ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
Argumentative
Opinions
Purpose
ARGUMENTATIVE
• Used to persuade the
reader that your opinion is
correct
Purpose
ARGUMENTATIVE
• Used to persuade the
reader that your opinion is
correct
• Opinion is clearly stated,
rather than appearing
neutral.
Focus
Focused on an
OPINIONa debatable claim
Convince
your readers
Convince
of the validity of your opinion using
your readers
Concrete Evidence
Studies
Concrete Evidence
Studies News
Articles
Concrete Evidence
Studies News
Articles
Expert
Opinions
Concrete Evidence
Studies News
Articles
Expert
Opinions
Statistics,
etc.
3 Questions
What real-
world
examples can
I use to support
my thesis
statement?
3 Questions
What real-
world
examples can
I use to support
my thesis
statement?
What experts
in the field
might agree
with me?
3 Questions
What real-
world
examples can
I use to support
my thesis
statement?
What experts
in the field
might agree
with me?
How can I
address and
refute the
opposition’s
claims?
Structure
Introduction
Structure
Introduction Body
Structure
Introduction Body Conclusion
Introduction
Leads the reader to your
opinion
on the topic,
Para
graph
1
Introduction
which is clearly stated in a
thesis statement of
1-3sentences
Leads the reader to your
opinion
on the topic,
Para
graph
1
Thesis Statement
is your
CLAIM
Your claim
is your
your position or stand on the issue
Your claim
is your
your position or stand on the issue
What view you
want your readers to
accept
Your claim
is your
your position or stand on the issue
What view you
want your readers to
accept
What action you
want your readers to
take
Body
Discusses the ways in which
external sources (eg.
studies, news articles,
journals, interviews, etc.)
are evidence
that support your thesis
statement.
Para
graph
2
Para
graph
3
Para
graph
4
Body
Discusses the ways in which
external sources (eg.
studies, news articles,
journals, interviews, etc.)
are evidence
that support your thesis
statement.
Refutes
opposing arguments,
saying why counterarguments
are incorrect.
Para
graph
2
Para
graph
3
Para
graph
4
Explanation
and
of your claim to explain
Justification
Explanation
and
of your claim to explain
Justification
Why?
Explanation
and
of your claim to explain
Justification
Why? How?
EVIDENCE
You will need
which are credible.
Credibility
depends on
Relevant to the
topic
Credibility
depends on
Relevant to the
topic
Provided by a
credible source (an
expert in the field)
Credibility
depends on
Relevant to the
topic
Provided by a
credible source (an
expert in the field)
Reputable
(i.e.available contact
information, up-to-
date source etc.)
Opposition
Address
opinions
that may
oppose
your claims
Opposition
Address
opinions
that may
oppose
your claims
Understand
differing
viewpoints
Rebuttal
Refutes
differing
viewpoints
with logical
evidence and
reasons
Rebuttal
Refutes
differing
viewpoints
with logical
evidence and
reasons
Uses the opposition’s
reasons to win your
own argument (i.e.
find areas of
weakness or
irrational logic
in their argument to
strengthen your own)
Rebuttal
Refutes
differing
viewpoints
with logical
evidence and
reasons
Uses the opposition’s
reasons to win your
own argument (i.e.
find areas of
weakness or
irrational logic
in their argument to
strengthen your own)
Let them see
your side
Appeal
to Audience
Ethos
–
Credibility
Pathos
–
Emotions
Logos
–
Logic
Aristotle developed
these 3 appeals to
audience which are
often used in
arguments.
Ethos
Ethos (Greek for
'character') refers to the
trustworthiness or
credibility of the writer or
speaker.
Ethos
Ethos (Greek for
'character') refers to the
trustworthiness or
credibility of the writer or
speaker.
Ethos is built through
honesty.
Pathos
Pathos (Greek for 'suffering'
or 'experience') is often
associated with emotional
appeal.
Pathos
Pathos (Greek for 'suffering'
or 'experience') is often
associated with emotional
appeal.
Pathos pulls on the
heartstrings of your
audience to take action.
Logos
Logos (Greek for 'word')
refers to the message
internal consistency
• clarity of the claim
• logic of its reasons
• effectiveness of its
supporting evidence
Logos
Logos (Greek for 'word')
refers to the message
internal consistency
• clarity of the claim
• logic of its reasons
• effectiveness of its
supporting evidence
Logos refers to the logic.
Conclusion
Restates overall
argument
and gives a sense of closure.
Para
graph
5
Conclusion
Restates overall
argument
and gives a sense of closure.
Do
notintroduce a new
argument.
Para
graph
5
Remember
1
It is not enough to simply
state whether you agree/
disagree with the author or
speaker. Instead, you must
clearly articulate why you
agree/ disagree.
Remember
1
It is not enough to simply
state whether you agree/
disagree with the author or
speaker. Instead, you must
clearly articulate why you
agree/ disagree.
2
Always provide evidence
from valid external sources
(newspaper articles,
studies, interviews,
statistics, etc.) to support
your thesis.
Checklist
• Be clear
• Be focused
• Take a position
Thesis Statement
Checklist
• Be clear
• Be focused
• Take a position
Thesis Statement
• Support thesis statement using external sources
(newspaper articles, interviews, studies, statistics, etc.)
• Clearly explain how these external sources support your
thesis statement
• Refute counterarguments
Body Paragraphs
Checklist
• Be clear
• Be focused
• Take a position
Thesis Statement
• Support thesis statement using external sources
(newspaper articles, interviews, studies, statistics, etc.)
• Clearly explain how these external sources support your
thesis statement
• Refute counterarguments
Body Paragraphs
• Free of spelling, and grammar errors
• Avoid first person narration
• Overall paper is not expository
• Does not extensively summarise the text or speech
• Does not repeat what the author or speaker has already
stated
• Does not just compare and contrast
General
Created by
Goh Bang Rui
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English Language - Argumentative Writing