This document provides an overview of the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal as a means to communicate a research plan and obtain funding or authorization for a project. The document then outlines the typical sections included in a research proposal, such as the title page, abstract, introduction/background, literature review, methodology, timeline, budget, and references. It provides guidance on what to include in each section, with an emphasis on clearly presenting the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and significance of the study. Overall, the document serves as a guide for developing a well-organized research proposal that follows standard conventions.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Finalizing and Reviewing the Health Research Proposal_Ashok.pptxAshok Pandey
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To enhance knowledge and skill of the participants for the development of health research proposal.
TOPIC Write an original research report consisting of one of the .docxturveycharlyn
TOPIC: Write an original research report consisting of one of the following topic areas:
2) Network Organizations, 3) Spin-out Organizations, 4) Ambidextrous Organizations, 5) Front-Back Organizations, 6) Sense and Response Organizations.
.
4. Each student submission will be checked for plagiarism. Warning... Turnitin has a very good and historical memory and is capable of accessing reports from both internal and external resources (i.e. Universities, Governments, etc.) including those originally written in non-English languages.
5. Only one submission attempt is permitted – BE SURE BEFORE YOU HIT ENTER. Plagiarism will result in a grade of zero (non-negotiable) for the assignment and may results in other university actions. The department chairperson will be notified of the violation.
6. Acceptable file formats for submissions include Microsoft Word (doc, docx) or Adobe Acrobat (PDF). Other formats are not acceptable.
7. The research paper must be at least 2,500 words supported by evidence (citations from peer-reviewed sources).
8. A minimum of four (4) peer-reviewed journal citations are required.
9. Formatting should be double-spaced, one-inch boarders, no extra space for headings, no extra white space, no more than two levels of heading, page numbers, front and back matter).
10.Extra white space use to enhance page count will negatively affect student grade.
11.Focus for the research paper:
a. Describe, compare / contrast, and evaluate two (2) database implementations in your field of interest. You may also want to consider referencing journal case studies.
b. The first implementation should be a database that was essentially successful
c. The second implementation should be a database that had significant "challenges"
d. The databases may either be ones with which you are personally familiar or ones that are reported in the literature
e. Be sure to go well beyond just personal opinion in your analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Student submissions must be anchor in peer reviewed literature.
12.As a graduate student, you are expected to be proficient in the use of the English language. Errors in grammar, spelling, or syntax will affect student grade. As your professor, I will not provide remedial help for writing problems. If you are unable to write clearly and correctly, I urge you to contact the program office for sources of remedial help.
Some students have asked for a sample or recommended outline. While I cannot provide samples of previous work, I have provided a general outline that you may refer to. The outline below may only be used as a very general guide and is “NOT” a subject that can be selected. Also, keep in mind the research paper needs to be scholarly and derived from peer-reviewed literature. Citations are required.
The following outline (unrelated to the subject matter of the research report) may help in your understanding of the research report via analysis & synthesis ...
Finalizing and Reviewing the Health Research Proposal_Ashok.pptxAshok Pandey
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To enhance knowledge and skill of the participants for the development of health research proposal.
TOPIC Write an original research report consisting of one of the .docxturveycharlyn
TOPIC: Write an original research report consisting of one of the following topic areas:
2) Network Organizations, 3) Spin-out Organizations, 4) Ambidextrous Organizations, 5) Front-Back Organizations, 6) Sense and Response Organizations.
.
4. Each student submission will be checked for plagiarism. Warning... Turnitin has a very good and historical memory and is capable of accessing reports from both internal and external resources (i.e. Universities, Governments, etc.) including those originally written in non-English languages.
5. Only one submission attempt is permitted – BE SURE BEFORE YOU HIT ENTER. Plagiarism will result in a grade of zero (non-negotiable) for the assignment and may results in other university actions. The department chairperson will be notified of the violation.
6. Acceptable file formats for submissions include Microsoft Word (doc, docx) or Adobe Acrobat (PDF). Other formats are not acceptable.
7. The research paper must be at least 2,500 words supported by evidence (citations from peer-reviewed sources).
8. A minimum of four (4) peer-reviewed journal citations are required.
9. Formatting should be double-spaced, one-inch boarders, no extra space for headings, no extra white space, no more than two levels of heading, page numbers, front and back matter).
10.Extra white space use to enhance page count will negatively affect student grade.
11.Focus for the research paper:
a. Describe, compare / contrast, and evaluate two (2) database implementations in your field of interest. You may also want to consider referencing journal case studies.
b. The first implementation should be a database that was essentially successful
c. The second implementation should be a database that had significant "challenges"
d. The databases may either be ones with which you are personally familiar or ones that are reported in the literature
e. Be sure to go well beyond just personal opinion in your analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Student submissions must be anchor in peer reviewed literature.
12.As a graduate student, you are expected to be proficient in the use of the English language. Errors in grammar, spelling, or syntax will affect student grade. As your professor, I will not provide remedial help for writing problems. If you are unable to write clearly and correctly, I urge you to contact the program office for sources of remedial help.
Some students have asked for a sample or recommended outline. While I cannot provide samples of previous work, I have provided a general outline that you may refer to. The outline below may only be used as a very general guide and is “NOT” a subject that can be selected. Also, keep in mind the research paper needs to be scholarly and derived from peer-reviewed literature. Citations are required.
The following outline (unrelated to the subject matter of the research report) may help in your understanding of the research report via analysis & synthesis ...
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
2. A research proposal can be defined as a written document
requesting both authorization and funds to undertake a specific
research project.
A research proposal is also known as a work plan, prospectus,
outline, statement of intent, or draft plan.
It systematically outlines the particular research methodology
and details the process that will be utilized at each stage of the
research process.
It tells us what will be done, why it will be done, how it will be
done, where it will be done, to whom it will be done, and what
is the benefit of doing it?
A research proposal is essentially a road map, showing clearly
the location from which a journey begins, the destination to be
reached, and the method of getting there.
2
3. Functions of the research proposal
Research proposal may function at least in three ways:
Proposal as a means of communication :
To communicate the investigator’s research plan to those
who-give consultations and / or disburse fund.
Proposal is the primary source on which the graduate
students’ essay, thesis or dissertation committee must
base the function of: review, consultation and approval for
implementation of the research project.
3
4. Research proposal as plan :
After the acceptance of the proposal, the document serves as a
guide for the researcher throughout the investigation.
It helps the researcher to organize his idea in a systematic
manner and to look for strengths and flaws. A successful
proposal sets out the plan in step-by-step detail.
It provides an inventory of what must be done and which
materials have to be collected as a preliminary step.
Generally, the acceptability of results is judged exclusively in
terms of the adequacy of the methods employed in recording,
analyzing and interpreting the data in the planned study.
4
5. Proposal also functions as a contract:
A completed proposal approved for execution and signed by all
members of the sponsoring committee, constitute a bond of
agreement between the researcher and that committee.
An approved grant proposal results in a contract between the
investigator (and often the university) and funding sources.
Proposal for thesis and dissertation should be in final form prior
to the collection of data. Once document is approved in final
form, neither the student nor the sponsoring faculty members
should be free to alter the fundamental terms of the contract by
unilateral decision.
5
6. General Format and Elements of Proposal
There is no single way of writing research proposal. It varies
from organization to.., country to.. Though the format
varies, the essence expressed in different proposal remains
the same. The major components (elements) of a scientific
research proposal are described as follows.
6
1) Cover/Title page 9) Significance of the study
2) Summary/Abstract 10) scope/delimitation of the study
3) Acknowledgment 11) literature review
4) Table of content 12) research Methodology
5) Background of the study 13) time plan
6) Statement of the problem 14) cost budget
7) Hypotheses and/or Questions 15) Reference
8) Objective/Aim of the study 16) Appendix
7. 1) Cover/Title page
The cover page contains an introductory information for the
proposal:
The title of the proposed project or research(Titles should almost never
contain abbreviations.)
The name of the researcher /author of the proposal/ or principal
investigator/; and the name of the advisers
The name of the department/ faculty/college, institution;
Presentation/submission date
The title page has no page number.
In titles, a researcher has to use specific, familiar, and short
words. Use of ‘waste words’ like ‘A study on …’, ‘an
investigation on…’, ‘an observation on…’ should be avoided.
7
8. 2) Summary/Abstract
The abstract is a short (one page), brief summary of the research
proposal.
It allows a busy manager or sponsor to understand quickly the
thrust of the proposal.
It should be informative, giving readers the chance to grasp the
essentials of the proposal without having to read the details.
N.B: Do not put information in the abstract that is not in the main
text of your research proposal AND Do not put references, figures
or tables in the abstract.
8
9. The abstract of a proposal should contain the following
points
Title or topic of the research
Statement of the problem, objective and scope of the research.
Methodology of investigation
Types and sources of data to be gathered for the research
tools to be used to analyze the collected data
Expected result (tentative only if a researcher starts with a
formulated hypothesis)
9
10. 3) Acknowledgment
This part of the research proposal/paper is reserved for the
researcher to extend his/her own huge vote of thanks to
those who have played significant contribution in the
preparation of the research proposal.e.g for your advisors,
friends, parents, husband or wife, colleagues, respondents
or any other stakeholder of your research proposal.
4) Table of contents
This section should consist of the main headings and
subheadings of the research proposal and the page numbers
in which the headings and subheadings are found.
10
11. 5) Background of the study
In the background, the researcher presents the background
of what he wants to do and say briefly why s/he thinks the
work should be done and relate it to what is already known
about the problem.
This part of the research provides some general theoretical
basis or justifications for conducting a research.
It tells to the reader from what perspective that the research
is to be conducted.
11
12. 5.1) Background of the organization:
This part of research proposal deals with
where the subject organization is?
When the organization or subjected entity
existed/formed?
What main achievements made by the entity?
What activities are availed in the subjected entity
regarding the problem selected to be
researched?
What will the entity seems in the future
12
13. 6) Statement of the problem
This part captures the essential focus of your study.
Here a researcher has to capture the reader’s attention by stating
the problem and its consequences.
It is important that the problem is distinct from related problems
and that the sponsor can see the delimitations clearly.
It may focus on literature based disagreements concerning the
issue under investigation.
Generally, this part of your research proposal will focus on finding
the gap existed or to be existed between yours and other
researchers.
13
14. 7) Questions and/or Hypotheses
A hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the
relations between two or more variables.
Hypotheses are thus tentative statements that should either
be acknowledged or rejected by means of research.
Hypotheses are relevant to theoretical research and are
typically used only in quantitative inquiry.
A research question poses a relationship between two or
more variables but phrases the relationship as a question.
although their use is also in quantitative inquiry Questions
are mostly used in qualitative inquiry.
14
15. 8) Research Objective
It summaries what is to be achieved by the study.
It delineate the ends or aim which the inquirer seeks to bring about as
a result of completing the research undertaken.
An objective may be thought of as either a solution to a problem or a
step along the way toward achieving a solution; an end state to be
achieved in relation to the problem.
Commonly, research objectives are classified into general objectives
and specific objectives.
The general and specific objectives are logically connected to each
other and the specific objectives are commonly considered as smaller
portions of the general objectives. (specific objectives will come after
the general one)
15
16. 9) Significance of the study
This part states the importance or contribution that the study will
have for different bodies. The importance could be to create
awareness about the problem, to provide basis for other
researchers, or to extend the scope of knowledge.
In this part the student researcher should get clear answers for the
following questions:
Why you consider it to be important?
For whom it is important?
To the researcher
To theoreticians
To practitioners
To policy makers and others too.
How it could be important?
16
17. 10) Delimitation (Scope) of the study
A researcher cannot tackle everything. It should be
delimited to manageable size.
This should be done in relation to the area coverage as well
as to the treatment of the variables in the study.
Narrow down the study by limiting it to a particular group,
time, region, enterprise or occupation or a particular
function (e.g. generating staff morale as a function of HR).
17
18. 10.1 Limitations of the study (optional)
This is a part that you will include some constraints or
difficulties you think that they have influence on the results
of your study.
This may be in relation to the weaknesses in the
methodology, lack of access to data, faulty instruments,
sampling errors, lack of recent literature in the area etc.
Any restrictions or areas of the problem that will not be
addressed must be indicated.
18
19. 11) Literature Review
It is a part research that explains, interprets and discusses what
has been researched and documented previously.
It examines recent research studies, company data, or industry
reports that act as a basis for the proposed study.
In discussing literature, you must analyze the following issues:
important results and conclusions of other studies,
the relevant data and trends from previous research, and
particular methods or designs that could be duplicated or should be
avoided.
how the literature applies to the study you are proposing;
show the weaknesses and faults in the design,
how you would avoid similar problems.
19
20. Objective of the literature review
a. To establish a familiarity with a body of knowledge and
credibility.
b. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is
linked to it
c. To integrate and summarize what is known in the area. A good
review points out areas where prior studies agree, where
they disagree, and major questions remain. It collects what
is known up to a point in time and indicates the direction for
future research.
d. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A review tells what
others have found so that a researcher can benefit from the efforts
of others.
20
21. 12) Research Methodology
In this section you need to tell your reader about:
Your information and data sources-Where you will get your
information and data for research?
The methods and techniques you will use for obtaining information
and data- How you will obtain the information and data?
Your justification for your choice of method/s and technique/s- Why
you will use, from the range of available methods / techniques, the
particular methods /techniques you propose?
Where appropriate, how you intend to verify the reliability of the
information and data you collect.
The plan for data analysis- What methods are you going to use for
analysis? Example, are you going to use SPSS?
21
22. Method of presenting the outcome- Sometimes it is worth to
mention how the outcome of the research will be presented to
consumers (general public).
Avoid being too ambitious in the number of methods you
intend to use or the number of interviews/ observations/
experiments you are planning to undertake.
Generally; This part may include:
Description of study area
Description of study design
Determination of sample size (if any)
Description of selection process (sampling method)
Methods of data collection
Operational definition
Presentation of the data analysis methods.
So, we can say that research methodology is the heart
of any investigation
22
23. 13) Time Plan
Here you need to outline a work schedule which couples the various research activities you
will be involved in with a time-frame.
14) Cost Budget
In order to carry out a given research you need to have money. Whatever the source may be,
the money we have, need to be planned on how to spend it.
Budget breakdown has to be prepared for all activities. It may include the details of:
Personal Costs - Principal researcher, boarding,
assistants(salary/per-diems).
Support Services - Secretarial Costs/ data input and analysis
Fieldwork costs - Transport/ other relevant expenses/ subsistence
Overheads - Stationery/ photocopy/ printing/ computer media
Books/journal costs - Books and journals to be purchased
Equipments - Equipment to be bought/ hired ( if any)
ETC.
23
24. 15) Reference /Bibliography
Here, All works cited in the proposal are listed either
alphabetically or numerically at the end of the document.
There are several ways of making citation and recording
references. The two main systems of referring are:
A) Vancouver System: uses text number instead of an
author, date and page reference. For Example:
“In an investigation conducted in large factories, Gibbs1 reported that
absenteeism was higher on the night shift than the day “
Reference:1. Gibbs, Jennifer M. (1993) ‘Absenteeism in SMEs’International Small
Business Journal, 13 (1), pp. 13-26.
24
25. B) Harvard System: This system uses author’s name, date,
and page reference. This system is used mainly by
Anthropology, Social science (business research) and health
science research. It can be used in citation & reference.
i) Citation
Citing one author: In an investigation conducted in large
factories, Gibbs (1993) reported that absenteeism was
higher on the night shift than the day.
Citing more than one author: A number of research studies
have been conducted into the effect of the recession on small
business (Smith, 1984; Anderson, 1990; Jones, 1995)…
25
26. ii) Referring
A) Reference for books:
Davidson, Alan. B. (1994), the Pursuit of Business, London,
Chapman & Halls
B) Reference for Journal article
Porter, Michael E. (1994), competitive advantage of nations,
Harvard Business Review, 68(2), pp. 73-83
26
27. 16) Appendix (Annex)
It is not mandatory to have this section; but if the researcher
thinks that having this section will increase the quality of the
research proposal he is free to do so.
Information types provided in this section are those additional
details, which are difficult to accommodate within the standard
headings.
Stuffs to be included in appendix:
Detail Questionnaires and interview schedules
Detailed experimental design (in experimental research)
Detailed statistical procedures
Samples of research materials (chemical and some biological
materials)
Survey and other geographic maps
27