The document provides an overview of writing an argument. It defines an argument and explains that an argument seeks to convince a reader by appealing to reason, emotions, or ethics. It also discusses coming up with a claim, considering your audience and purpose, templates for arguing, organizing an argument by stating your claim and supporting it with evidence, and establishing your own credibility.
A narrative essay means telling a story. Every time you tell a story to a friend, relative or co-worker, it is a verbal narrative essay of its kind. every essay discloses a certain point of view, your point of view if, of course, that is you who are the narrator.
English Language - Argumentative Writing Goh Bang Rui
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These slides are used to explain the idea of writing an argumentative essay for English Language. Students are introduced to the concept of writing an argumentative essay and then expected to write a speech based on three appeals to the audience - logos, pathos and ethos. From there, they are to write an argumentative essay. These slides also explain the concept of evidence and its various examples.
If you have any feedback, please comment and like it if you find it useful.
COMPOSITION NO. 4 PERSUASIVE ESSAY A persuasive essay LynellBull52
COMPOSITION NO. 4: PERSUASIVE ESSAY
A persuasive essay is an essay written to convince an audience to think in a certain to way or to take an
action. A good persuasive essay presents arguments, shows evidence, and appeals responsibly to the
emotions of its audience. Because different audiences respond to different arguments and varying
emotional appeals, a persuasive essay must build its case forcefully and intelligently for its audience.
Guidelines for Achievement
A persuasive essay:
• begins with a concise statement of position on an issue that will interest the audience.
• presents its points clearly and logically.
• supports its position with valid evidence and logical arguments (facts, statistics,
examples, reasons, expert opinions) and responsible appeals to emotion.
• addresses an audience whose views probably differ from the writer’s.
• anticipates opposing arguments.
• ends in a way that prompts readers to change their thinking or to take a certain course of
action.
What Issue Should I Write About?
The point of a persuasive essay is to change your readers’ minds. If all your readers already agree with
you about an issue or a debate resolution, then whom are you persuading? If you have not already been
assigned a topic and wish to find one that hits a nerve, try any of these strategies:
1. Scan the editorial pages of your newspaper for a controversial issue such as a social or political
problem that affects you or someone
2. Research some of the ethical dilemmas arising from technological or scientific advances such as
genetic research.
3. Tune in to a radio talk show and list the gripes that callers have. Is there a caller to whom you would
like to respond?
4. Conduct a class survey to find out what issues are of concern to your peers.
Developing Thesis Statements
Once you have chosen an issue, you must develop your position, or thesis statement. Developing your
thesis statement right away will help you focus on your issue as you draft your essay. You should include
your thesis statement in the introduction of your essay to let your readers know what issue you have
chosen and what your position is. Narrow your position to one strong, clear statement incorporating as
usual topic, purpose and method. One way to formulate your position and focus on an issue is to ask
yourself the question “What should be done about it?” Keep revising your answer until you can state your
conclusion in one sentence.
Once you have formulated your thesis statement you are ready to begin developing the body of your
paper.
What Should I Include in My Essay?
You should begin your essay by defining the debate resolution or issue you will address. Try to use facts
examples, anecdotes, or statistics to show your readers what the issue entails and why it is important If
you have chosen a controversial issue, summarize the controversy. Then state your position, and develop ...
A narrative essay means telling a story. Every time you tell a story to a friend, relative or co-worker, it is a verbal narrative essay of its kind. every essay discloses a certain point of view, your point of view if, of course, that is you who are the narrator.
English Language - Argumentative Writing Goh Bang Rui
Follow me now on slideshare
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to explain the idea of writing an argumentative essay for English Language. Students are introduced to the concept of writing an argumentative essay and then expected to write a speech based on three appeals to the audience - logos, pathos and ethos. From there, they are to write an argumentative essay. These slides also explain the concept of evidence and its various examples.
If you have any feedback, please comment and like it if you find it useful.
COMPOSITION NO. 4 PERSUASIVE ESSAY A persuasive essay LynellBull52
COMPOSITION NO. 4: PERSUASIVE ESSAY
A persuasive essay is an essay written to convince an audience to think in a certain to way or to take an
action. A good persuasive essay presents arguments, shows evidence, and appeals responsibly to the
emotions of its audience. Because different audiences respond to different arguments and varying
emotional appeals, a persuasive essay must build its case forcefully and intelligently for its audience.
Guidelines for Achievement
A persuasive essay:
• begins with a concise statement of position on an issue that will interest the audience.
• presents its points clearly and logically.
• supports its position with valid evidence and logical arguments (facts, statistics,
examples, reasons, expert opinions) and responsible appeals to emotion.
• addresses an audience whose views probably differ from the writer’s.
• anticipates opposing arguments.
• ends in a way that prompts readers to change their thinking or to take a certain course of
action.
What Issue Should I Write About?
The point of a persuasive essay is to change your readers’ minds. If all your readers already agree with
you about an issue or a debate resolution, then whom are you persuading? If you have not already been
assigned a topic and wish to find one that hits a nerve, try any of these strategies:
1. Scan the editorial pages of your newspaper for a controversial issue such as a social or political
problem that affects you or someone
2. Research some of the ethical dilemmas arising from technological or scientific advances such as
genetic research.
3. Tune in to a radio talk show and list the gripes that callers have. Is there a caller to whom you would
like to respond?
4. Conduct a class survey to find out what issues are of concern to your peers.
Developing Thesis Statements
Once you have chosen an issue, you must develop your position, or thesis statement. Developing your
thesis statement right away will help you focus on your issue as you draft your essay. You should include
your thesis statement in the introduction of your essay to let your readers know what issue you have
chosen and what your position is. Narrow your position to one strong, clear statement incorporating as
usual topic, purpose and method. One way to formulate your position and focus on an issue is to ask
yourself the question “What should be done about it?” Keep revising your answer until you can state your
conclusion in one sentence.
Once you have formulated your thesis statement you are ready to begin developing the body of your
paper.
What Should I Include in My Essay?
You should begin your essay by defining the debate resolution or issue you will address. Try to use facts
examples, anecdotes, or statistics to show your readers what the issue entails and why it is important If
you have chosen a controversial issue, summarize the controversy. Then state your position, and develop ...
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
Assignment 3 Persuasion Versus JudgmentConsider various guideli.docxrock73
Assignment 3: Persuasion Versus Judgment
Consider various guidelines for approaching controversial topics, gathering evidence, forming judgments, and constructing arguments to persuade others to agree with our judgments.
For this short assignment:
Think about the processes of forming a judgment and persuading others in your professional environment. Construct a 2- to 3-paragraph essay intended to persuade someone to agree with your position on a particular topic. Be sure to identify the topic and cite and explain the evidence you consider supportive of your position.
Make reference to the 11 guidelines for constructing persuasive arguments, and apply two to three of them in your response.
GUIDELINE 1: RESPECT YOUR AUDIENCE
This guideline may sound idealistic, but it is eminently practical. If you believe the people you are trying to persuade are doltish or intellectually dishonest, you are bound to betray that belief, if not directly then indirectly in your tone or choice of words. Moreover, they will generally sense your disparaging view of them and feel hurt or resentful, hardly the kind of reaction that will make them open to persuasion.
GUIDELINE 2: UNDERSTAND YOUR AUDIENCE’S VIEWPOINT
Many people make the mistake of thinking that knowing their own viewpoint is all that is necessary to be persuasive. “What my readers think about the issue is really irrelevant,” they reason. “All that matters is what I’m going to get them to think.” In addition to being pompous, this attitude ignores two crucial points. First, people’s views matter very much to them, and when others refuse to acknowledge this fact they feel offended. Second, we must know where people stand before we can hope to reach them.
Situation 1: You are writing for a single reader who has presented his or her ideas in an article, book, speech, or conversation. Review what your reader said, noting not only the person’s position but also the reasoning that supports it. Determine both the strengths and the weaknesses of the person’s position.
Situation 2: You are writing for a single reader who has not, to your knowledge, expressed a view on the issue in question. Suppose, for example, you are writing a letter to the president of a company objecting to
GUIDELINE 3: BEGIN FROM A POSITION YOU HAVE IN COMMON WITH YOUR READERS
Beginning from a position of agreement with your reader is not an arbitrary requirement or a matter of courtesy or good form. It is a simple matter of psychology. If you begin by saying—in effect, if not directly—”Look here, you are wrong, and I’m going to show you,” you push your readers to defensive if not outright hostile reactions. They are likely to read the rest of your paper thinking not of what you are saying but of ways to refute it, concerned with measuring only the weaknesses of your argument. And if they are unreasonable and unbalanced in their reading, the fault will be more yours than theirs.
GUIDELINE 4: TAKE A POSITIVE APPROACH
Whenever possible, b ...
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2. Argument Definition
An argument makes a case or proves a point. It seeks to
convince someone to act in a certain way or to believe in the truth or validity of a
statement or CLAIM. According to traditional definitions of argumentation and persuasion,
a writer can convince a reader in one of three ways: by appealing
to reason, by appealing to the reader’s emotions,
or by appealing to the reader’s sense of ethics.
3. ARGUMENT is the strategic use of language to convince an AUDIENCE to
agree with you on an issue or to act in a way that you think is right— or at
least to hear you out, even if they disagree with you. You can convince people
in three ways: (1) by appealing to their sense of reason, (2) by appealing to their
emotions, and (3) by appealing to their sense of ethics (their standards of what
constitutes proper behavior)..
4. Coming Up with a Claim
Unlike a statement of fact (broccoli is a vegetable) or personal taste (I hate
broccoli), a CLAIM is a statement that is debatable, that rational people can dis-
agree with. We can all agree, for example, that pop culture has something to
teach us. We might reasonably disagree, however, on what those lessons are. To
come up with a claim, think of issues that are debatable: Batman is
(is not) a sterling model of ethical behavior. Broccoli provides (does
not provide) more health benefits than any other vegetable. Ge ne tic
factors are (are not) the main determiners of personality. The risks
of climate change have (have not) been exaggerated by the scientific community.
Before you decide on a par tic u lar claim, make sure it is one you actually care
about enough to argue it persuasively. If you don’t care much about your topic,
your readers probably won’t either.
5. Considering Your Purpose and Audience
The PURPOSE of an argument is to convince other people to listen thoughtfully
to what you have to say— even if they don’t completely accept your views.
What ever your claim, your argument is more likely to appeal to your audience
if it is tailored to their par tic u lar needs and interests. Suppose, for example, that
you have a friend who habitually sends text messages while driving even though
she knows it’s dangerous. You think your friend should put down her phone
while driving— or pull over when she needs to text. Your friend might be more
likely to agree with you if, in addition to citing statistics on increased traffic
deaths due to driving while texting, you also pointed out that she was setting a
bad example for her younger sister.
So think about what your audience’s views on the particular issue are likely
to be. Of all the evidence you might present in support of your case, what kind
would your intended readers most likely find reasonable and, thus, convincing?
6. Templates for Arguing
The following templates can help you to generate ideas for an argument and
then to start drafting. Don’t take these as formulas where you just have to fill in
the blanks. There are no easy formulas for good writing, though these templates
can help you plot out some of the key moves of argumentation and thus may
serve as good starting points.
In this argument about X, the main point I want to make is
.
▶ Others may say , but I would argue that ________.
▶ My contention about X is supported by the fact that ________.
▶ Additional facts that support this view of X are ____ ,____ ,
and ________.
▶ My own experience with X shows that ______ because_______ .
▶ My view of X is supported by _______, who says that X is ________.
▶ What you should do about X is ________.
7. Organizing an Argument
Any well- constructed argument is organized around a claim and support for
that claim. Here is a straightforward plan that can be effective for most argument essays.
You may, of course, need to supplement or modify this plan to fit a particular topic.
1. In your introduction, identify your topic and state your claim clearly.
Indicate why you’re making this claim and why the reader should be interested in it. Make
sure your topic is narrow enough to be covered in the time and space allotted.
2. In the main body of your argument, introduce an important example, or a solid piece
of evidence, that is likely to catch your reader’s attention;
then use a clear, logical organization to present the rest of your support.
For example, move from your weakest point to your strongest. Or vice versa.
3. Deal with counterarguments at appropriate points throughout your
essay.
4. In the conclusion, restate your claim— and why you’re making it— and
sum up how the evidence supports that claim.
8. Establishing Your Own Credibility
When you construct an argument, you can demonstrate with irrefutable logic
that what you have to say is valid and true. And you can appeal to your readers’
emotions with genuine fervor. Your words may still fall on deaf ears, however, if
your readers don’t fully trust you.
Here are a few tips to help you establish trust:
• Present issues objectively. Acknowledge opposing points of view, and treat
them fairly and accurately. If you have experience or expertise in your
subject, let your readers know. For example, Kristof tells his readers, “My
views on sweatshops are shaped by years living in East Asia, watching as
living standards soared— including those in my wife’s ancestral village in
southern China— because of sweatshop jobs.”
• Pay close attention to the TONE of your argument. Whether you come across
as calm and reasonable or full of righteous anger, your tone will say much
about your own values and motives for writing— and about you as a person.
• Convince your readers that they are listening to the words of a moral and
ethical person who shares their values and understands their concerns.