A seminar entitled 'Moisture management and wicking behaviour of textiles', presented in department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharawad, by Pratikhya Badanayak and Dr. Jyoti Vastrad.

1. A seminar on
1
Moisture management and wicking
behaviour of textiles
Pratikhya Badanayak
and Dr. Jyoti V. Vastrad

2. Moisture management
• Moisture/sweat absorbing
• Transferring & evaporating
• Decides the clothing comfort
2
Introduction

3. Clothing comfort
The basic requirement of clothing is that it must not cause discomfort for the wearer.
Modern consumers are interested in clothing that does not only looks good, but also feel
good. Comfort as a pleasant state of physiological, psychological and physical harmony
between human being and the environment.
1. Physiological comfort is related to human body’s ability to maintain life, psychological
comfort is the mind’s ability to keep it functioning satisfactorily with external help and
physical comfort is the effect of external environment on the body.
• Aspects of physiological and psychological comfort
• Thermo physiological comfort
It is attainment of comfort through thermal and wetness state. It involves transport of
heat and moisture through a fabric.
• Sensorial comfort
It is the elicitation of various neutral sensations when a textile comes into contact with
skin.
• Body moment comfort
It is the ability of textile to allow freedom of movement, reduced burden and body
shaping as required.
• Aesthetic appeal
It is subjective perception of clothing to eye, hand, ear and nose which contributes to
the overall well being of the wearer. 3

4. Clothing comfort
4
Physiological
• Body ability
Psychological
• Mind ability
Physical
• Effect of
external
environme
nt

5. 5
Thermo
physiologi
cal
comfort
Sensorial
comfort
Body
moment
comfort
Aesthetic
appeal
Psychological and physiological states

6. Thermo physiological
comfort
Heat
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Wind penetration
Moisture
Diffusion, sorption &
desorption
Convection & condensation
Wetting & wicking
6

7. Conduction, convection and radiation
7

8. Forms of perspiration
8
Insensible Liquid

9. 9
Moisture
Transmission
Water Vapour
Transmission
Diffusion
Absorption
Adsorption
Convection &
condensation
Liquid Water
Transmission
Wetting
Wicking

10. Diffusion
Water vapour can diffuse through a textile structure
in two ways:
10
Air spaces between
the fibres
Yarns and along the
fibre itself
Factors affect diffusion process-
1. Fibre volume fraction
2. Fibre cross section
3. Fabric thickness
4. Air permeability

11. Sorption-desorption Process
11
Factors affect Sorption-Desorption Process:
1. Humidity of Atmosphere
2. Effect of Heat
Absorption Adsorption
It is defined in two phenomenon

12. Convection and condensation
12
Convection
• Moving air
• Ventilation
Condensation (3 stages)
• Velocity, temp. and vapour
concentration field
• Liquid content increase
• Critical value

13. Wetting and wicking
13
Fluid spreading
Evaporation
Factors affect wetting-
1. Contact angle between the solid and
liquid
2. Surface tension between solid and
liquid
3. Liquid density, viscosity and surface
tension
4. Chemical nature of surface
Factors affect wicking process-
1. Capillary pressure
2. Cross sectional shape of fibre
3. Tortuosity of the pores
4. Twist of yarn
5. Texture of yarn

14. Equipments/methods to measures moisture
management through clothing
Vapour transmission
Gravimetric method
Moisture vapour transmission cell
Sweating Guarded Hot Plate
Permetest method
14

15. 15
Moisture
transmission
Wetting
Tensiometry
Goniometry
Spray rating tester
Wicking
Moisture
management tester
Transverse wicking
apparatus
Vertical wicking
apparatus
Horizontal wicking
apparatus

16. Moisture management instruments and testing method
Vapour transmission
Gravimetric/Cup method
(ASTM E 96)
Inverted cup methodCup method
Sweating Guarded Hot Plate
(ASTM F1868 – 17)
 Take 30ml of distilled water in a cup and
weigh it
 Tie the fabric on the cup tightly
 Keep it for 24 hours and record the weight
of remaining water
 Cut the sample according to the tamplet
given
 Place the fabric on the hot plate
 The equipment is heated to skin surface
temperature of 33 to 36°C, through the
test sample
 Water reservoir acts as artificial sweating
 Rate of transfer of sweat is displayed on
the machine screen

17. Permetest- skin model
(ISO 11092)
Moisture vapour transmission cell
(ASTM E96)
Vapour transmission
Evaporative dish method
(BS 7209)
 Place the fabric inside the
disc
 Humidity will be generated
inside the instrument under
controlled condition at
certain time
 Note the change in humidity
at time intervals
 Mount the sample over the
open mouth of the test
dish in a airtight manner
 The dish contains
predetermined quantity of
water
 It gives the moisture
vapour transfer properties
of the mono and
multilayered fabric
 First cover the measuring
head by semi permeable foil
 Measure the heat flow value
without placing sample
 Place the test sample on the
wetted area of diameter
(80mm)
 The amount of evaporation
from the active porous surface
is measured

18. WettingOptical Tensiometre
(ASTM D 1331-11)
Spray rating tester
(AATCC 22, ISO 4920)
Goniometre
(ASTM D5946)
Moisture transmission
 Mount the fabric sample
on the clamp
 Using a burette drop water
(diameter- 30 to 50μm) on
the sample
 Optics and high speed
camera will take images of
the small droplet and the
contact angle that are
displayed on the screen
 Cut the sample according to
the tamplet
 Place sample on the circular
disc
 Fill distilled water on the
funnel
 Allow that water to be
sprayed through a nozzle
onto the test specimen at
45° and 150mm below the
nozzle
 Mount the fabric sample on
the clamp
 Using a burette drop water
on the sample
 The drop diameter is higher
than Tensiometre
 Measure the contact angle
through image processing

19. Wicking
Moisture management
tester (AATCC 195) Vertical wicking
apparatus
(AATCC TM 197)
Transverse wicking
apparatus
(AATCC 198 [9])
Horizontal wicking
apparatus
(AATCC TM 198)
Moisture transmission
 Clamp 10 cm X 10 cm of
sample on the stand.
 Drop 40 µL of distilled water
slowly from the burette on the
fabric for 2 sec.
 After saturation level, excess
water drops will fall down
through fabric.
 Note down the time taken
from starting to saturation level
 Trace the water spread area
using a trace paper (MM2)
 Take a fabric sample of
3.5cm x 33cm
 Take 30ml of water in the
container
 Mount the fabric on the
horizontal clamp and dip
one end of the fabric on
water
 Distance travelled by
water and the time taken is
recorded
Cut the fabric samples as
per the tamplet
 Place 0.2gm of artificial
sweat inside the container
 Insert the sample between
the two sensors in the
machine
 Introduce the artificial
sweat on the top surface of
the fabric
 Change in electrical
resistance of fabrics is
recorded
 Take a fabric sample of
3.5cm x 33cm
 Take 30ml of water in
the container
 Mount the fabric on the
vertical clamp and dip one
end of the fabric on water
 Distance travelled by
water and the time taken is
recorded

20. Moisture management tester indices
• Top wetting time WTt and bottom wetting time WTb
• Top absorption rate (ARt) and bottom absorption rate (ARb)
• Top max wetted radius (MWRt) and bottom max wetted radius
(MWRb)
• Top spreading speed (SSt) and bottom spreading speed (SSb)
• Accumulative one-way transport (AOWT) index (AOTI)
• Overall moisture management capacity (OMMC)
20

21. Concepts in moisture management
• Combinations of hydrophobic and outer
hydrophilic layers
• Micro fibres
• Special fibres
• Wicking windows
21

22. Combinations of hydrophobic and outer
hydrophilic layers
DRI-LEX®
• Developed by Faytex Corp
• Hydrophobic polyester and hydrophilic nylon
• Breathable and quick-drying
22

23. Micro fibres
MERYL MICRO FIBER
• Made- Nylstar, an Italian
company: largest
manufacturers of Nylon
• Nylon micro fibre
• High capacity for moisture
absorption & balances
humidity of ambient air and
body
TREVIRA FINESSE
• Launched -German
company Hoechst High
Chem in 1987
• Polyester micro fiber
• Ideal water transmission
and short drying time
23

24. Special fibres
TRIACTOR
• Toyoba Co Ltd- polyester
filament
• Cross- section is Y-shaped
• A perspiration
absorbing/quick drying
KILLAT N
• Kanebo Ltd
• Bi-component filament yarn
with polyester-core and
nylon- skin portion
• Hollow portion-33% of the
cross section of each
filament
24

25. HYGRA
• Launched- Unitika limited
• A sheath core type filament yarn- water absorbing
polymer and nylon.
• Absorbs 35 times its own weight of water and offer
quick releasing property.
25

26. 26
Wicking WindowsTM
Introduced- Cotton Incorporated, USA
A moisture management technology for cotton-
transfers moisture away from the body, reduces
absorbent capacity for faster drying and reduces fabric
cling.
Discontinuous water repellent treatment on the
surface of the cotton are applied on the side of the
fabric that will worn next to the skin.
Fluropolymers , silicones, waxes etc are used

27. Moisture Management Fabric
27
Coolmax
 Lightweight hydrophilic fabric made from four- or six channel
polyester fibres
 Designed by DuPont company

28. 28
Field Sensor Fabric
 High-performance knitted
polyester fabric with a
multilayer structure
 Registered trademark of
Toray Industries.
Polartec Power Dry
Fabrics
 100% polyester, highly
breathable, and ideal for
base layer for sports fabrics
 Manufactured by Maden
mills

29.  Lightweight, composite fabric
consisting of a layer of superfine
Merino wool next to the skin and
a layer of tough, easy-care
polyester on the outside
 Trade mark- Woolmark Company
29
 Lightweight polyester fabric
made with hollow-core
which combines insulation
with moisture wicking
properties
 Designed by DuPont
Company
Thermolite Fabric Sportwool fabric

30. 30
Gore-Tex
Fabric used in skiwear, hiking jackets etc.
 Durably waterproof
 Very breathable
 Highly cold resistant
 Extremely light
 Resistant to flexing

31. 31
 Developed by Oel Company in USA
 Utilizes phase change materials (PCM) that absorb, store
and release heat and moisture for optimal comfort
 Warm condition the Outlast technology will absorb and
store excess heat radiating from the skin to reduce
overheating and help prevent perspiration
 Cold condition the stored heat is released, reducing
chilling
Outlast fabric

32. 32
Application of moisture management fabric
Sportswear
Active outer wear
Industrial work wear
Fire fighter apparel and protective clothing
Military apparel
Swim wear
Multi layerMono layer

33. 33
WICKING BEHAVIOUR

34. WICKING BEHAVIOUR AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF
MULTIFUNCTIONAL KNITTED FABRICS MADE FROM METAL
COMMINGLED YARNS
 To design a multifunctional commingled yarns
with liquid transporting capacity and antibacterial
activity.
Yu et al. (2014)
Study 1
34

35. • Stainless steel wire-core(SSW)
• Crisscross section polyester filament(CSP)- Z
• Antibacterial nylon filament(AN)- S
(Quaternary ammonium salt & acid dye)
• Warping density- C-8, C-9.5, C-11, C-12.5, C-14
Yarn
production=5
• Metal composite knitted fabrics
• KC-8, KC-9.5, KC-11, KC-12.5, KC-14
• circular knitting machine
Fabric
production
• Drying capacity test= Drying rate apparatus
• Horizontal wicking test= Horizontal wicking
apparatus
• Tensile property- ASTM D2256-1997
• Antibacterial activity (S. aureus, E. coli- AATCC
90-2111
Test methods
35
Methodology

36. 36
Fig. 2 : illustration of metal
composite knitted fabric
Fig. 3: Horizontal wicking apparatus
Fig. 4 : Drying rate apparatus
Fig. 1: Schematic of the commingled yarns (a) and
products (b)

37. 37
Yarn
type
Linear
Density (D)
Diameter
(mm)
Tenacity
(cN/dtex)
Elongation
(%)
CSP 75 0.154 3.572 16.1
AN 150 0.286 3.851 26.9
SSW 139 0.05 0.985 33.7
Table 1 : Properties of filament used to produce commingled yarns
Commingled yarn
code
Structure Composition
(wt %)
Linear
Density (D)
C-8.0 AN/CSP/SS
W
41.9/22.9/35.2 363
C-9.5 AN/CSP/SS
W
42.3/23.4/34.3 360
C-11.0 AN/CSP/SS
W
42.6/23.8/33.6 383
C-12.5 AN/CSP/SS 42.9/24.4/32.7 397
Table 2 : Characteristics of metal commingled yarns
CSP:- Crisscross polyester
AN:- Antibacterial nylon
SSW:- Stainless steel wire

38. 38
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Waterabsorption(%)
Time (min)
KC-8
KC-9.5
KC-11
KC-12.5
KC-14
Fig. 5 : Horizontal wicking curves for fabrics
Result and Discussion

39. Fig. 7 : Effect of layer number on air permeability39
26 27 29 27
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
WER(%)at12min
Fabric code
WER %
KC-8
KC-9.5
KC-11
KC-12.5
KC-14
Fig. 6 : WER (Water evaporating
rates) of the metal composite
knitted fabrics at 12min
Then they select KC-11
450
290
210 190 180 150
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 2 3 4 5 6
Airpermeability
(cm3/cm2)
Layer number
Air permiability Air permiability

40. 40
Fig. 7 : Zone of inhibition for KW-11 fabric

41. • KC-11= highest horizontal wicking behaviour &
drying rate
• KW-X lamination density, inversely
proportional to air permeability
• Antimicrobial properties
41
Conclusion

42. A STUDY OF WICKING PROPERTIES OF
COTTON-ACRYLIC YARNS AND KNITTED FABRICS
• To know the wicking behaviour of acrylic fibers and their blends with
cotton
• To know the influence of fiber type and yarn count on wicking of
yarns as well as the influence of yarn wicking on knitted fabric
wicking
Ozturk et al. (2015)
Study 2
42

43. 43
Methodology
Fiber
100% acrylic
50/50
cotton/acrylic
85/15
cotton/acrylic
100% cotton
Single jersey fabric samples - Ne 20
and Ne 30
Wicking -DIN 53924
Atmospheric conditions
=20±°C relative
humidity= 65±% , two
weeks

44. 44
Yarn type 100%
acrylic
Ne 20
50/50%
cotton/
acrylic
Ne 20
85/15%
cotton/
acrylic
Ne 20
100%
cotton
Ne 20
100%
acrylic
Ne 30
50/50%
cotton/
acrylic
Ne 30
85/15%
cotton/
acrylic
Ne 30
100%
cotton
Ne 30
Yarn
property
Yarn
count
(Ne)
19.2 19.5 19.3 19.7 29.0 29.2 29.4 29.4
Hairiness
(H)
7.10 5.91 5.83 5.16 6.65 5.86 5.71 4.85
Table 3. Tested properties of the yarns
Result and Discussion

45. 45
Table 4: Wicking height of the yarn (mm)
Time (min) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Fabric code
100A-20 21 28 33 37 40 42 42 43 44 44
50/50C/A-20 7 12 16 19 21 23 24 27 30 30
85/15C/A-20 17 22 25 30 31 33 34 35 36 36
100C-20 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
100A-30 17 22 25 29 29 30 30 30 31 31
50/50C/A-30 7 11 13 19 19 22 23 24 27 29
85/15C/A-30 2 3 3 4 4 5 7 7 7 8
100C-30 1 2 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 8

46. 46
Fig. 9. Yarn wicking

47. 47
Table 5. Properties of the fabrics
Fabric property Fabric weight
(g/m2)
Fabric thickness
(mm)
Fabric porosity
(%)Fabric code
100A-20 177.8 0.58 72
50/50C/A-20 189.6 0.69 79
85/15C/A-20 185.8 0.67 79
100C-20 183 0.68 81
100A-30 126.1 0.52 76
50/50C/A-30 134.3 0.58 82
85/15C/A-30 132.6 0.60 82
100C-30 131.2 0.59 83

48. 48
Table 6. Wicking height (mm) and weight (g) of the fabrics in wale and course
direction
Fabric code Wicking height (mm) Wicking weight (g)
Wale Course Wale Course
100A-20 40 40 0.275 0.229
50/50C/A-20 16 19 0.220 0.275
85/15C/A-20 32 45 0.354 0.415
100C-20 8 9 0.149 0.158
100A-30 38 38 0.222 0.277
50/50C/A-30 9 12 0.145 0.166
85/15C/A-30 6 7 0.124 0.129
100C-30 2 6 0.106 0.127

49. • Acrylic fiber and yarn count- wicking
performance of single jersey knitted fabrics
• Yarn wicking- fabric wicking
• Fabric wicking in the course direction- higher
49
Conclusion

50. ABSORPTION, WICKING AND DRYING CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPRESSION GARMENTS
• To investigates the comfort characteristics of the compression
garments and the fabrics
Saricam (2015)
Study 3
50

51. Knitted fabrics-Santoni knitting
machine (SM8-TOP2)
Nylon-6.6 & Elastane
51
Fig. 10. Full plaiting technique , and the photo of specimen
Table 7. The production properties of the fabric specimens
Methodology
Fabric
Code
Yarn Count
(Dtex)
Elastane Count
(Denier)
Tension
(gr)
Elastane
composition(%)
1 78(39X2) 20 1 5.73
2 78(39X2) 40 1 15.46
3 78(39X2) 70 1 26.16
4 78(39X2) 140 1 39.73
5 78(39X2) 20 2.5 4.03
6 78(39X2) 40 2.5 12.56
7 78(39X2) 70 2.5 21.07
8 78(39X2) 140 2.5 35.08

52. 52
Air
• Air Permeability
• TS 391 EN ISO 9237
Water
• Water absorbency
Moisture
• Wicking properties(Course and wale direction)
• Drying behaviour
Standard atmospheric conditions 20±2°C
and 65%±5 relative humidity

53. 53
Result and Discussion
Table 8. The structural properties of the fabric specimens
Fabric
Code
Course
Density
(course / cm)
Wales
density
(wales /cm)
Stitch
density
(stitch /cm2)
Fabric
weight
(g/cm2)
Thickness
(mm)
Air
Permeabili
ty (lt/min)
1 26 16 416 273 0.59 276.67
2 32 16.5 528 279.7 0.65 61.67
3 34 16 544 267.7 0.67 31
4 35 18 630 321.1 0.68 9.67
5 29 16 464 329.1 0.64 342.33
6 33 17 561 347.9 0.69 143.33
7 36 18 648 322.2 0.71 58
8 37 18.5 684.5 341.2 0.74 33.33

54. 54
Figure 11. The relationship between Absorption ratio and Elastane Composition
(a) Fabrics Produced at Lower Tension, (b) Fabric produced with higher tension

55. 55
Fig. 12. Transfer wicking for wet and
dry fabric (a) The amount of water
for wet fabric, (b) The amount of
water for dry fabric.

56. 8C
56
Fig.13. Vertical wicking in
Wale Direction
Fig. 14. Vertical wicking in Course
Direction.

57. 57
(a)
(b)
Fig. 15. The relation between drying
time, thickness and initial water amount
and the tension (a) Fabrics produced at
Lower Tension, (b) Fabric produced with
higher tension.

58. • Absorption and wicking- related with the
porosity of the fabrics
• Drying- related with the thickness and initial
water content of the fabric.
• Comfort characteristic- changing the tension
and elastane composition
58
Conclusion

59. 59
MOISTURE MANAGEMENT IN TEXTILES

60. MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL
YARNS BASED ON WOOL FIBERS
 To develop and optimise the functional yarn based on wool fibers
for different application
 To study the liquid transfer behaviour of the developed textile
material
Fangueiro et al.
(2010)
Study 4
60

61. 61
Methodology
Wool (19µ)
Finecool
(2.4 dtex)
Coolmax
(2.4 dtex)
Polyester
(2.4 dtex)
Yarns
Blends
linear density of
20 tex with 630
turns/m of twist
Single jersey
knitted
Vertical
wicking test
Horizontal
wicking test
Drying rate
testing
Fibers
Yarns
Fabrics &
tests

62. 62
Fig. 18. Vertical wicking apparatus
Fig. 17. Horizontal wicking apparatus
Drying rate
Remained water ratio equation
Where,
Dry weight= wf (g)
Wet weight= wo (g)
Change in weight= wi (g)

63. 63
Result and Discussion
Table 9 : Dimensional properties of the knitted fabrics
Fabric
Cover Factor
[K]
Aerial mass
[g/m2]
Density
[(wales x courses)/cm]
Thickness
[mm]
Wool 15.68 155.23 16 x 20 0.68
Polyester 16.86 168.73 14 x 22 0.67
Wool/Polyester
(50:50)
16.28 147.67 14 x 20 0.64
Finecool 16.24 158.91 14 x 21 0.71
Wool/Finecool
(50:50)
15.79 164.11 15 x 19 0.66
Wool/Finecool
(75:25)
17.12 161.53 16 x 19 0.68
Coolmax 16.40 163.49 15 x 19 0.63
Wool/Coolmax
(50:50)
16.18 154.68 14 x 20 0.61
Wool/Coolmax 16.76 160.89 16 x 20 0.71

64. 64
Fig. 19: Horizontal wicking curves

65. 65
Fig. 20. Vertical wicking curves

66. 66
Fig. 21. Drying rate (a) at standard
condition (b) at 33°C temperature
a) Wool
b) Wool + Finecool

67. • Coolmax- best capillary performance
• Wool- Low wicking performance, but good
drying rate
• Finecool- high drying rate
67
Conclusion

68. MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PROPERTIES OF PLATED KNIT
STRUCTURES WITH VARYING FIBER TYPES
• To assess suitability of designed fabrics in providing wearer comfort
for next-to-skin applications
Jhanji et al. (2014)
Study 5
68

69. 69
Methodology
6-Single jersey plated
fabrics
Cotton yarns
(Ne 20/1)
Polyester
yarns (235D)
Polypropylene
(220D)
Nylon
(210D)

70. 70
Physical
characteristics
Thickness
(Alambeta)
Fabric images
(SMZ1500 digital
microscope)
Comfort
characteristics
Moisture
management
properties
Moisture
management
indices

71. 71
Result and Discussion
Fig. 21. Microscopic view of plated fabrics (a) and (b) bottom and top of
PES/Co fabric, (c) and (d) bottom and top of PP/Co fabric

72. 72
Table 10 : Moisture management properties of plated fabrics
Sample
code
Thick
ness
(mm)
WT (s) AR (%/s) MWR (mm) SS (mm/s) AOWT OMM
CTop Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Co/PES 1.23 7.4 50.3 81.1 42.2 20 15 2.7 0.9 231.8 0.04
PES/Co 1.20 8.1 4.0 22.0 68.0 15 30 1.8 4.2 1137.0 2.00
Co/PP 1.23 6.1 120.0 30.0 0.0 5 0 0.7 0.0 289.3 0.40
PP/Co 1.24 44.5 2.3 7.1 33.0 5 25 0.1 10.0 392.5 0.90
Co/PA 1.31 12.0 18.0 123.0 40.0 10 10 0.6 0.5 100.2 0.30
PA/Co 1.30 19.0 8.0 26.0 83.0 15 15 0.7 1.0 447.9 0.80
Note:
WT: wetting time;
AR: absorption rate;
MWR: maximum wetted radius;
SS: spreading speed;
AOWT : Accumulative one-way transport capacity;
OMMC: overall moisture management capacity.

73. 73
10 13 10
40
18
22
56
7
120
7
20
10
70
20
30
9
110
20
40
60
0
35
40
60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Co/PES PES/Co Co/PP PP/Co Co/PA PA/Co
Absorptionrate(%/s)
Wettingtime(s)
Fiber composition
WTt
WTb
ARt
ARb
Fig. 22. Wetting time and absorption rate of plated fabrics
Note: WTt – top wetting time, WTb – bottom wetting time,
ARt – top absorption rate, ARb – bottom absorption rate.

74. 74
3 2.8
1.3 1.3 1.51.5
4
10
1.2
1.8
6 5.6
2.4 2.3
3
44
9
7
3
4
0
10
20
30
40
0.1
3.1
6.1
9.1
12.1
Co/PES PES/Co Co/PP PP/Co Co/PA PA/Co
Maximumwettedradius(mm)
Spreadingspeed(mm/s)
Fiber composition
SSt
SSb
MWRt
MWRb
Fig. 23. Spreading speed and maximum wetted radius of plated fabrics
Note: SSt – top spreading speed, SSb – bottom spreading speed,
MWRt – top maximum wetted radius, MWRb – bottom
maximum wetted radius.

75. 75
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
OMMC
Fiber composition
OMMC
OMMC
Fig. 24. Overall moisture management capacity of plated fabrics

76. • Hydrophobic fibers - top (next to skin) layer
• Hydrophilic fiber- bottom layer
• PP/Co fabric showed better properties
76
Conclusion

77. MOISTURE MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWEAR FABRICS AND LINING
OF FIRE-FIGHTER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ASSEMBLIES
 To know the vapour and liquid transfer properties of various
types of individual fire-fighter UW as well as their bi-layer
combination with linings of fire-fighter intervention jacket.
Petrusic et al. (2014)
Study 6
77

78. 78
Methodology
UW Fabric
Aramid/Viscose
Cotton
Cotton/protex
Knitted
Interlock
Pique
Linings
3- woven
Testing
Thickness- ISO 5084
Fabric surface weight –
Gravimetrically
Air permeability-
ISO 9237
Cover factor
Moisture management
tester- AATCC 195

79. 79
Fabric name
code
Function Structure Composition
AV_P
Underwe
ar
Knitted jersey
pique
Aramid/Viscose
C_P Cotton
CP_P Cotton /Protex
AV_I Knitted
interlock
Aramid/Viscose
C_I Cotton
CP_I Cotton /Protex
L1
Lining
Woven-
honeycomb
Aramid
L2 Woven- ripstop
plain
Aramid/antistatic P140
Table 11 : General description of tested fabric types

80. 80
Result and Discussion
Table 12 : Physical properties of tested fabric types
Sample Thickness,
mm
Surface
weight,
g m−2
Cover
factor
Air permeability
l m−² s−1
Moisture
regain
(%)
AV_P 1.34 260 1.71 1898 7.2
AV_I 1.18 248 1.24 1481 6.5
C_P 1.22 262 1.58 888 6.6
C_I 1.18 276 1.37 354 6.2
CP_P 0.90 254 1.85 687 2.7
CP_I 0.88 220 1.28 948 2.7
L1 0.48 150 99.0% 282 5.5
L2 0.33 109 84.8% 1367 4.7
L3 0.40 127 76.6% 1163 7.6

81. 81
Fig. 25. Selected MMT indices of individual UW fabrics: wetting time (a),
maximum wetted radius (b), absorption rate (c), and spreading speed (d)

82. 82
0.33
0.39
0.18
0.33
0.37
0.39
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
AV_P AV_I C_P C_I CP_P CP_I
Overallmoisturemanagement
capacity
Fabric name
OMMC
OMMC
Fig. 26 : Overall moisture management capacity of individual UW fabrics

83. 83
Sam
ple
Wetting
time (s)
Absorption
rate (%/s)
Max wetted
radius (mm)
Spreading
speed (mm/s)
AOWT
(%)
OMMC
Top Bott
om
Top Bott
om
Top Bot
to
m
Top Bott
om
L1 4.10 4.53 50.50 62.48 26 25 4.27 4.05 47.28 0.50
L2 6.46 6.22 8.42 67.14 12.5 12.5 1.43 1.40 687.21 0.69
L3 10.73 9.33 6.47 80.42 10 10 0.74 0.81 759.81 0.70
Table 13. MMT indices of individual L fabrics

84. 84
Fig. 27. Water vapour permeability indices of UW/L bi-layers
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
AV_P/L1
AV_P/L2
AV_P/L3
AV_I/L1
AV_I/L2
AV_I/L3
C_P/L1
C_P/L2
C_P/L3
C_I/L1
C_I/L2
C_I/L3
CP_P/L1
CP_P/L2
CP_P/L3
CP_I/L1
CP_I/L2
CP_I/L3
Watervapourpermeabilityindex,%
Bi-layer code
Water vapour permiability AV_P/L1
AV_P/L2
AV_P/L3
AV_I/L1
AV_I/L2
AV_I/L3
C_P/L1
C_P/L2
C_P/L3
C_I/L1
C_I/L2
C_I/L3
CP_P/L1
CP_P/L2
CP_P/L3
CP_I/L1
CP_I/L2
CP_I/L3

85. • Fabric bi-layers (aramid/viscose) -absorption
and wicking abilities
• Management of moisture - affected by
construction variables but less by their
chemical composition
85
Conclusion

86. MOISTURE MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOUR OF KNITTED FABRIC
FROM STRUCTURALLY MODIFIED RING AND VORTEX SPUN
YARN
• To study the moisture transport behaviour by modifying the
structural arrangement in polyester/cotton blended vortex and
ring yarn and fabrics.
Sharma et al. (2015)
Study 7
86

87. 87
Methodology
8-yarns produced from 100% polyester and blends of
cotton/polyester
Single jersey knitted fabrics - circular knitting machine
Scouring - Na2CO3
Vertical Wicking, Air permeability- BS 5636, Total
Absorbency, Water Vapour Permeability- cup method

88. 88
Result and Discussion
Table .14: Properties of yarn
Tex Spinning
system
Samples Sample
code
U % Elongatio
n
(%)
Tenacity
(cN/Tex)
24.6 Ring 100 %PET A 8.20 9.2 24.8
80:20 P/C B 8.34 8.5 24.4
Vortex 100 %PET C 8.86 8.9 22.1
80:20 P/C D 8.66 7.8 23.5
19.7 Ring 100 %PET E 10.8 8.3 25.1
80:20 P/C F 9.23 8.6 18.9
Vortex 100 %PET G 9.58 8.0 22.9
80:20 P/C H 8.52 6.3 15.5

89. 89
Table 15. Wicking in fabrics
Tex Spinnin
g
system
Fabric composition Sam
ple
code
Time (min)
1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60
24.6 Ring 100 %PET A 4.7 8.9 12.1 13.9 15.7 16.8 17.4 18.1
80:20 P/C B 4.3 7.6 10.1 12.6 14.5 15.9 16.6 17.2
80:20 P/C (Treated) B (T) 3.3 6.4 7.5 10.3 10.7 11.8 12.4 13.6
Vortex 100 %PET C 4.1 7.9 10.1 12.6 14.4 15.9 16.3 17.1
80:20 P/C D 3.6 6.9 8.8 11.5 13.6 14.7 15.7 16.2
80:20 P/C (Treated) D (T) 3.2 5.8 7.3 9.5 10.1 10.8 11.4 11.8
19.7 Ring 100 %PET E 5.8 8.9 12.1 14.8 17.1 17.1 18.2 18.9
80:20 P/C F 5.3 8.3 11.4 13.5 15.4 15.4 16.2 17.5
80:20 P/C (Treated) F (T) 2.9 5.4 7.1 8.9 10.4 10.4 10.8 10.9
Vortex 100 %PET G 4.8 7.6 10.8 12.9 15.1 15.1 15.9 17.1
80:20 P/C H 4.1 8.1 9.5 12.2 15.4 15.4 16.2 16.9
80:20 P/C (Treated) H (T) 2.7 5.3 6.7 8.9 10.7 10.7 11.3 11.4

90. 90
Fig. 28. Variation in air permeability of fabrics
100 %PET A
80:20 P/C B
80:20 P/C (Treated) B (T)
100 %PET C
80:20 P/C D
80:20 P/C (Treated) D (T)
100 %PET E
80:20 P/C F
80:20 P/C (Treated) F (T)
100 %PET G
80:20 P/C H
80:20 P/C (Treated) H (T)

91. 91
Fig. 29. Variation in total absorbency of fabrics
Fig. 30. Variation in water vapour permeability of fabrics
100 %PET A
80:20 P/C B
80:20 P/C
(Treated)
B (T)
100 %PET C
80:20 P/C D
80:20 P/C
(Treated)
D (T)
100 %PET E
80:20 P/C F
80:20 P/C
(Treated)
F (T)
100 %PET G
80:20 P/C H
80:20 P/C
(Treated)
H (T)

92. • Structural modification- increase in air
permeability, water vapour transmission and
total absorbency.
• Wicking- declined in the fabric from modified
yarn.
• Vortex yarn- poor wicking and total
absorbency.
92
Conclusion

93. 93
Wicking in relation with moisture management

94. INFLUENCE OF FABRIC STRUCTURE AND FINISHING PATTERN ON
THE THERMAL AND MOISTURE MANAGEMENT PROPERTIES OF
UNIDIRECTIONAL WATER TRANSPORT KNITTED POLYESTER
FABRICS
• To analyze the influence of finishing patterns and fabric structure
parameters on the comfort performance of unidirectional water
transport knitted polyester fabrics
Yang et al., (2018)
Study 8
94

95. 95
Methodology
100% polyester (hydrophilic based) filament (50D)
Double-knit circular knitting machine
Print- Hydrophobic finishing with flat screen
Auxiliary- fluorocarbons (thickening) =0.9%, Rudolf
GmbH=20% , isocyanate (cross linking)= 2 %
8 samples
Air permeability- SO 3801-1977 and EN ISO 5084-2002
Moisture management properties- MMT ASTM D1776-2008
Wicking height –vertical wicking test method
Thermal-physiological properties- sweat guarded hot plate
apparatus

96. 96
Fig. 32. The structure appearance and knitting pattern of the fabric samples
Fig. 31. Hydrophobic printing pattern

97. 97
Result and Discussion
Table 15. The description properties and air permeability of samples
Sampl
e
Numb
er
Finishin
g
pattern
Fabric
structu
re
Weight
(g/m2)15
1
Thickne
ss
(mm)
Wale
density
/cm
Course
density
/cm
Porosit
y
Air
permeab
ility
(L/m2/s)
F1 P1 S1
(RA)
151 0.6066 29/2
0
17/1
7
0.8196 1271.38
F2 P1 S2
(IL)
113 0.4352 24 25 0.8118 614.00
F3 P1 S3
(DT)
123 0.5262 24 16 0.8306 1740.00
F4 P2 S3(D
T)
125 0.5230 25 15 0.8268 1628.00
F5 P2 S2 109 0.4240 21 19 0.8137 915.26

98. 98
Fig. 33. Wicking height versus time of eight samples
F1
F7 & F8
Sampl
e
Numb
er
Finishing
pattern
Fabric
structure
F1 P1 S1 (RA)
F2 P1 S2 (IL)
F3 P1 S3 (DT)
F4 P2 S3(DT)
F5 P2 S2 (IL)
F6 P2 S4 (DTS)
F7 P3 S2 (IL)
F8 P4 S2 (IL)

99. 99
Table 17. Moisture management properties of various fabrics
Sample
Number
Wetting time Maximum wetted radius Accumulative
one-way
transport
capability (%)
Overall
moisture
management
capacity
Top (s) Bottom (s) Top (mm) Bottom (mm)
F1
(P1,S1)
5.16 4.72 19 28 620.73 0.9127
F2
(P1,S2)
6.76 7.14 20 30 526.87 0.9117
F3
(P1,S3)
9.54 11.60 13.75 23.75 603.21 0.6664
F4
(P2,S2)
5.64 5.23 20 25 626.81 0.9224
F5
(P2,S3)
6.52 5.72 20 25 544.88 0.9135

100. 100
Sample
Number
Fabric
structure
Water vapour
resistance
(m2.Pa/W)
Moisture
permeability
(g/(m2hpa))
Thermal
resistance
(10–3m2.K/W)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/m2.K)
F1 S1 2.49 0.6405 15.79 63.34
F2 S2 1.94 0.8221 13.16 76.21
F3 S3 1.89 0.8439 15.78 63.39
F4 S3 2.27 0.7026 14.01 71.38
F5 S2 1.91 0.8350 12.96 77.16
F6 S4 2.38 0.6701 13.97 71.72
F7 S2 1.89 0.8439 14.16 70.63
F8 S2 1.92 0.8307 11.8 84.47
Table 18. Testing value of thermal-physiological properties

101. • The hydrophobic finishing-
– little effect on the fabric air permeability and the
vapour and thermal resistance
– greater influence on the wicking height and one-
way transport properties
• Fabric structures-
– significant effect on air permeability, wicking
height and thermal-physiological properties
101
Conclusion

102. Moisture management behaviours of high wicking
fabrics composed of profiled Fibres
• To investigate the fibre, yarn and fabric structural
parameters involved in production of high-wicking fabrics
• To measure dynamic liquid transfer in clothing materials
Study 9
102
Gorji & Bagherzadeh
(2015)

103. 103
Methodology
• Coolmax/cotton
• 100% Coolmax staple fibre (linear density 30
NE)
• Coolplus multi microfilament (75 den/ 72
filaments, and 75 denier/48 filaments) with
plus crosssection
• Coolplus multi microfilament (75 den/ 72
filaments, 75 den/48 filaments and 150
denier/ 72 filaments) with five-leaf cross-
section
Yarns
• Moisture management testerTests

104. Fig: 38- Fibre cross-sections (a) 4 channels coolmax cross-section
(100% Coolmax staple yarn), (b) 4 channels coolmax cross-section
(50/50% Coolmax/cotton staple yarn), (c) 5-leafs cross-section of the
monofilaments in Coolplus yarns and (d) plus cross-section of the
monofilaments in Coolplus yarn
104

105. 105
S.
no
.
Sample
code
WT,s AR, %/s MWR,mm SS, mm/s AOWT OMMC
Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
1 SS1,30Ne 2.27 2.25 35.78 38.88 30 30 8.30 8.23 2.42 0.38
2 SS2,30Ne 17.25 2.70 27.21 45.47 25 25.83 1.86 3.28 357.76 0.70
3 SS3, 75D48F 2.02 2.06 35.48 37.64 30 30 9.21 9.11 26.41 0.41
4 SS3, 75D72F 2.41 2.41 33.45 35.93 25 25 6.12 6.01 10.72 0.39
5 SS4, 75D48F 2.48 2.48 34.25 36.90 22.50 23.75 5.65 5.75 12.14 0.39
6 SS4, 75D72F 2.88 2.86 31.50 33.83 20 20 4.20 4.19 6.24 0.38
7 SS4,
150D72F
2.31 2.34 34.98 37.85 28.75 27.50 7.54 7.40 23.91 0.41
8 SS4,
150D144F
2.37 2.41 28.87 32.58 23.75 23.75 5.65 5.61 39.31 0.41
Table 19 : Properties of filament used to produce commingled yarns
First letter: S- single jersey and D double jersey.
Second letter: S small loop density and L- Large loop density.
First Number: 1- four channel coolmax, 2- coolmax/cotton, 3- pluss cross section and 4- five leaf
cross section. The last part is the yarn count and number of filament.
WT- Wetting time, AR- Absorption rate, SS- Spreading area, OWTC- One way transport capacity,
OMMC-Overall moisture management capacity.
Result and discussion

106. 106
S.
no
.
Sample
code
WT,s AR, %/s MWR,mm SS, mm/s AOWT OMMC
Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
9 SL1,30Ne 2.30 2.37 33.74 36.42 30 30 7.89 7.72 6.38 0.39
10 SL2,30Ne 27.07 2.02 22.32 40.00 18.75 20 0.96 2.77 527.88 0.73
11 SL3, 75D48F 2.46 2.48 33.66 36.32 22.50 22.50 5.54 5.53 24.05 0.40
12 SL3, 75D72F 2.39 2.39 33.80 36.59 22.50 22.50 6.01 5.95 19.39 0.40
13 SL4, 75D48F 2.32 2.32 34.09 36.26 27.50 27.50 7.53 7.52 9.63 0.39
14 SL4, 75D72F 2.47 2.47 28.87 30.75 22.00 24 7.03 6.42 32.80 0.40
15 SL4,
150D72F
2.48 2.53 34.05 35.90 24.17 23.33 6.09 5.97 25.90 0.41
16 SL4,
150D144F
2.27 2.42 29.10 31.08 28.00 27 6.63 6.17 16.20 0.38
17 DS1, 30Ne 13.55 8.32 26.83 64.77 15.71 15.71 1.22 1.55 593.44 0.70
18 DS2, 30Ne 8.17 25.07 68.26 124.65 8.00 8.00 0.63 0.26 496.63 0.75
Table 20 : Properties of filament used to produce commingled yarns
First letter: S- single jersey and D double jersey.
Second letter: S small loop density and L- Large loop density.
First Number: 1- four channel coolmax, 2- coolmax/cotton, 3- pluss cross section and 4- five leaf
cross section. The last part is the yarn count and number of filament.
WT- Wetting time, AR- Absorption rate, SS- Spreading area, OWTC- One way transport capacity,
OMMC-Overall moisture management capacity.

107. 107
S.
n
o.
Fibre
content
WT,s AR, %/s MWR,mm SS, mm/s AOW
T
OMM
CTop Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
1 Coolmax 2.30 2.33 34.60 43.28 30.00 30.00 7.98 7.88 2.59 0.38
2 Coolmax/
Cotton
21.17 2.42 25.25 37.51 22.50 23.50 1.50 3.08 425.8
1
0.71
Table 21 : Effect of fibre content on MMP results of samples
S.
n
o.
Fibre
content
WT,s AR, %/s MWR,mm SS, mm/s AOW
T
OMM
CTop Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
Top Botto
m
1 Coolmax 5.09 2.46 32.33 37.92 25.61 25.76 6.02 6.03 79.82 0.45
2 Coolmax/
Cotton
5.29 2.39 31.09 35.11 24.56 24.71 5.81 6.01 78.73 0.43
Table 22 : Effect of loop density on MMP of samples

108. 108
Fig. 34—Water content vs. time for typical fabrics produced with
staple fibre (a) and filament fibre (b)

109. • Moisture management properties- plus cross-
section yarns
• Less monofilaments- better moisture
management
109
Conclusion

110. 110
Moisture Wicking

111. Reference
111
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112. 112