This document discusses how to write an argumentative paper by using claims and evidence. It defines a claim as a statement that takes a position and can be debated. There are four types of claims: claims of fact, value, cause and effect, and policy. Evidence is then used to support the claim. Six types of evidence are described: print/electronic sources, observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, and personal experience. The document provides examples and guidelines for incorporating high-quality claims and evidence into an argumentative paper.
2. “Here’s
What I
Think!”
Let’s play a game!!!
Based on the given “controversial” topics,
unmute your mic when called to defend your
side of the issue.
Odd class # - Team ‘OKAY’
Even class # - Team ‘NO WAY’
Your teacher will decide which Team wins each round.
“Here’s
What I
Think!”
3. “Here’s What I Think!” Round 1!
Start your answer by saying: “Here’s what I
think: OKAY because/NO WAY because. . .”
Odd class # - Team ‘OKAY’
Even class # - Team ‘NO WAY’
Controversial Topic 1:
Sharing your Wi-Fi password
with your neighbors. OK or NO WAY?
4. “Here’s What I Think!” Round 2!
Start your answer by saying: “Here’s what I
think: OKAY because/NO WAY because. . .”
Odd class # - Team ‘OKAY’
Even class # - Team ‘NO WAY’
Controversial Topic 2:
Posting a new selfie
everyday!
5. “Here’s What I Think!” Round 3!
Start your answer by saying: “Here’s what I
think: OKAY because/NO WAY because. . .”
Odd class # - Team ‘OKAY’
Even class # - Team ‘NO WAY’
Controversial Topic 3:
Sending questions to your
Teacher past 5 pm!
6. “Here’s What I Think!” Round 4!
Start your answer by saying: “Here’s what I
think: OKAY because/NO WAY because. . .”
Odd class # - Team ‘OKAY’
Even class # - Team ‘NO WAY’
Controversial Topic 4:
Attending online classes
in bed!
7. In that game you just
played, the indefinite
statements you had to
defend are Claims,
and the proof you used to
defend them are Evidences.
CLAIMS & EVIDENCES
8. In an Argumentative Paper (your term 2
Transfer Task!) you express an extended
argument for a particular position/
side/ thesis statement which you will
defend. You build up a case to support
it.
An Argumentative Paper is pretty
much built out of solid, reasonable
Claims and strong Evidences that
back them up.
CLAIMS & EVIDENCES
9. A claim persuades, argues, convinces,
proves, or provocatively suggests
something to a reader who may or may not
initially agree with you.
“The American colonization made Filipinos avid
consumers of Westerm media and products.”
“Taking care of pets as you grow helps you learn
empathy and concern for others.”
CLAIMS
10. A claim is the main argument of an essay. The
complexity, effectiveness, and quality of the
entire paper hinges on the claim.
A claim defines your paper’s goals, direction,and
scope, supported by evidence, quotations,
argumentation, expert opinion, statistics, and
telling details.
CLAIMS
11. When you make a claim, you are arguing for a certain
interpretation or understanding of your subject.
A good claim is specific. It makes a focused
argument.
A claim is NOT just any opinion expressed and NOT a
descriptive statement. An argumentative claim, as
the name suggests, is open-ended and discussable.
CLAIMS
12. A claim of fact makes an assertion about
something that can be proved or
disproved with factual evidence.
However, keep in mind the basic quality of
claims, that they have to be debatable,
and offer an assertion about an issue.
Example: “Online classes present more
challenges to learners than physical classes.”
CLAIM OF FACT
4 Types of Claims
13. A claim of fact makes an assertion about
something that can be proved or
disproved with factual evidence.
However, keep in mind the basic quality of
claims, that they have to be debatable,
and offer an assertion about an issue.
Example: “Online classes present more
challenges to learners than physical classes.”
CLAIM OF FACT
A claim of value argues that something is good
or bad, or that one thing is better than another
thing.
Examples:
“It’s better to apply good nutritional choices
at home than teach them at school, because
good nutrition then becomes ingrained in the
child’s experience.”
“Although immunotherapy has produced
some good results in fighting cancer, overall it is
less effective than chemotherapy.”
CLAIM OF VALUE4 Types of Claims
14. Claims of cause and effect are propositions
based on the concept that one thing
influences or causes another.
Example:
"Rap music makes its audience members
prone to violence."
To prove this, the argument must define the
terms of both the cause and the effect.
CLAIM OF CAUSE & EFFECT
4 Types of Claims
15. A claim of policy argues that certain conditions
should exist, or that something should or
should not be done, in order to solve a problem.
Examples:
“Just as smoking ads have been banned ito
decrease unhealthy behavior, soda ads should be too
for the same reason.”
“The legal voting age should be lowered to
sixteen years old, because the political
administrations affect young people as much as
adults.”
CLAIM OF POLICY
Claims of cause and effect are propositions
based on the concept that one thing
influences or causes another.
Example:
"Rap music makes its audience members
prone to violence."
To prove this, the argument must define the
terms of both the cause and the effect.
CLAIM OF CAUSE & EFFECT
4 Types of Claims
16. NOTE!
No matter what type of claim is used, it is best to
combine many types of support for that claim in order
to write a logical argument, including facts, case
studies, reasons, personal interviews, and more, as
appropriate.
17. Are they all clear to you?
Types of claims
01.
Claims of fact
02. 03. 04.
Claims of Value Claims of Policy Claims of Cause
& Effect
18. Challenge!
01.
Claims of fact
02. 03. 04.
Claims of Value Claims of Policy Claims of Cause
& Effect
Remember the short stories we read last week?
Come up with claims inspired by its themes and/or literary approaches that
relate to the world we live in today.
19. Stating claims will be useless in an
argumentative paper without proper
evidence to back it up.
Here are some examples of sources of
information and tips about how to use them
in gathering evidence.
Evidences
20. 6 Types of Evidence
Books, journals, websites,
newspapers, magazines,
and documentary films are
some of the most common
sources of evidence for
academic writing.
Print &
Electronic sources
21. 6 Types of Evidence
Sometimes you can directly
observe the thing you are interested
in, by watching, listening to,
touching, tasting, or smelling it.
If your topic was how businesses
attract traffic, you might go and
look at window displays at the mall.
Observation
Books, journals, websites,
newspapers, magazines,
and documentary films are
some of the most common
sources of evidence for
academic writing.
Print &
Electronic sources
22. 6 Types of Evidence
Sometimes you can directly
observe the thing you are interested
in, by watching, listening to,
touching, tasting, or smelling it.
If your topic was how businesses
attract traffic, you might go and
look at window displays at the mall.
Observation
An interview is a good way to
collect information that you
can’t find through any other
type of research.
An interview can provide an
expert’s opinion, biographical
or first-hand experiences, and
suggestions for further
research.
Interviews
Books, journals, websites,
newspapers, magazines,
and documentary films are
some of the most common
sources of evidence for
academic writing.
Print &
Electronic sources
23. 6 Types of Evidence
Surveys allow you to find out
some of what a group of
people thinks about a topic.
Designing an effective survey
and interpreting the data you
get can be challenging, so
it’s a good idea to check with
your instructor before
creating or administering a
survey.
Surveys
24. 6 Types of Evidence
Experimental data serve as the
primary form of scientific evidence.
For scientific experiments, you
should follow the specific guidelines
of the discipline you are studying.
For writing in other fields, more
informal experiments might be
acceptable as evidence.
Experiments
Surveys allow you to find out
some of what a group of
people thinks about a topic.
Designing an effective survey
and interpreting the data you
get can be challenging, so
it’s a good idea to check with
your instructor before
creating or administering a
survey.
Surveys
25. 6 Types of Evidence
Experimental data serve as the
primary form of scientific evidence.
For scientific experiments, you
should follow the specific guidelines
of the discipline you are studying.
For writing in other fields, more
informal experiments might be
acceptable as evidence.
Experiments
Using your own experiences
can be a powerful way to
appeal to your readers. You
should, however, use personal
experience only when it is
appropriate to your topic, your
writing goals, and your
audience.
Personal
experienceSurveys allow you to find out
some of what a group of
people thinks about a topic.
Designing an effective survey
and interpreting the data you
get can be challenging, so
it’s a good idea to check with
your instructor before
creating or administering a
survey.
Surveys
26. NOTE!
Simply providing evidence is NOT enough. You
must elaborate how and why your evidence/s
support your argument.
Consider the following questions when citing
an evidence:
1. Why is this information important? Why does
it matter?
2. What does this information imply?
3. What are the consequences of thinking this
way or looking at a problem this way?
27. NOTE!
Simply providing evidence is NOT enough. You must
elaborate how and why your evidence/s support your
argument.
Consider the following questions when citing an
evidence:
4. I’ve just described what something is like or how I
see it, but why is it like that?
5. How is this idea related to my thesis? What
connections exist between them? Does it support my
thesis? If so, how does it do that?
6. Can I give an example to illustrate this point?
28. CHALLENGE!
DEFEND THE FOLLOWING CLAIMS BY CITING EVIDENCES.
There are still cases
of inequality in social
expectations
between men and
women today.
Observation InterviewsPrint & Electronic sources
Experiments Personal experienceSurveys
29. CHALLENGE!
DEFEND THE FOLLOWING CLAIMS BY CITING EVIDENCES.
Global warming takes
a huge toll on
people’s livelihood
and lifestyles.
Observation InterviewsPrint & Electronic sources
Experiments Personal experienceSurveys
30. CHALLENGE!
DEFEND THE FOLLOWING CLAIMS BY CITING EVIDENCES.
Having less social
interactions during
quarantine can lead
to depression and
anxiety.
Observation InterviewsPrint & Electronic sources
Experiments Personal experienceSurveys
31. CREDITS:
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THANKS!
References
Oaks, S. (nd). Types of Claims. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-esc-wm-
englishcomposition1/chapter/types-of-claims/
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Evidence. Retrieved from
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/evidence/
