclined 30°- 45° or less. • Orientation (south facing) Installation Between £10k and £14k Small annual maintenance costs The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 14. Zero Carbon Technology: Solar PV 2 1.2- Solar PV1.2- Solar PV Output Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants 1 kWp (smallest system available) produces 750 KWh of electricity = 20- 25% of average household consumption per year 25 years lifetime Payback: as energy cost increases, payback decreases 325 kg per year (based on a 1KWp installation) LCBP = max £3000 per KWp installed (up to a maximum of £15000 subject to an overall 50% limit of the install cost. The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 15. Zero Carbon Technology: Wind 1 2. Wind Energy2. Wind Energy Installation main components Installation considerations Costs Output •Turbine •Mast •Inverter •Battery storage (if off-grid system) •Average wind speed of 5 – 7.5 m/s is needed. •Planning issues, visual impact, noise and conservation areas. • Possible building survey due to increase pressure on fabric of the building. •1 KW = £1595 (B&Q) •Larger systems exponential ly rise. •1 KW turbine = 1000KWh per year (depending on site conditions) The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 16. Zero Carbon Technology: Wind 2 2. Wind Energy2. Wind Energy Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants Lifetime: 20 years lifetime Payback: unlikely to provide full costs payback during lifetime, but likely to improve as energy costs rise 0.5 t/house x year LCBP (max £1000/kw installed up to max of £5000 or 30% of installation costs) The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 17. Zero Carbon Technology: GSHP 1 3. Ground Source Heat Pumps3. Ground Source Heat Pumps Installation main components Installation considerations Costs • Ground loop • Deep bore drill •Heat pump contains: -Evaporator -Compressor -Condenser •Heat distribution system (under floor or standard radiators) •Correct sizing of the heat pumps and the ground loop or bore is crucial •Space available: vertical drill or horizontal loop The installed cost, for a professional installation, ranges from about £800- £1,400 per kW of peak heat output, excluding the cost of the distribution system. The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 18. Zero Carbon Technology: GSHP 2 The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view. 3. Ground Source Heat Pumps3. Ground Source Heat Pumps Output Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants Full house heating: - Under floor heating more efficient than radiators Lifetime: 25 years Payback: 9-10 years in comparison with a gas central heating system 600- 750 kg CO2 PA, saving 63% emissions when compared to gas heating system LCBP Maximum £1200 regard subject to an overall 30% limit
- 19. Zero Carbon Technology: Small Hydro 1 4. Small Hydro4. Small Hydro Installation main components Installation considerations Costs Old Technology Usually developed by Head of Water Strength of flow Rainfall to support turbine in UK mainly Scotland Ecological effects may be adverse £700 - £3k per installed KW. Average cost around £1400 per KW The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 20. 4. Small Hydro4. Small Hydro The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view. Zero Carbon Technology: Small Hydro 2 Output Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants Average worldwide is 100KW machines Costs around 4p per unit generated No CO2 emissions at all Ecological benefits to some areas LCBG not defined as yet.
- 21. Installation main components Installation considerations Costs Replaces existing gas boiler in system Has a combustion engine to run power plant from number of fuels On grid or off grid connection possible Machinery can be larger than standard gas boilers Too much output for smaller homes Connection agreement required from energy supplier •£3,000 for dwelling size unit 6. Low Carbon technology: CHP 1 The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 22. 6. Low Carbon technology: CHP 2 Output Lifetime & Payback Environmental benefits: CO2 reductions Available Grants Electrical: 1000W AC at 220-240V. Thermal: Heat output from 7.5-13kW Maybe unstable at small scale Lifetime: 15 years Saving £150 - £200 per year 4 -7 year payback period 0.5 tonnes per annum when compared with condensing gas boiler LCBP: Not defined yet, but will be available in the future. The figures used are approximate and may vary depending on which source you view.
- 24. Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) 1/3 What is it? Heat pumps extract thermal energy from a variety of renewable sources, including the air, earth or water, and upgrade it to a higher, more useful temperature. If the heat source for the system is the air then it is known as an Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP). Main components An ASHP system consists of: A compressor and a carefully matched evaporator coil and heat exchanger, and a refrigerant liquid which circulates within the system. 1 2 3 4
- 25. How does it work? By extracting heat from the surrounding air, the heat energy released can be up to 4 times the energy required to power the equipment. The resulting refrigerant gas is then compressed adding more heat energy and raising its temperature to around 75°C. This heat is then passed via the heat exchanger into water and used to provide space heating through radiators as for conventional heating systems, or via underfloor heating systems. Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) 2/3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
- 26. BENEFITSBENEFITS The amount of energy consumed to operate the pump is much less than would be required to heat the house by conventional means. Heat pumps are inherently efficient as they use low temperature heat created from renewable energy sources, and release relatively low carbon emissions. BARRIERSBARRIERS Technology quite new South facing roof required No over shadow from surrounding buildings Lack of robust information from installations already completed Cost -payback Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) 3/3
- 29. Fuel cell technology How does a fuel cell work? Very simply, a fuel cell is like a battery. It has two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, separated by a membrane. The electrons flow out of the cell to be used as electrical energy. Unlike batteries, fuel cells never run out.
- 30. Hydrogen Technology: Benefits and barriers BENEFITS: Totally clean fuel: when it is burned it leaves behind only air and water (sub product). BARRIERS Firstly, there is the question of cleanly generating enough hydrogen. Then there is the problem of finding a way to store the gas (explosion) Other issues such as reliability and the cost of production still remain to be solved. Is it finally possible on a larger scale?
- 31. CONCLUSION Thus from the slides we can conclude that we can save lot of non-renewable sources of energy and prevent carbon from entering our atmosphere, thus making earth a better place to live in.
- 32. REFRENCES:- [1]HEAT:HOW TO STOP THE PLANET BURNING [2]ZERO CARBON BRITAIN BY CENTER OF ALTERANATIVE TECHNOLOGY. [3]THE RENWEABLE HANDBOOK,WILLIMAN KEMP
Editor's Notes
- A typical system consists of a heat collector, usually mounted on a roof. It needs to face as near to south as possible (SE to SW is ideal). Water is forced through the collector where it is heated by the sun, then through a coil in the hot water cylinder to transfer its heat to the surrounding water, where it is stored, ready for use. There are only a small number of combination boilers that can be used with this technology, and they can be more expensive. The flat plate collector - This consists of a metal plate to absorb the heat and tubes attached to it which contain the fluid for transferring the heat. The metal plate is placed on a layer of insulation and the whole thing is put in a box with a glass or plastic lid. These are the simplest and most efficient type of panel available. The evacuated tube collector - This works in a similar way to the flat plate collector but the heat absorber is enclosed in a vacuum to minimise heat losses. These vacuum tubes look very similar to the tubes used in fluorescent light fittings. They are somewhat more expensive than flat plate collectors. Here in Britain solar water heating can provide 50-70% of the water for a home, which spreads out to approximately 90% in summer, 50% in spring and 20% in winter. The tank is properly sized for your longer term needs
- The equipment used for this process is simple and has no moving parts, thus generating no noise or emissions and requiring minimal maintenance. A PV cell consists of two or more thin layers of semi conducting material, most commonly silicon. When the cell is exposed to light, the particles inside the silicon start to move. This generates a flow of electrons which, by definition, is electricity, and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as direct current (DC). Photovoltaic systems come in a near infinite number of sizes, ranging from a single solar cell to power a calculator or a single module (containing multiple cells) to power a light; to multiple modules to power a water pump or a home; to large arrays of modules to provide industrial-scale power. PV Array: A PV Array is made up of PV modules, which are environmentally-sealed collections of PV Cells— the devices that convert sunlight to electricity. The most common PV module that is 5-to-25 square feet in size and weighs about 3-4 lbs./ft2. Often sets of four or more smaller modules are framed or attached together by struts in what is called a panel. This panel is typically around 20-35 square feet in area for ease of handling on a roof. This allows some assembly and wiring functions to be done on the ground if called for by the installation instructions. balance of system equipment (BOS): BOS includes mounting systems and wiring systems used to integrate the solar modules into the structural and electrical systems of the home. The wiring systems include disconnects for the dc and ac sides of the inverter, ground-fault protection, and overcurrent protection for the solar modules. Most systems include a combiner board of some kind since most modules require fusing for each module source circuit. Some inverters include this fusing and combining function within the inverter enclosure. dc-ac inverter: This is the device that takes the dc power from the PV array and converts it into standard ac power used by the house appliances. metering: This includes meters to provide indication of system performance. Some meters can indicate home energy usage. other components: utility switch (depending on local utility)
- The vision of building an energy infrastructure that uses hydrogen as an energy carrier — a concept called the "hydrogen economy" — is considered the most likely path toward a full commercial application of hydrogen energy technologies. Hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the earth's surface, where it is found primarily in water (H²O) and organic compounds. It is generally produced from hydrocarbons or water; and when burned as a fuel, or converted to electricity, it joins with oxygen to again form water. Production: Hydrogen is produced from sources such as natural gas, coal, gasoline, methanol, or biomass through the application of heat; from bacteria or algae through photosynthesis; or by using electricity or sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Transport and Storage: The use of hydrogen as a fuel and energy carrier will require an infrastructure for safe and cost-effective hydrogen transport and storage. Hydrogen's potential use in fuel and energy applications includes powering vehicles, running turbines or fuel cells to produce electricity, and generating heat and electricity for buildings. The current focus is on hydrogen's use in fuel cells.