Its a theoretical content for Pharmacy graduates, post graduates in pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy And also M Sc Instrumentation, UG and PG of Ayurveda medical students, MS etc.
Introduction to Activation analysis using Neutron
Baisc Principle of NAA
Instrumental NAA
Characteristics of INAA
Advantages, Limitation and Applications of INNA
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
Presentation on environmental science notesNeetuJoshi20
There are two main XRF methodologies - Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) and Wavelength Dispersive XRF (WDXRF). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The range of detectable elements varies according to instrument configuration and set up, but typically EDXRF covers all elements from sodium (Na) to uranium (U), whilst WDXRF can extend this down to beryllium (Be). Concentrations can range from 100% down to ppm and in some cases sub-ppm levels. Limits of detection depend upon the specific element and the sample matrix, but as a general rule, heavier elements will have better detection limits.
XRF is widely used as a fast characterization tool in many analytical labs across the world, for applications as
Introduction to Activation analysis using Neutron
Baisc Principle of NAA
Instrumental NAA
Characteristics of INAA
Advantages, Limitation and Applications of INNA
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
Presentation on environmental science notesNeetuJoshi20
There are two main XRF methodologies - Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) and Wavelength Dispersive XRF (WDXRF). Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The range of detectable elements varies according to instrument configuration and set up, but typically EDXRF covers all elements from sodium (Na) to uranium (U), whilst WDXRF can extend this down to beryllium (Be). Concentrations can range from 100% down to ppm and in some cases sub-ppm levels. Limits of detection depend upon the specific element and the sample matrix, but as a general rule, heavier elements will have better detection limits.
XRF is widely used as a fast characterization tool in many analytical labs across the world, for applications as
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in all its forms with the matter. The interaction might give rise to electronic excitations, (e.g. UV), molecular vibrations (e.g. IR) or nuclear spin orientations (e.g. NMR). Thus Spectroscopy is the science of the interaction of energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), acoustic waves, or particle beams, with the matter.
Here in this article, the matter is studied in further detail.
In mineral science, there are several analytical instruments used for various purpose, viz…
Scanning electron microscopy
X-ray diffraction
Transmission electron microscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
Electron microprobe analysis
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Atomic force microscopy
Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) is a specialized type of flow cytometry used for sorting and analyzing a heterogeneous mixture of cells into different sub- populations based on the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics (from the specific labels) of each cell.
Theme of Pharmacist Day 2021 - Trust building process in patients at hospitals and community pharmacies. It briefly explain the education and skills of pharmacists in healthcare. It may useful for practicing pharmacists with D Pharm , B Pharm and Pharm D .
PVPI is a structured program for controlling drugs and their related effects. It is a rate-limiting step in drug usage in clinical practice, a step towards patient safety.
Just an attempt to promote pharmacy practice in India. It helps for the students and professionals of pharmacy in healthcare, especially Doctor of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice students
EVALUATION OF GLYCEMIC RESPONSE OF ADDITION OF PIOGLITAZONE TO GLIBENCLAMIDE...Nani Karnam Vinayakam
Retrospective study of Antidiabetic drugs in Diabetes Mellitus patients. It help in for Pharmacy graduates, Pharm D Students, M Pharm -pharmacy practice students , hospital pharmacists & Clinical Pharmacists around the globe.
It help for students Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D), M Pharm -Pharmacy Practice, Bachelor of Pharmacy ,Diploma pharmacy, working pharmacist i.e community, hospital and clinical pharmacist - Scope of pharmacy and skills required to be success in pharmacy practice. It is produced and presented as a part of a part of " SKILL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING PROGRAM-2015" on 17 06 2015 as a part of Technical Session -II sponsored by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Tirupati to the students of Sri Padmavathi Polytechnic Tirupati to bring a Co-Ordination between education and employability potentials in corporate sector.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
K V GOPINATH M Pharm PhD,CPhT
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
TIRUPATI
e-mail:gopinath.karnam@gmail.com
2. Introduction
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is an elemental analysis
technique with broad application in science and industry.
XRF is routinely used for the simultaneous determination of
elemental composition and film thickness.
Modern XRF instruments are capable of analyzing solid, liquid, and
thin-film samples for both major and trace (ppm-level) components.
The analysis is rapid and usually sample preparation is minimal or
not required at all.
3. Principle
XRF is based on the principle that individual atoms, when excited by
an external energy source, emit X-ray photons of a characteristic
energy or wavelength. By counting the number of photons of each
energy emitted from a sample, the elements present may be identified
and quantitated.
Theory
When an electron beam of high energy strikes a material, one
of the results of the interaction is the emission of photons which have
a broad continuum of energies. This radiation, called “braking
radiation”, is the result of the deceleration of the electrons inside the
material. The bremsstrahlung continuum is illustrated as a function of
electron acceleration voltages for a molybdenum target .
4. Theory of XRF
Another result of the interaction between the electron beam and the
material is the ejection of photoelectrons from the inner shells of the
atoms making up the material. These photoelectrons leave with a
kinetic energy (E-φ) which is the difference in energy between that
of the incident particle (E) and the binding energy (φ) of the atomic
electron. This ejected electron leaves a “hole” in the electronic
structure of the atom, and after a brief period, the atomic electrons
rearrange, with an electron from a higher energy shell filling the
vacancy. By way of this relaxation the atom undergoes fluorescence,
or the emission of an X-ray photon whose energy is equal to the
difference in energies of the initial and final states. Detecting this
photon and measuring its energy allows us to determine the element
and specific electronic transition from which it originated
5. Instrumentation
Most of the XRF instruments in use today fall into two categories:
energy-dispersive (ED) and wavelength-dispersive (WD)
spectrometers.
Within these two categories is a tremendous variety of differing
configurations, X-ray sources and optics, and detector technologies.
WD Spectrometers :The instrument operates based on the principle
of Bragg diffraction of a collimated X-ray beam, in this case the
beam emanating from the sample. A detector is angularly scanned
relative to the analyzing crystal, registering the spectrum.
Energy Dispersive (ED): The entire polychromatic spectrum from
the sample is incident upon a detector that is capable of registering
the energy of each photon that strikes it. The detector electronics and
data system then build the X-ray spectrum as a histogram, with
number of counts versus energy.
6. Instrumentation
1) X-ray irradiates specimen
2) Specimen emits characteristic
X-rays or XRF
3) Analyzing crystal rotates to
accurately reflect each
wavelength and satisfy
Bragg’s Law n =2dsinƛ θ
4) Detector measures position and
intensity of XRF peaks
5) XRF is diffracted by a
crystal at different θ to
separate X-ray l and to
identify elements
7. By Laue Method - To Determine the
Orientation of Single Crystals
Back-reflection Laue
Transmission Laue
9. Advantages of XRF
XRF is a versatile, rapid technique .
It is non destructive method of chemical analysis. Important as in
case of samples in limited amounts, or valuable or irreplaceable.
It is precise and with skilled operations it is accurate.
Applicable to a wide variety of samples from powders to liquids.
It is convenient and economical to use.
With the major input cost being the hardware itself, which averages
around $75,000 for a modern industrial-use spectrometer or
$125,000 for a research-quality instrument.
The instruments have few moving parts, tend to be low-maintenance,
and on a regular basis consume only liquid nitrogen and electricity.
10. Disadvantages
Disadvantages include fairly high limits of detection (LODs) when
compared to other methods.
Possibility of matrix effects, although these can usually be accounted
for using software-based correction procedures. LODs for graphite
furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) beat XRF by
several orders of magnitude, but analyses can exhibit substantial
matrix effects. GFAAS is also relatively slow, with one element
determined at a time, and is destructive
PXRF instruments are capable of producing results comparable in
many ways to the lab-based XRF at a fraction of the cost. PXRF
instruments can be purchased for about $30,000 to $50,000 complete
with vacuum systems, sample changer, and accompanying
computer.
11. Applications of XRF
It is a method of elemental (metal and Non metal ) analysis with
atomic number greater than 12.
Quantitative analysis can be carried out by measuring the intensity of
fluorescence at the wavelength characteristics of the element being
determined, especially applicable to most of the element in the
periodic table.
In medicine
– Direct determination of sulfur in protein. The sulfur content of each of the many
different forms in which protein exists in human blood varies considerably.
– XRF indicates protein distribution and provides a diagnostic link for the medical
practitioner.
– Determination of chloride in blood serum
– Determination of strontium in blood serum and bone tissue
– Elemental analysis of tissues, bones and body fluids.
– It is used for determination of trace elements in plants and foods.
– It is used for detection of pesticides on fruits and herbal drugs