x-rays
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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered x-rays in November 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation in the range of 10nm to 0.01nm. X-rays are classified as either soft x-rays, with photon energies below 10 Kev, or hard x-rays, with photon energies above 10 Kev. X-rays have no mass, travel at the speed of light, and can be absorbed or scattered by human tissue, potentially causing chemical or biological damage.
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The x rays (1)
X-rays are invisible electromagnetic radiation that can pass through and image opaque objects. They were accidentally discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen in Germany while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. Röntgen found that a new type of ray could pass through paper and wood but was blocked by denser materials like lead. He called them X-rays due to their unknown nature. X-rays revolutionized fields like medicine by allowing internal body structures to be imaged without surgery. They enabled diagnoses and medical advances but also posed health risks from radiation exposure.
X-RAYS
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials opaque to visible light. They are produced through interactions between subatomic particles and have wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light. X-rays are used in medicine to image bones and soft tissues in the body through techniques like radiography and computed tomography. They have also found wide applications in industry for inspecting materials and in security screening. Prolonged exposure to x-rays can be harmful, so precautions are taken when working with or receiving x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes.
X-RAY
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He found that a new type of radiation was being produced that could pass through objects and projected images onto photographic plates. Further investigation showed that X-rays were not deflected by magnetic fields and could penetrate materials. Röntgen took the first ever X-ray photo, an image of his wife's hand that revealed her bones and wedding ring. He named these new rays "X-rays" since the nature of the radiation was unknown at the time. X-rays have wavelengths shorter than visible light and can pass through objects, making them useful for medical and security imaging applications. However, exposure to X-rays also
Dr vishnu x ray imaging
X-ray imaging is still one of the most important diagnostic methods used in medicine. It provides mainly morphological (anatomical) information - but may also provide some physiological (functional) information.
X ray
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
What are x rays
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is produced when high-speed electrons hit a metal target. They have wavelengths between 0.01-10 nanometers. Common uses of X-rays include medical imaging to diagnose broken bones or diseases, security scanning, and analyzing the atomic structure of materials.
The Cyclotron
The cyclotron was invented by Leo Szilard in the 1920s and was a particle accelerator that influenced scientific research. It works by accelerating charged particles in a spiral path within magnetic fields, gaining more speed and energy with each turn. Cyclotrons were important for producing radioactive isotopes used in medical imaging technologies like PET and for experiments in nuclear and particle physics. They had advantages over previous accelerators but also limitations in the size of particles they could accelerate. Cyclotrons played a key role in scientific discoveries and the development of nuclear medicine.
PPT of X Ray
1. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed that materials near the tube would glow, even when shielded from known radiation sources, and concluded he had discovered a new type of radiation which he named X-rays.
2. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, causing the electrons to lose energy which is released as X-ray photons. Modern X-ray tubes contain a tungsten target and operate by accelerating electrons toward the target with a high voltage.
3. X-rays have wavelengths between 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, shorter than visible light.
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The x rays (1)
X-rays are invisible electromagnetic radiation that can pass through and image opaque objects. They were accidentally discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen in Germany while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. Röntgen found that a new type of ray could pass through paper and wood but was blocked by denser materials like lead. He called them X-rays due to their unknown nature. X-rays revolutionized fields like medicine by allowing internal body structures to be imaged without surgery. They enabled diagnoses and medical advances but also posed health risks from radiation exposure.
X-RAYS
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials opaque to visible light. They are produced through interactions between subatomic particles and have wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light. X-rays are used in medicine to image bones and soft tissues in the body through techniques like radiography and computed tomography. They have also found wide applications in industry for inspecting materials and in security screening. Prolonged exposure to x-rays can be harmful, so precautions are taken when working with or receiving x-rays. Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes.
X-RAY
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He found that a new type of radiation was being produced that could pass through objects and projected images onto photographic plates. Further investigation showed that X-rays were not deflected by magnetic fields and could penetrate materials. Röntgen took the first ever X-ray photo, an image of his wife's hand that revealed her bones and wedding ring. He named these new rays "X-rays" since the nature of the radiation was unknown at the time. X-rays have wavelengths shorter than visible light and can pass through objects, making them useful for medical and security imaging applications. However, exposure to X-rays also
Dr vishnu x ray imaging
X-ray imaging is still one of the most important diagnostic methods used in medicine. It provides mainly morphological (anatomical) information - but may also provide some physiological (functional) information.
X ray
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
What are x rays
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is produced when high-speed electrons hit a metal target. They have wavelengths between 0.01-10 nanometers. Common uses of X-rays include medical imaging to diagnose broken bones or diseases, security scanning, and analyzing the atomic structure of materials.
The Cyclotron
The cyclotron was invented by Leo Szilard in the 1920s and was a particle accelerator that influenced scientific research. It works by accelerating charged particles in a spiral path within magnetic fields, gaining more speed and energy with each turn. Cyclotrons were important for producing radioactive isotopes used in medical imaging technologies like PET and for experiments in nuclear and particle physics. They had advantages over previous accelerators but also limitations in the size of particles they could accelerate. Cyclotrons played a key role in scientific discoveries and the development of nuclear medicine.
PPT of X Ray
1. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed that materials near the tube would glow, even when shielded from known radiation sources, and concluded he had discovered a new type of radiation which he named X-rays.
2. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, causing the electrons to lose energy which is released as X-ray photons. Modern X-ray tubes contain a tungsten target and operate by accelerating electrons toward the target with a high voltage.
3. X-rays have wavelengths between 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, shorter than visible light.
Xray Production
The document discusses the key components of an X-ray production system, including the cathode, anode, generator, and tube rating charts. The cathode emits electrons via a heated filament towards the anode. X-rays are produced when electrons collide with the anode. Generators supply power to heat the cathode and accelerate electrons. Tube rating charts indicate safe operating limits based on heat loading to prevent damage. Automatic exposure control uses radiation detectors to optimize exposure time based on patient thickness.
X ray
X-rays are produced when high-velocity electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. X-rays have short wavelengths and can penetrate materials, existing as either soft or hard X-rays depending on their energy level. They are used in medical imaging and diagnostics to detect broken bones or other internal issues but also present certain radiation hazards if not used safely. Precautions like protective lead coats and dosimeters are necessary when working with X-ray equipment.
The x ray beam
The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray tube. It describes the protective housing, cathode assembly made of thoriated tungsten, common anode materials like copper and molybdenum, and rotating versus stationary anodes. It also covers topics like the focal spot where electrons hit the anode, line-focus principle, heel effect, space charge effect, methods of heat transfer, voltage rectification, bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation production, and how x-ray interaction varies with energy.
X ray physics part I
Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen was a German physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895. He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery. Röentgen discovered x-rays accidentally while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed a fluorescent glow coming from a nearby screen and realized some new type of radiation was causing this. When he placed his wife's hand on photographic plates and exposed them to this radiation, the outline of bones in her hand appeared on the developed plate. This led him to name this new type of radiation "x-rays".
Basic radiation 061706
This document provides an overview of basic radiation concepts including:
1) It describes different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation and how they interact with matter.
2) It discusses radiation safety principles such as minimizing time, distance, and using shielding to reduce radiation exposure.
3) It explains why we need to measure radiation today including uses in medicine, industry, and to detect potential radiological threats from lost radioactive sources or radiological dispersion devices.
X Rays Ppt
The document discusses x-rays, how they produce images, and their risks and benefits. It explains that x-rays are electromagnetic waves that can pass through tissues at different levels, exposing film to create internal images of the body. German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with vacuum tubes. Lead shields are used during x-rays to block radiation and prevent long-term exposure, as x-rays can detect health problems. The document identifies different bones and joints visible in sample x-ray images.
Fluoroscopy presentation
The document summarizes the components and functioning of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses x-rays to visualize the motion of internal structures in real-time. It consists of an x-ray generator, tube, collimator, filters, table, grid, image intensifier, optical coupling and television system. The image intensifier converts x-rays into light photons, which are converted into an electronic signal via a television camera or CCD and displayed on a monitor. Spot films can also be obtained from fluoroscopy for later examination.
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This document discusses key considerations for designing radiation shielding in diagnostic radiology facilities. It outlines parameters to calculate shielding needs such as workload, occupancy, beam direction and tube leakage. Common shielding materials like lead, concrete and gypsum are described. The importance of continuity, integrity and quality control of the shielding installation is emphasized through inspection and record keeping.
X-ray
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate opaque objects and are used in medical imaging and crystallography. They have wavelengths between 10 nanometers and 100 picometers. Common medical applications of x-rays include CT scanners, bone x-rays, linear accelerators, and backscatter x-rays. A CT scanner uses x-rays and a rotating tube to take multiple images from different angles and compiles them with a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body.
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This document discusses x-ray physics and the process of producing radiographs. It begins with a brief history of x-rays being discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. It then describes how x-rays are produced in an x-ray machine through heating a filament which releases electrons that hit a target, producing x-rays. These x-rays pass through the patient and expose radiographic film, forming an image based on absorption and scattering. The film is then developed through a process of developing, fixing, washing and drying to produce the final radiograph.
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive tracers and imaging technology to diagnose and treat diseases. There are two main types of nuclear imaging - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). PET provides higher resolution images with short scan times, while SPECT is more widely used and less expensive, with longer-lasting radioactive tracers. Nuclear imaging offers unique functional and molecular information not available through other techniques like X-ray and CT scans, enabling early disease detection. It can evaluate organ function and metabolism to identify issues.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF X.pptx BY MANOJ MANDAL(1).pptx
This document provides information about x-rays and the components responsible for their production. It discusses the history of x-ray discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. It then describes the key components of an x-ray tube, including the cathode which emits electrons, and the anode which converts the electron energy into x-rays. The document explains how tungsten is commonly used for the filament and target due to its high melting point and ability to efficiently produce x-rays. It also discusses factors like focal spot size and line focus principle which allow controlling the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode by a high voltage potential. Some electrons interact with atoms in the anode, producing x-ray photons. X-rays have different energies depending on the target material and voltage used. Additional filtration is often applied to produce clinically useful x-ray beams. Exposure factors like voltage, current, and time determine the quantity and quality of the emitted x-rays. X-rays are used to generate medical images by exploiting their ability to pass through and be absorbed by different tissues.
X ray
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
X ray physics
This document provides an overview of x-ray physics and the x-ray imaging process. It describes how x-rays are produced via an x-ray tube, how they interact with the patient's tissues to form an image based on absorption and scattering, and how the resulting latent image is developed and processed on radiographic film or digital detectors. The key factors that influence image formation including kilovoltage, milliamperage, distance and density/atomic number of tissues are also summarized.
Linear accelator
Linear accelerators (LINACs) are commonly used for external beam radiation therapy. [LINACs] use microwave technology to accelerate electrons which are then directed at a metal target to produce high-energy x-rays. Key LINAC components include an electron gun, accelerator structure in the gantry, and a treatment head housing components like collimators and flattening filters to shape the beam. LINACs have advanced over generations from early isocentric units to today's computer-driven systems that provide wide ranges of energy and precision treatment capabilities like IMRT.
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X rays
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials and are used in medical imaging to see inside the body. Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed a fluorescent screen glowing nearby even when covered, and realized the rays could pass through some materials but not others like bone. This allowed him to see the outline of bones in his hand, demonstrating their medical application. Today, X-rays are widely used in medicine, industry, and research due to their ability to penetrate soft tissue while being blocked by denser materials like bones and metals.
Interactions of x rays with matter.
This presentation discusses the interaction of x-rays with matter. It begins by introducing x-rays and their discovery. It then explains how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube and describes the three main types of interaction that occur between x-rays and matter in diagnostic medical imaging: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. For each interaction type, the presentation outlines the clinical importance and products that are formed from the interaction. It concludes that while there are five total interaction types, only these three occur within the diagnostic energy range commonly used in medical imaging.
1 radiation detection and measurement
The document discusses types of radiation detectors, including gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and GM counters, and how they are used in medical applications. It covers concepts like detection methods, operating modes, dead time, and how detector performance is affected by high count rates. The goal is to classify detectors used in various departments like nuclear medicine.
X rays
The document discusses X-rays, including their history, generation, applications, and challenges. It provides details on how Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with electron beams. X-rays are generated when high-energy electrons strike an anode target, releasing 1% of their kinetic energy as X-rays. X-rays are used widely in medicine for diagnostic imaging like bone structure imaging, as well as in security screening, scientific research, and archaeology. However, diagnostic X-ray radiation poses cancer and tumor risks if overexposed.
Razele x tradus
The document summarizes the discovery and properties of X-rays. It discusses how X-rays were accidentally discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen during an experiment with vacuum tubes. It describes that X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with penetration power proportional to wavelength. The document also distinguishes between soft and hard X-rays based on photon energy and discusses some common medical and security uses of X-rays today.
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The document discusses the key components of an X-ray production system, including the cathode, anode, generator, and tube rating charts. The cathode emits electrons via a heated filament towards the anode. X-rays are produced when electrons collide with the anode. Generators supply power to heat the cathode and accelerate electrons. Tube rating charts indicate safe operating limits based on heat loading to prevent damage. Automatic exposure control uses radiation detectors to optimize exposure time based on patient thickness.
X ray
X-rays are produced when high-velocity electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. X-rays have short wavelengths and can penetrate materials, existing as either soft or hard X-rays depending on their energy level. They are used in medical imaging and diagnostics to detect broken bones or other internal issues but also present certain radiation hazards if not used safely. Precautions like protective lead coats and dosimeters are necessary when working with X-ray equipment.
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The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray tube. It describes the protective housing, cathode assembly made of thoriated tungsten, common anode materials like copper and molybdenum, and rotating versus stationary anodes. It also covers topics like the focal spot where electrons hit the anode, line-focus principle, heel effect, space charge effect, methods of heat transfer, voltage rectification, bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation production, and how x-ray interaction varies with energy.
X ray physics part I
Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen was a German physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895. He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery. Röentgen discovered x-rays accidentally while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed a fluorescent glow coming from a nearby screen and realized some new type of radiation was causing this. When he placed his wife's hand on photographic plates and exposed them to this radiation, the outline of bones in her hand appeared on the developed plate. This led him to name this new type of radiation "x-rays".
Basic radiation 061706
This document provides an overview of basic radiation concepts including:
1) It describes different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation and how they interact with matter.
2) It discusses radiation safety principles such as minimizing time, distance, and using shielding to reduce radiation exposure.
3) It explains why we need to measure radiation today including uses in medicine, industry, and to detect potential radiological threats from lost radioactive sources or radiological dispersion devices.
X Rays Ppt
The document discusses x-rays, how they produce images, and their risks and benefits. It explains that x-rays are electromagnetic waves that can pass through tissues at different levels, exposing film to create internal images of the body. German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with vacuum tubes. Lead shields are used during x-rays to block radiation and prevent long-term exposure, as x-rays can detect health problems. The document identifies different bones and joints visible in sample x-ray images.
Fluoroscopy presentation
The document summarizes the components and functioning of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses x-rays to visualize the motion of internal structures in real-time. It consists of an x-ray generator, tube, collimator, filters, table, grid, image intensifier, optical coupling and television system. The image intensifier converts x-rays into light photons, which are converted into an electronic signal via a television camera or CCD and displayed on a monitor. Spot films can also be obtained from fluoroscopy for later examination.
L12 Shielding
This document discusses key considerations for designing radiation shielding in diagnostic radiology facilities. It outlines parameters to calculate shielding needs such as workload, occupancy, beam direction and tube leakage. Common shielding materials like lead, concrete and gypsum are described. The importance of continuity, integrity and quality control of the shielding installation is emphasized through inspection and record keeping.
X-ray
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate opaque objects and are used in medical imaging and crystallography. They have wavelengths between 10 nanometers and 100 picometers. Common medical applications of x-rays include CT scanners, bone x-rays, linear accelerators, and backscatter x-rays. A CT scanner uses x-rays and a rotating tube to take multiple images from different angles and compiles them with a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the body.
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This document discusses x-ray physics and the process of producing radiographs. It begins with a brief history of x-rays being discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. It then describes how x-rays are produced in an x-ray machine through heating a filament which releases electrons that hit a target, producing x-rays. These x-rays pass through the patient and expose radiographic film, forming an image based on absorption and scattering. The film is then developed through a process of developing, fixing, washing and drying to produce the final radiograph.
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive tracers and imaging technology to diagnose and treat diseases. There are two main types of nuclear imaging - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). PET provides higher resolution images with short scan times, while SPECT is more widely used and less expensive, with longer-lasting radioactive tracers. Nuclear imaging offers unique functional and molecular information not available through other techniques like X-ray and CT scans, enabling early disease detection. It can evaluate organ function and metabolism to identify issues.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF X.pptx BY MANOJ MANDAL(1).pptx
This document provides information about x-rays and the components responsible for their production. It discusses the history of x-ray discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. It then describes the key components of an x-ray tube, including the cathode which emits electrons, and the anode which converts the electron energy into x-rays. The document explains how tungsten is commonly used for the filament and target due to its high melting point and ability to efficiently produce x-rays. It also discusses factors like focal spot size and line focus principle which allow controlling the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
Production of x rays
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode by a high voltage potential. Some electrons interact with atoms in the anode, producing x-ray photons. X-rays have different energies depending on the target material and voltage used. Additional filtration is often applied to produce clinically useful x-ray beams. Exposure factors like voltage, current, and time determine the quantity and quality of the emitted x-rays. X-rays are used to generate medical images by exploiting their ability to pass through and be absorbed by different tissues.
X ray
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
X ray physics
This document provides an overview of x-ray physics and the x-ray imaging process. It describes how x-rays are produced via an x-ray tube, how they interact with the patient's tissues to form an image based on absorption and scattering, and how the resulting latent image is developed and processed on radiographic film or digital detectors. The key factors that influence image formation including kilovoltage, milliamperage, distance and density/atomic number of tissues are also summarized.
Linear accelator
Linear accelerators (LINACs) are commonly used for external beam radiation therapy. [LINACs] use microwave technology to accelerate electrons which are then directed at a metal target to produce high-energy x-rays. Key LINAC components include an electron gun, accelerator structure in the gantry, and a treatment head housing components like collimators and flattening filters to shape the beam. LINACs have advanced over generations from early isocentric units to today's computer-driven systems that provide wide ranges of energy and precision treatment capabilities like IMRT.
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X rays
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials and are used in medical imaging to see inside the body. Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed a fluorescent screen glowing nearby even when covered, and realized the rays could pass through some materials but not others like bone. This allowed him to see the outline of bones in his hand, demonstrating their medical application. Today, X-rays are widely used in medicine, industry, and research due to their ability to penetrate soft tissue while being blocked by denser materials like bones and metals.
Interactions of x rays with matter.
This presentation discusses the interaction of x-rays with matter. It begins by introducing x-rays and their discovery. It then explains how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube and describes the three main types of interaction that occur between x-rays and matter in diagnostic medical imaging: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. For each interaction type, the presentation outlines the clinical importance and products that are formed from the interaction. It concludes that while there are five total interaction types, only these three occur within the diagnostic energy range commonly used in medical imaging.
1 radiation detection and measurement
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Radiation physics -
Basic consideration
Composition of matter
Nature of radiation
X- Ray machine
Production of x-rays
Factors controlling the x-ray beam
Effect of interaction of x-rays with matter
Photoelectric absorption
Reference
Radiation and the universe (summary of AQA module)
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and its uses. It begins by describing the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma waves. Gamma and X-rays are described as highly penetrating and used for sterilization and cancer treatment. Light and ultraviolet waves are discussed next along with their properties. Infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are then covered, noting their uses in heating, communications, and transmitting over long distances. The remainder of the document details digital and analog signals, types of nuclear radiation including alpha and beta particles and gamma rays, radioactive decay and half-life, and applications of radioactivity. It concludes by discussing the expanding universe, the Big Bang theory, and challenges of observing space from Earth.
xraysppt-02.pdf
The document discusses x-rays, including how they produce images by penetrating materials to varying degrees and exposing film, their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, and the purposes and risks of x-rays in medical imaging. It then identifies different bones and joints visible in sample x-ray images, such as the ribs, cranium, arm, leg, shoulder, wrist, and a dislocated shoulder.
Radiation physics
This document discusses radiation physics and x-rays. It defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and describes how ionizing radiation can be detected with Geiger counters. It outlines the types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their ability to penetrate matter. The document also discusses the uses of radiation in medicine, communication, and science. It describes the properties and production of x-rays, including the discovery of x-rays and interactions between x-rays and matter like the photoelectric effect and Compton effect.
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X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Rontgen. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that are used widely in medicine for diagnostic purposes. An X-ray machine works by using a high voltage source to accelerate electrons toward a metal anode, producing X-rays. The three main components of an X-ray machine are the vacuum tube, high voltage power source, and operating console. X-rays are used for various medical purposes like radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and radiation therapy. While non-invasive and useful, X-rays also carry risks due to radiation exposure.
Di luzio sara_clil
The document summarizes the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of different types of electromagnetic radiation organized by wavelength. It describes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. For each type of radiation, it provides details on wavelength range and common uses. It also discusses how the Fermi Space Telescope is being used to study astrophysical phenomena through gamma-ray astronomy observations.
CLIL - The electromagnetic spectrum
The document summarizes the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of different types of electromagnetic radiation ordered by wavelength. It discusses radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. For each type of radiation, it provides details on wavelength ranges, how they are produced and used, and examples of applications. It concludes by discussing how the Fermi Space Telescope is used to study astrophysical phenomena like active galactic nuclei through gamma-ray astronomy observations.
CLIL - The electromagnetic spectrum
The document summarizes the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of different types of electromagnetic radiation ordered by wavelength. It describes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. For each type of radiation, it provides details on wavelength ranges, how they are produced and used, and examples of applications. It also briefly describes the Fermi Space Telescope and its use in gamma-ray astronomy observations to study astrophysical phenomena such as active galactic nuclei and dark matter.
Nuclear Radiation.pptx
The document discusses the history and discovery of nuclear radiation. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896 when he found that uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy. He determined there were three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The Curies later discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium by finding that uranium ore was more radioactive than pure uranium. Ernest Rutherford classified the three types of radiation based on their ability to penetrate matter.
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Radiation and the universe (summary of AQA module)
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life cycle of a star
Stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. Nuclear fusion reactions at the center of stars provide energy, allowing them to shine brightly for many years. As stars age and exhaust their hydrogen fuel supply, they evolve through later stages such as red giants, red dwarfs, and white dwarfs. The death of very massive stars occurs in supernova explosions, which may result in the formation of neutron stars or black holes.
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Light exhibits several key properties when interacting with matter. These properties include reflection, where light bounces off surfaces; refraction, the bending of light when changing mediums; scattering, where light is redirected in many directions upon interacting with particles; and dispersion, the splitting of white light into the visible color spectrum. Interference occurs when waves combine to form a new wave, diffraction is the spreading of light passing through narrow openings, and total internal reflection fully reflects light within a medium at certain angles. Polarization also transforms unpolarized light into polarized light.
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Learning plateau occurs when a learner stops improving despite continued practice or instruction. There are several potential causes for a learning plateau including lack of motivation, ineffective practice methods, failure to set new goals, and not receiving feedback to identify errors. A learner can overcome a plateau by changing up their practice routine, seeking feedback, setting new challenging goals, and finding ways to stay motivated.
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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(Work in progress.)
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ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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formation of complex
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Complex titration with EDTA.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
x-rays
- 1. PRESENTED BY NAVYASREE M KEYI SAHIB B.Ed. TRAINING COLLEGE
- 2. X-rays X-rays are a form of electro magnetic radiation. They belong to the short wavelength ,high frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum, between gamma and the ultraviolet radiation. They have wavelength in the range of 10nm-0.01nm .
- 4. Discovery
- 5. X-rays were discovered in 8th November in 1895 when Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, a German professor of physics was working with cathode ray tube in his laboratory.
- 6. Types of x-rays Soft x-rays Photon energies below 10 Kev Hard x-rays Photon energies above 10 Kev
- 9. 2 X-rays are electrically neutral
- 10. 3 X-rays travel at the speed of light in vacuum
- 11. 4 X-rays form a heterogeneous beam
- 12. 5 X-rays have no mass
- 13. 6 X-rays cannot be optically focused
- 14. 7 X-rays travel in straight line
- 15. 8 X-rays can be absorbed or scattered by tissue in the human body
- 16. 9 X-rays can cause chemical and biological damage to living tissue
- 17. X-rays cause chemical changes to occur in radiographic and photographic films 10
- 18. Thank you